introduction to gis technology and its applications

1. INTRODUCTION TO GIS
TECHNOLOGY AND ITS
APPLICATIONS
By
Dr. Baqer Al-Ramadan,
City and Regional Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

2. Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٢
GIS
GIS: Geographic Information Systems
A system of SW & HW that supports:
 capture,
 management,
 manipulation,
 analysis, and
 display of “Geographic Information”

3. Geographic Information
Data that specify:
 Features Location
 Features Descriptive Attributes
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٣

4. Examples of Features
Oil Wells (point features)
Streets/Roads (line features)
Land Parcels (polygon features)
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٤

5. Features Location / Spatial Representation:
Points, Lines, and Polygons
y Point (example: Oil Well)
Line (example: Road/Street)
Polygon (example: Land Parcel)
Introduction to GIS Technology
x
and its Applications ٥

6. Features Location:
Points, Lines, and Polygons
1,6
point
2,5
5,4
7,10
4,1
5,9
4,7
6,6
8,6
9,8
line
polygon
2,2
5 10
10
5

7. Features Location / Spatial Representation:
Points, Lines, and Polygons
Streets
Introduction to GIS Technology
Land uses
and its Applications ٧
Retail stores
Points
Lines
Polygons

8. Descriptive Attributes
Oil Wells (point features):
 Depth
 Year Drilled
 Volume of Oil Production
Roads (line features):
 Name
 Width
 Number of Lanes
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٨

9. Land Parcels (polygon features):
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٩
 Area
 Owner Name
 Owner Address & Contact Details
 Permit Number

10. Point Features
Line Features
One-to-One Correspondence
101
201
Features Location &
Descriptive Attributes
Polygon Features
Introduction to GIS Technology
301
and its Applications ١٠
Points
Lines
Polygons
Features Location/Spatial
Representation
Descriptive Attributes

11. Example: Streets Network
Streets
Locational Data Descriptive Attributes
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ١١

12. GIS Concept: Information Has a
Locational Dimension
Introduction to GIS Technology
Locations
Networks
Areas
and its Applications ١٢

13. GIS concept is not new!
London cholera epidemic 1854
March 28, 2005
Introduction to GIS Technology
Cholera death
Water pump
+
and its Applications ١٣

14. Benefits of GIS: Examples
Linking Location and Descriptive
Attributes
Providing a “Unified Database”
Manipulating & Analyzing Geographic
Information in new ways
Automating map making and updating
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ١٤

15. Better information management
Higher quality analysis
Ability to carry out “what if?” scenarios

16. Before GIS:
Scattered Islands of Geographic Information
Maps Descriptive Attributes
Descriptive Attributes Maps Descriptive Attributes
Maps Descriptive Attributes
Introduction to GIS Technology
Maps
Maps
and its Applications ١٦

17. After GIS:
A Unified Island of Geographic Information
Maps Maps
A Unified
GIS Database
Descriptive Attributes
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ١٧
Descriptive Attributes
Descriptive Attributes
Descriptive Attributes
Maps Maps

18. GIS Urban Applications -
Examples
Permit Issuing and Tracking
Municipal Facilities Management
Land Records Management
Optimum Site Selection for
 schools, hospitals, commercial centers..etc.
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ١٨

19. Other Applications
Facilities management
Marketing and retailing
Transport/vehicle routing
Health
Insurance
Natural Resources Management
Water Wells Inventory
Forestry/Wild Life Management
Environmental Impact Assessment
Oil Spill Tracking
Geology and Oil Exploration
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ١٩
 and many more….

20. Cross-disciplinary Nature of GIS
Digital
Mapping
Photo-grammetry
Computer
Aided
Design
Surveying
Remote
Sensing
Databases
GIS

21. GIS: Historical Background
Prof. Ian McHarg first to set the
theoretical foundation of GIS
 His well known book “Design with Nature”
(published 1969)
However, extensive commercial activity
relatively recent starting late
1980’s/early 1990’s
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٢١

22. Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٢٢
Milestones
1965: “Canada GIS”; first nation-wide
GIS
1967: “New York Land Use and Natural
Resources Inventory System”
1969: “Minnesota Land Management
Information System”

23. Layers Concept in GIS
Land Ownership
Transportation
Surface Waters
Boundaries
Geodetic Control
Elevation
Aerial Imagery
Reality
Introduction to GIS Technology
Flood Zones
Demographics
Land Cover
Water Lines
Sewer Lines
Soils
and its Applications ٢٣

24. Typical Layers in
a GIS Database
Base map layer includes:
 Geodetic control points
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٢٤
 Contour lines
 Permanent geographic features such as
coastlines and rivers
Land parcels layer

25. Typical Layers in
a GIS Database…
Aerial Photo or satellite image as
background
Streets network layer
Infrastructure/Utilities network layers:
 Electric,
 Phone,
 Water, and
 Sewer
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٢٥

26. Typical Layers in
a GIS Database…
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٢٦
Planning layers
 Existing land use
 Planned land use/zoning
 Urban growth management lines
 Vacant land inventory
Facility location layers - schools, health
centers, etc.

27. Typical Layers in
a GIS Database…
Boundary layers
 Municipal boundaries
 Neighborhood boundaries
Event location layers:
 Location of car accidents
 crime incident maps
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٢٧

28. Typical Layers in
a GIS Database…
Environmental layers
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٢٨
 Well sites
 Contour maps
 Hazardous waste sites
 Flood plains/ wetlands

29. GIS Components
Software & Hardware
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٢٩
Database
Users
GIS
Data

30. Data Input Systems
Manual Digitizing
Automated Scanning
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٣٠

31. Manual Digitizing
Done through a digitizer
Coordinates entered through a cursor
Slow and costly
Accurate results
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٣١

32. Automated Scanning
Maps scanned through a scanner
Faster and lower cost
Requires substantial amount of editing
Lower accuracy
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٣٢

33. Capturing data
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٣٣
Hardcopy maps
480585.5, 3769234.6
483194.1, 3768432.3
485285.8, 3768391.2
484327.4, 3768565.9
483874.7, 3769823.0
GPS
GIS
Data Coordinates
Digital data

34. Data Output Peripherals
Introduction to GIS Technology
Plotters
and its Applications ٣٤
Printers

35. Display
Maps Graphs
Reports
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٣٥

36. Introduction to GIS Technology
Internet
Document
and its Applications ٣٦
Output
Florida.mxd
Paper map
GIS
Data
Image
Florida.jpg

37. GIS Industry & Market
Average growth around 15% per year
over the last two decades
U.S. vendors dominate world market
Business customers rapidly increasing
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٣٧

38. Commercial GIS Packages
ArcGIS (ESRI, USA)
GeoMedia (InterGraph, USA)
GeoGraphics (Bentley Corp., USA)
MapInfo (MapInfo Corp., USA)
STAR (STAR Company, Belgium)
Many Others
Introduction to GIS Technology
and its Applications ٣٨