Active liifestyles problem Pow Wow output

How do we encourage active
lifestyles in Britain?
Problem Pow Wow Output
26 September, 2013
London

© All rights reserved - Chris JL

Summary
15 people engaged in total
61 „raw‟ problems (before any
duplicates removed or synthesised)
6 themes
55 insights

We asked…

What are the barriers to people
participating in informal sport,
in open spaces?

Theme 1. First Hurdles
Theme 2. Knowledge & Communication
Theme 3. Enabling New Behaviours
Theme 4. Planning & Measuring
Theme 5. Financial Barriers
Theme 6. Infrastructure, Assets &
Resources

Theme 1. First Hurdles
Key problems associated with getting
past the initial barriers that prevent
people engaging with an active
lifestyle.

1.1 Small steps
What is the problem?
How do we encourage people engage in, and
realize the health benefits of, small „pockets‟ of
exercise throughout the course of a normal day‟s
events?
Why does it matter?
A study published by The Lancet shows that if inactive people increased
their physical activity by just 15 minutes per day, they could reduce their risk
of death by 14% and increase their life expectancy by three years. The
study compared inactive people with active people who engaged in a range
of different levels of physical activity.

1.1 Small steps
Who does it affect?
Everyone.

Where does it happen?
Across the UK.

1.2 Rain rain, go away
How do we sustain informal outdoor
participation, especially in winter months, in a
country with weather like the UK has?
Why does it matter?
The total rainfall for the UK during 2012 was
1,330.7mm (52.4in), just 6.6mm short of the record
set in 2000.

1.2 Rain rain, go away
Who does it affect?
Fair weather players. Less committed. Sun
worshippers.

Across the UK generally but particularly in the West
and North of the country (though the Met office
could probably provide more objective data).

1.3 Bad stuff happens there
How do we reduce the nervousness some people feel towards
using open space (fear of dogs, traffic safety, cultural barriers etc.)
for themselves or their children and create adequate security
measures in order to reduce the perceived risks of incidents
people associate with going into open spaces?

Why does it matter?
Research from London shows that 39 per cent of women feel unsafe
in the capital‟s green spaces, and 89 percent say more staff would
help them feel safer.

1.3 Bad stuff happens there
Who does it affect?
Children / Young people. Non-park users. Certain
cultures. All users but particularly those considered
vulnerable
More in city open spaces (rather than rural).

1.4 The Fear Factor
How do we reduce fear of doing more regular activity
outside (fear of: looking stupid; losing; hurting yourself;
the unknown; lack of knowledge) when they often may
not even recognize that fear is the problem?

Why does it matter?
Over 80% of parents surveyed by MORI in 2000
said that „children today get less exercise because
parents are afraid to let them go out alone‟.

1.4 The Fear Factor
Who does it affect?
People with no recent or positive experience of
activity.

Across the UK.

1.5 Sit, don‟t stress
How do we engage those with high levels of stress in an agenda that
focuses on activity when a key symptom of stress is fatigue and
disinclination to exercise? How do we make it easy for „busy‟ people
(whether families, employed or unemployed, couples, singles) to engage
with the notion of regular physical activity as part of their hectic lives?

Why does it matter?
The total number of cases of stress in 2011/12 was
428 000 (40%) out of a total of 1 073 000 for all
work-related illnesses7 The most common barriers identified by
adults include work commitments(45% men and 34% women) lack
of leisure time(38% men 37% women) and lack of motivation (21%
men and 25% women).

1.5 Sit, don‟t stress
Who does it affect?
Busy‟ people (who think they don‟t have time for
exercise. People who are stressed for a variety of
reasons (their home life
situation, work, relationship, where they live etc.).
Across UK.

1.6 Sport is formal. Period.
How do we change people‟s beliefs that sport is
too formally structured and not for them?

Why does it matter?
The majority of people in UK are not taking part in
sport and this is often because they find the
structures a „turn off‟.

1.6 Sport is formal. Period.
Who does it affect?
Non-sporty people.

UK wide.

1.7 The word „sport‟
How do we get around the fact that many people will not engage
with regular physical activity simply because something has the
word „sport‟ in it? How do we better sustain and even grow
informal sporting activities?

If Sport is seen as something that you have to be skilled to do, it can
be off-putting to those who lack the confidence to get involved. 35%
of adults don‟t participate in sport because they don‟t have someone
to do it with. There are many people who are very happy with the
notion of regular physical activity but who do not want to be part of a
sport. It‟s the equivalent of Geocaching (the recreational activity that
over 6 million worldwide do) versus Geodashing

1.7 The word „sport‟
Who does it affect?
Anyone not currently involved in sport. People who
don‟t want to take part in any formal sport.

UK wide.

1.8 Where do I play?
How do we make it really easy for people to find
places to play informal sport?

Why does it matter?
An estimated 7% of urban park users in England go
there for sporting activities – which represents about
7.5 million visitors a year.

1.8 Where do I play?
Who does it affect?
Everyone.

UK wide.

1.9 Outdoors inhibitions
How do we develop regular physical activity
opportunities for people for whom a lack of
confidence, or inhibition towards exercising in
public, is a challenge?
Why does it matter?
60% of adults indicate they‟re not more active
because they “just don‟t like sports”

1.9 Outdoors inhibitions
Who does it affect?
Some female audiences and some cultures where
dress codes can be a barrier.

UK wide.

1.10 Specialists not socialists
How can we enable people to engage informally in
running, walking and cycling when there‟s a
perception that specialist „kit‟ is needed and it‟s not
fun?
Why does it matter?
Many people are put off a sport because of the equipment
that is needed to do it and their belief that with technical kit
goes boredom and no social interaction. Yet there are many
ways to affordably access sports, without „elite‟ kit and good
sports people are not all boring.

1.10 Specialists not socialists
Who does it affect?
Non-runners, non-walkers, non-cyclists.

UK wide.

Theme 2. Knowledge &
Communication
Key problems associated with being
able to access better information
whether you are a potential user, or a
potential provider.

2.1 Confused exercise
How do we help people navigate the plethora of
information that exists on the internet and in the
news about what exercise to do and how long to
do it for?
Why does it matter?
People generally want
clear, straightforward, definitive advice on what to do
that‟s easy to comprehend quickly. If information is
not well designed, this is not possible.

2.1 Confused exercise
Who does it affect?
Everyone.

UK wide.

2.2 Active „prescriptions‟
How can we make it easier for those who can influence the nation‟s
health to connect people to the right activities to motivate and those who
become unwell and would benefit if physical activity was a regular part of
their life?

Why does it matter?
In the UK currently only 39% of men and 29% of women aged 16 and over
are meeting the UK Chief Medical Officers‟ minimum recommendations for
physical activity in adults. Open spaces, that could in theory be used by
anyone, are. If we could create ways to better connect to those who not
using them, we would have wider take up of activity, better utilized
resources and create value for taxpayer.

2.2 Active „prescriptions‟
Who does it affect?
GPs and others who are in a position to influence
people to do more exercise to improve their health
and well-being. Those at-risk and in need of
exercise.
UK wide. In local communities in cities.

2.3 Disconnected communities
How do we address assumptions being made about
people‟s connection to the internet and ensure we are
in touch with those in hard-to-reach communities
regardless of whether they are online or not?

Why does it matter?
There were 52,731,209 internet users in the UK
(representing 84.1% of the population) in mid-year
2012 (June 30, 2012), according to Internet World
Stats.

2.3 Disconnected communities
Who does it affect?
The disconnected. Those for whom English is a
second language. Not online. Poor.

UK wide.

2.4 Long Term Value
How do we encourage better recognition of the
value of physical activities (such as bushcraft) by
those who could enable more of it to happen?
Why does it matter?
The estimated direct cost of physical inactivity to the
NHS across the UK is £1.06 billion. Based on
coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, colorectal
cancer and breast cancer.

2.4 Long Term Value
Who does it affect?
Potential participants / Policy Makers / At risk
groups.

Areas where at risk issues (diabetes, obesity etc.)
are costly to the state.

2.5 Everyone‟s a winner
How do we change the view of people who simply
see sport as being not for them because „sport has
winners‟?
Why does it matter?
Sport is about reaching personal goals through
progression, not by being part of an elite sport, and
therefore should be for everyone.

2.5 Everyone‟s a winner
Who does it affect?
People who don‟t do sport.

Across most of society.

2.6 Where are the non-sport Billys?
How do we connect people who are considering
regular physical activity with others they can do it
with (whether they know them or not)?
Why does it matter?
People may have a non-sporty network that they
could more easily connect with around opportunities
for physical activity. If so, they might be better
motivated to do some activities in the first place and
in turn motivate others to engage too.

2.6 Where are the non-sport Billys?
Who does it affect?
People that have a non-sporty network of friends
and family.

UK wide.

2.7 Harness the passion
How do we capitalize on those with passion
around a given activity and enable them to create
an experience that will attract others?
Why does it matter?
Most successful activities in local communities are born
of a few key people who are motivated to make a
difference. The health and well being of a community
can be positively impacted if the right resources are
made available to those with passion to use them.

2.7 Harness the passion
Who does it affect?
Members of local communities in close proximity
to an open space.

In communities across the UK.

Theme 3. Enabling new
behaviours
Key problems associated with helping
nudge the behaviour of society as a
whole, as well as individuals within
it, towards a more active lifestyle.

3.1 Let them play
How do we enable parents and other key
influencers of young people to see the value of
regular physical activity regardless of ability level
so that they child stays engaged?
Why does it matter?
Self reported levels of Physical activity in children aged
2–15 England 32% boys and 24% girls – Wales 63%
boys and 45% girls – Scotland 76% boys and 67% girls)

3.1 Let them play
Who does it affect?
Sideline‟ parents, teachers and others who
influence young people. Any young person who
needs adult „permission‟ to get, and stay, involved
in an activity that interests them.
UK wide.

3.2 Inclusive for all?
How do we change the structures in sport so that it makes it
easier for those in society most in need, to engage and provoke
behaviour change? How can we make activities that take place in
open spaces such as parks more inclusive for all?

Why does it matter?
Many people need support and help to get started in exercise which
certain structured approaches can get in the way of. Outdoor space
may be able to help address this inequality. Ethnic minority groups
are particularly deterred by barriers due to ethnicity, including fear of
racist attacks, unfamiliarity with green space landscapes and open
space cultures, a lack of attractive facilities or activities, an
uncomfortable feeling of „otherness‟

3.2 Inclusive for all?
Who does it affect?
The poorest of society and those who are socially
excluded. People from diverse groups

Parks and open spaces. UK wide.

3.3 Inactivity is inequality
How do we combat the social and physical barriers
(poor health, deprived areas, lack of access) that
prevent someone engaging with the activity?

Why does it matter?
We are short of ways to connect those in need of
activities. Some activities, once engaged with, will create
substantial benefit but barriers to the opportunity get in
the way resulting in wasted effort, human potential and
everyone being worse off.

3.3 Inactivity is inequality
Who does it affect?
Those in deprived areas or with poor health.

UK wide.

3.4 Gimme the reason!
How do we help people not currently engaged in
activity to know what they can do in any open spaces
and be motivated and see a reason to take part in
regular physical activity outdoors?

Why does it matter?
Physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for
global mortality (accounting for 6% of deaths globally).
This follows high blood pressure (13%), tobacco use
(9%) and high blood glucose (6%). Overweight and
obesity are responsible for 5% of global mortality.

3.4 Gimme the reason!
Who does it affect?
People who don‟t have a reason to visit parks (or
other open spaces). All potential users of informal
outdoor sporting activities (with no knowledge of
sport).
UK wide.

Theme 4. Planning & Measuring
Key problems associated with the
decisions made about what to create
in the first place, constraints that are
built in to possible solutions and how
success is measured.

4.1 Who‟s got the data?
How do we address the fact that no one body has
responsibility for sustaining and measuring
participation in informal sport?
Why does it matter?
The first ever public satisfaction survey of Britain‟s
parks and green spaces compiled by GreenSpace
with almost 20,000 people contributing represents
the biggest ever survey into what people think of
Britain‟s parks and green spaces.

4.1 Who‟s got the data?
Who does it affect?
Informal participants.

UK wide.

4.2 It‟s heart rate, stupid
How do we devise a better (more useful, more
applicable, more helpful, more accessible)
measure of activity than 1 x 30 (one thirty minute
session of moderate sport per week)?
Why does it matter?
1 x 30 is widely used and linked to many funding targets
but disconnected from reality in many ways. Raising
heart rate can be achieved in many ways not only via
sport. Wider societal health and knock on benefits would
be achieved if 1 x30 wasn‟t the one universal measure.

4.2 It‟s heart rate, stupid
Who does it affect?
Anyone not engaged in 1 x 30.

UK wide.

4.3 Assists and goals
How do we create a metric that recognizes it is
good to go from nothing to something in terms of
participation?
Why does it matter?
The 1 x 30 measure conflicts with hardest to reach and
most in need but those who set metrics do not see value
in measuring from nothing to something. A metric
indicating sustained activity is a potential outcome would
add more value as it would show right direction of travel.

4.3 Assists and goals
Who does it affect?
Anyone not engaged in 1 x30.

UK wide.

4.4 Planning for informality
How do we better deliberately plan to use open space to the point
where people understand that they need to “use it or lose it” and
enable more people to have an emotional investment in the parks
and open spaces they are close to?

Why does it matter?
We are not communicating the benefits of using open spaces in new
ways to non-sporty groups. If not careful, and cases for ongoing
maintenance and investment can not be made, open spaces people
have often seen as „always being there‟ without using them, may
disappear. There needs to be stronger ties between the community
of stakeholders and a given open space they are a part of somehow.

4.4 Planning for informality
Who does it affect?
People who could enable investment in open
spaces. People who think of sport as irrelevant but
could make use of open spaces if enagaged.
People who run, own or manage public space.
UK wide. City Halls and Government Departments.

4.5 Mindfulness of provision
How do we better join up the planning and
development process so that interventions in this
field are not sporadic and better meet the
purposes for which they were created?
Why does it matter?
In Chattanooga, Tennessee, a $355 million makeover, centred
on the acquisition and improvement of green space parks and
trails, has generated 1,280 full-time jobs and 555 part-time
jobs. Property values are up more than 124%, tax revenues
are up 99% and the number of businesses is up 117%.

4.5 Mindfulness of provision
Who does it affect?
Anyone involved in the planning or development of
open spaces that could be used for physical
activity of some kind – especially across a Local
Authority‟s geography.
Across UK and within LA boundaries.

4.6 Don‟t do that here!
How do we ensure that when open spaces are
being designed in the first place, alternative uses
are also considered so as to enable physical
activities that promote health and well being?
Why does it matter?
Park spaces can be too overtly formal or streets can
be too overtly functional which can restrict the
amount of space that‟s „available‟ for users.

4.6 Don‟t do that here!
Who does it affect?
People who use open space but not for formal
sport.

Space with over prescription (either explicit or
implicit) of usage. [Useful URL?
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/eric-picklescalls-for-more-town-centre-parking-spaces]

4.7 Who‟s participating?
How can we gather better data on who is using
open spaces for informal sport?

Why does it matter?
Informal sport often has no attendance system, creating
gaps in knowledge about: resource use; what resources
would be suitable for given numbers; evidence of need
for activities; matching supply (of right activities) with
demand; opportunities to market to people.

4.7 Who‟s participating?
Who does it affect?
Those trying to provide / justify the need for the
open space facility.

Everywhere informal, or community led, sport
happens.

4.8 Token consultations
In consultations, by councils and contractors, how do we better engage
potential users, including young people, in how to make best use of the
open spaces around us and therefore provide activities and facilities that
meet their needs?

Why does it matter?
The acknowledged decline in the quality of care of the urban green space
resource in England can be linked to declining local authority green space
budgets over the past 10 – 15 years. A study in Chicago found that people
living in apartments tend to use nearby public spaces more if they were
„natural‟ than if they were man-made. This increased the use of the green
spaces led in turn to a greater amount of socialising among neighbours.

4.8 Token consultations
Who does it affect?
Anyone who has ever been asked their
opinion, Enthusiastic youngsters.

UK wide.

4.9 No more products
How do we prevent money being wasted on new
types service led interventions that have no real
impact on the inactive part of the population?
Why does it matter?
Sports-led interventions have had limited, if
any, success in engaging people who are inactive.
An „informal‟ approach to sport is „softer‟ than we
think.

4.9 No more products
Who does it affect?
Those who are currently inactive.

UK wide communities.

Theme 5. Financial Barriers
Key problems associated with money
required to invest in and sustain any
innovation to enable more active
lifestyles.

5.1 Where‟s the subsidy?
How do we create a similar level of subsidy for
creating and maintaining informal regular physical
activity resource that exists for formal sports
activities such as pitches?
Why does it matter?
Up to 98% subsidies are paid to support pitches and
other sports facilities. This locks out a huge potential
population of informal users if the same approach
were applied to resources and infrastructure that
enabled informal sport.

5.1 Where‟s the subsidy?
Who does it affect?
Those for whom cost is a barrier (both provision
and use).

UK wide.

5.2 That‟ll be £1700 please
How do we make the cost of using Forestry
Commission space (or other owned open spaces)
more affordable for all?
Why does it matter?
There is always a cost of some sort to making use
of pubic space (in the case of the Forestry
Commission it can be as high as £1700). This is a
barrier to those wishing to put on events that will
attract people not engaged in physical activity.

5.2 That‟ll be £1700 please
Who does it affect?
Anyone wishing to put on or attend an event put
on in a space owned by an organization such as
Forestry Commission.
UK wide.

5.3 Stealth park tax
How do we ensure charges in parks (new ones
introduced or ones that exist being raised) do not
prevent participation and use of them?
Why does it matter?
Increased cost to use a park displaces activity to
sites that may not be suitable for those activities (at
best) or may not be properly „policed‟, which in turn
can lead to social issues.

5.3 Stealth park tax
Who does it affect?
Large user groups.

Formal parks or recreation grounds.

Theme 6. Infrastructure & assets

Key problems associated with the
resources of various kinds that need
to be in place to support a transition
to a Britain with a more active
lifestyle.

6.1 Too far to go
How do we enable those who are blocked off
from, too far away from or unable to access
through other difficulties, to get to the open spaces
we want people to use?
Why does it matter?
If open space is not easy to get to people won‟t
make the effort to get to it, not matter how engaging
the activity taking place there is.

6.1 Too far to go
Who does it affect?
People who don‟t live near an open space or park
or have to navigate some sort of obstacle (major
road for example) to get to it.
Heavily built up areas with poor stock of open
space.

6.2 Non-city cyclists
How do we make cycling in cities and urban
environments a more appealing activity for all?

Why does it matter?
Boris Johnson's cycling commissioner: "Cyclists may
make up 24 per cent of the traffic across central
London, but they still get much less than 24 per cent of
policy-makers‟ attention". That's no longer good enough.

6.2 Non-city cyclists
Who does it affect?
New cyclists and young cyclists.

Urban space across UK.

6.3 What about the sticks?
How do we create opportunities to participate in
regular activities where there‟s reduced
infrastructure and/or access to resources
compared to urban areas?
Why does it matter?
There needs to be equal opportunities for people in
rural areas to ensure health and well being is
available to all.

6.3 What about the sticks?
Who does it affect?
People in rural areas.

Rural UK.

6.4 Safe access routes
How do we „remove‟ real or perceived access
barriers to open spaces?

Why does it matter?
Physical barriers (like a major road) or perceived
barriers (like a difficult journey on public transport)
can reduce accessibility and therefore use and
participation.

6.4 Safe access routes
Who does it affect?
Potentially all users, even those who like the idea
of activity.

Anywhere that the infrastructure does not join up
well between people and the open space.

6.5 Not my problem
How do we counteract the inflexibility in
management contracts of facilities which stifle
innovation and undermine user requirements.
Why does it matter?
There is a lack of understanding in the actual use or
requirements of use of those who use open space
by those who manage them or let the contracts to
manage them.

6.5 Not my problem
Who does it affect?
Those who manage or let contracts for managed
open space. Open space users.

Any managed open space.

6.6 Vote with your feet
How do we enable better use of green spaces and
reduce the rate of abandoned sports pitches
(particularly cricket) while enabling mass
participation in informal sport?
Why does it matter?
There is a high cost associated with maintaining
formal sports space against the opportunity to
deliver lower cost / higher volume participatory
activities.

6.6 Vote with your feet
Who does it affect?
Those who don‟t want to join clubs.

UK wide.

6.7 Ability to access
How do we make it easier to manage all aspects
of running open spaces to their maximum
potential?
Why does it matter?
Optimal utilization of limited resources - through
smarter timetabling, flexibility for different
activities, matching consumer
demand, understanding of cost – will get the
maximum number of people to attend.

6.7 Ability to access
Who does it affect?
Those involved with formal and informal sporting
activities.

Managed open spaces.

6.8 No obvious owner
How do we address the lack of obvious ownership
– no caretaker, no permission giver to
play, use, learn - of various open spaces?
Why does it matter?
Not having a „go to‟ person can result in either
abuse of the facility or under utlisation of the
potential of the assets, the space itself, the potential
of the community or all of the above.

6.8 No obvious owner
Who does it affect?
People living near an open space. Those
who, literally, own a space but do not manage it.

Spaces with no obvious owner.

6.9 Cutting grass cutting
How do we ensure that the further 10% cut in
central Government funding to local authorities
does not create more inequality in opportunities to
use open spaces.
Why does it matter?
If parks and green spaces are well
managed, research has shown that communities
use their local spaces more, have better
relationships with their local councils and take some
pride in the area where they live.

6.9 Cutting grass cutting
Who does it affect?
Parks managers. Users of parks.

LAs across UK for foreseeable future.

6.10 Where are the volunteers?
How do we find the volunteers who will provide a
regular commitment to organize, supervise
informal activity for young people?
Why does it matter?
Volunteers are a hugely important resource to sport
in England. According to the latest Active People
survey, over 3 million people volunteer regularly in
sport.

6.10 Where are the volunteers?
Who does it affect?
Any organization that needs volunteers to enable
activities for young people.

UK wide.

6.11 Wrong facilities
How do we better provide for those who have a
desire to do some informal activity (e.g. young
people wanting to BMX or skate) when there is no
facility for them to do so?
Why does it matter?
It has been estimated that some 7% of Urban park
users in England go there for sporting activities

6.11 Wrong facilities
Who does it affect?
Lovers of alternative activity.

Many places across UK. Particularly non-urban
areas for certain activities.

References
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.3
3.1

3.4

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2026529/Exercise-plan-15-minutes-day-increases-lifeexpectancy-3-YEARS.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20898729
World Health Organization (2010) Global recommendations on Physical Activity for health.
Women in London, Greater London Authority, research report (2004) by MORI, cited in Parks need
Parkforce, CABE 2005.
http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/stress/index.htm
http://www.activecommunities.com/blog/the-top-excuses-for-not-exercising-study/
Improving Urban Parks, Play Areas and Green Spaces London Office of the Deputy Prime Minister
Dunnett, n., Swanwick, C. and Woolley, H. (2002)
http://www.activecommunities.com/blog/the-top-excuses-for-not-exercising-study/
http://www.nursinginpractice.com/article/nice-practices-encourage-patient-exercise
Internet World Stats, October 2012
NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care(2009)Health Survey for England 2008: Physical
Activity and fitness , Welsh Government Statistical Directorate (2010) Welsh Health Survey 2009.
Cardiff: Statistical Publication Unit, Scottish Government (2010) Scottish Health Survey 2009
The human deterrent, Conolly, P, in Regeneration and Renewal, 4 October 2002 pp16-17, cited in The
value of public space, CABE 205.
http://www.sportengland.org/media/142505/driving-up-participation-the-challenge-for-sport-2004-.pdf

References
4.1
4.5
4.8
4.7
4.9

The Park Life report June 2007 GreenSpace
The Trust for Public Land. (1999). Open Space Investments Pay Big Returns
http://www.ocs.polito.it/biblioteca/verde/improving_full.pdf annex 33
http://www.ocs.polito.it/biblioteca/verde/improving_full.pdf section 3.8
Kuo, F.E. Sullivan, W.C., Coley, R. L. and Brunson, L. ‘Fertile ground for community: inner city
neighbourhood common spaces’. American Journal of community Psychology Vol.26(6) pp823-851

5.1

Physical activity statistics 2013 – British Heart foundation health promotion research group,
Department of Public Health, University of Oxford.

6.2 http://cyclelondoncity.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/boris-johnson-cyclists-may-make-up-24.html
6.10 http://www.sportengland.org/research/encouraging-take-up/key-influences/sport-and-volunteering/
6.11 http://www.ocs.polito.it/biblioteca/verde/improving_full.pdf

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