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Thermodynamics Workshop 18-19 Jan 2016
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds
Hydrochemistry
based on REE Data
Harald Kalka  UIT GmbH Dresden
1
Software2
Data3
Theory
(since 101 years)
(since 102 years)
now
Two Principal Approaches
LMA
Law of Mass Action
GEM
Gibbs Energy
Minimization
log K
+ mass balance
G → min
+ mass balance
PhreeqC EQ3/6
Minteq
ChemSage Fact
GEMS-PSI
4
LMA – Law of Mass Action
aA + bB = cC + dD log K
b
eq
a
eq
d
eq
c
eq
}B{}A{
}D{}C{
K 
RT303.2
G
Klog
0

ion activity
5
Two Types of Problems
non-ideal solutions (I > 0)
complete & consistent
thermodynamic datasets (log K’s)
the Achilles’ heel of
any hydrochem modeling
6
Non-Ideal Solutions
Activities are introduced
in order to preserve the ideal gas equations
in a non-ideal world
of real solutions.
pV = nRT
{i} = γ ∙ [i]
7
LMA – Main Idea
mole balance



N
1j
i
i,j
}j{K}i{


SN
1i
i,jTOT ]i[]j[
mass action
N master species
NS species
concentration
activity
Note the Asymmetry!
LMA – Numerical Solver
8
0}k{K]j[)c,..,c,c(f
S
i,k
N
1i
N
1k
i
i
i,j
TOTN21j 


   

f(x) = 0
Newton-Raphson















N
1
1
c
c
c

x
Model & Software
Development
10
C++ Classes
species,
stoichiometry,
log K values ...
space
time
KiLea
0 1 2 3
0
1
aquaC
lakes TRN
Flooding
Ron
petro
FEFLOW
seism
rivNETpCHM
kinetics
transport
thermodynamics
aquaC – Virtual Water Lab
13
aquaC – Virtual Water Lab
solidphasesofEuandGd
REE &
NORM
REE Data
aqueous species
llnl.dat  EQ3/6
yes
pure solids (yes)
ion exchange no
solid solutions no
- 15 -
Atomic and Effective Ionic Radii
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
atom
RE+2
RE+3
RE+4
Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Radius in nm
[Ullmann 2012]
Eu
Yb
atom
REE+3
16
REE Speciation
pH 7.0
pe 4
Y 1e-5
La 1e-5
Ce 1e-5
Pr 1e-5
Nd 1e-5
Sm 1e-5
Eu 1e-5
Gd 1e-5
Tb 1e-5
Dy 1e-5
Ho 1e-5
Er 1e-5
Tm 1e-5
Yb 1e-5
Lu 1e-5
C(4) 3e-5
Cl 6e-5
P 6e-5
F 6e-5
S(6) 6e-5
synthetic input solution
cations: 15 REEs
(total 0.45 meq/L)
anions
(total 0.45 meq/L)
Eu
Gd
additional
Titration
Calculations
AqueousSpeciation
Titration
Calculations
Eu
Gd
additional
MoleBalance
Resume (Problems with REE Data)
SO4-2 + Ce+3 = CeSO4+ logK -3.687  3.687
Typos (wrong sign, etc.)
SO4-2 + Pr+3 = PrSO4+ logK -3.687  3.687
Incompleteness
# species Eu > other REE
HPO4-2 + Gd+3 = GdHPO4+ logK -185.109  5.75 (?)
Y La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
R(CO3)2- WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 HCO3- + R+3 = R(CO3)2- + 2 H+
R(CO3)3-3 ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 3 HCO3- + R+3 = R(CO3)3-3 + 3 H+
R(HPO4)2- WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 HPO4-2 + R+3 = R(HPO4)2-
R(OH)2+ WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 2 H2O + R+3 = R(OH)2+ + 2 H+
R(OH)2CO3- ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 2 H2O + HCO3- + R+3 = R(OH)2CO3- + 3 H+
R(OH)3 WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 3 H2O + R+3 = R(OH)3 + 3 H+
R(OH)4- WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 4 H2O + R+3 = R(OH)4- + 4 H+
R(PO4)2-3 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 HPO4-2 + R+3 = R(PO4)2-3 + 2 H+
R(SO4)2- WAHR WAHR ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 SO4-2 + R+3 = R(SO4)2-
R+2 ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR ##### R+3 + 0.5 H2O = R+2 + H+ + 0.25 O2
R2(OH)2+4 WAHR WAHR ##### ##### WAHR ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 2 H2O + 2 R+3 = R2(OH)2+4 + 2 H+
R3(OH)5+4 ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 5 H2O + 3 R+3 = R3(OH)5+4 + 5 H+
R5(OH)9+6 ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 9 H2O + 5 R+3 = R5(OH)9+6 + 9 H+
RBr+2 ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### R+3 + Br- = RBr+2
RBr2+ ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 2 Br- + R+3 = RBr2+
RCl+2 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR Cl- + R+3 = RCl+2
RCl2+ ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 Cl- + R+3 = RCl2+
RCl3 ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 3 Cl- + R+3 = RCl3
RCl4- ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 4 Cl- + R+3 = RCl4-
RCO3+ WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR HCO3- + R+3 = RCO3+ + H+
RF+2 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR F- + R+3 = RF+2
RF2+ WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 F- + R+3 = RF2+
RF3 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 3 F- + R+3 = RF3
RF4- ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 4 F- + R+3 = RF4-
RH2PO4+2 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR HPO4-2 + H+ + R+3 = RH2PO4+2
RHCO3+2 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR HCO3- + R+3 = RHCO3+2
RHPO4+ WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR HPO4-2 + R+3 = RHPO4+
RNO3+2 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR NO3- + R+3 = RNO3+2
RO+ ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR H2O + R+3 = RO+ + 2 H+
RO2- ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 H2O + R+3 = RO2- + 4 H+
RO2H ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 H2O + R+3 = RO2H + 3 H+
ROH(CO3)2-2 ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 2 HCO3- + H2O + R+3 = ROH(CO3)2-2 + 3 H+
ROH+2 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR H2O + R+3 = ROH+2 + H+
ROHCO3 ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### HCO3- + H2O + R+3 = ROHCO3 + 2 H+
RPO4 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR HPO4-2 + R+3 = RPO4 + H+
RSO4+ WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR SO4-2 + R+3 = RSO4+
21
Solid Phases
AaBb = aA + bB ba
ba
ba
sp }B{}A{
}BA{
}B{}A{
K 
pure solid phase:
1}BA{ ba 
Note:
spsp KlogpK 
insoluble: Ksp  1 
soluble: Ksp > 1 
pKsp  0
pKsp < 0
22
Solid Solutions
pure solid phase: 1}BA{ ba 
[University of Texas, El Paso]
solid solutions: 1}BA{ ba 
- 23 -
Process Simulation (Example)
NORM Separation of Monazite
by Caustic Soda
(REE,Th,U)PO4
24
Ion Exchange
Soils & Aquifers
Na+ + X- = NaX
½Ca+2 + X- = Ca0.5X
…
(clay minerals)
R+ + Cl- = RCl
R+ + ½SO4
-2 = R(SO4)0.5
…
cation exchange anion
exchange
La+3 + 3Q- = LaQ3
Eu+3 + 3Q- = EuQ3
…
cation
exchange
Technology (resin)
1D Reactive Transport (TRN)inflow=F(t)
Layer A Layer B Layer C
Advection & Dispersion & Reactions
unlimitedNumber of aqueous species
unlimitedNumber of reactive minerals
unlimitedNumber of secondary minerals
unlimitedNumber of ion-exchange species
arbitraryType(s) of Kinetics
PhreeqC-based
(C++)
IX Sorption & Elution (REE example)
Summary
28
Lessons Learnt (Part I)
Almost all models/software are of high-quality
(and provide the same results).
The main problem:
incomplete/wrong data & lack of experience.
input data, params
thdyn. dataset
range of
applicability
29
Lessons Learnt (Part II)
How to convert measured data (from lab) into
input dataset ?
How to handle uncertainties ?
Still Open Questions in Hydrochemistry:
30
Lessons Learnt (Part III)
Model developers are drawn
to complexity like moth to a flame.
Resist the temptation:
Start with simple & robust models.
avoid 2nd order
corrections etc.
Don’t be too clever.
31
Benefits of Modeling
No model, no data is perfect. But knowing the limits
we are able to
 gain deep insight about the system (step by step)
 uncover “hidden” domains (inside columns, heaps)
 design & interpret lab test
 simulate & optimize processes
Need: Healthy mix of practice (lab & field work)
and theory.

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Hydrochemistry based on REE Data - Some Thoughts & Examples

  • 1. Thermodynamics Workshop 18-19 Jan 2016 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds Hydrochemistry based on REE Data Harald Kalka  UIT GmbH Dresden
  • 3. Two Principal Approaches LMA Law of Mass Action GEM Gibbs Energy Minimization log K + mass balance G → min + mass balance PhreeqC EQ3/6 Minteq ChemSage Fact GEMS-PSI
  • 4. 4 LMA – Law of Mass Action aA + bB = cC + dD log K b eq a eq d eq c eq }B{}A{ }D{}C{ K  RT303.2 G Klog 0  ion activity
  • 5. 5 Two Types of Problems non-ideal solutions (I > 0) complete & consistent thermodynamic datasets (log K’s) the Achilles’ heel of any hydrochem modeling
  • 6. 6 Non-Ideal Solutions Activities are introduced in order to preserve the ideal gas equations in a non-ideal world of real solutions. pV = nRT {i} = γ ∙ [i]
  • 7. 7 LMA – Main Idea mole balance    N 1j i i,j }j{K}i{   SN 1i i,jTOT ]i[]j[ mass action N master species NS species concentration activity Note the Asymmetry!
  • 8. LMA – Numerical Solver 8 0}k{K]j[)c,..,c,c(f S i,k N 1i N 1k i i i,j TOTN21j         f(x) = 0 Newton-Raphson                N 1 1 c c c  x
  • 11. space time KiLea 0 1 2 3 0 1 aquaC lakes TRN Flooding Ron petro FEFLOW seism rivNETpCHM kinetics transport thermodynamics
  • 12. aquaC – Virtual Water Lab
  • 13. 13 aquaC – Virtual Water Lab solidphasesofEuandGd REE & NORM
  • 14. REE Data aqueous species llnl.dat  EQ3/6 yes pure solids (yes) ion exchange no solid solutions no
  • 15. - 15 - Atomic and Effective Ionic Radii 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 atom RE+2 RE+3 RE+4 Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Radius in nm [Ullmann 2012] Eu Yb atom REE+3
  • 16. 16 REE Speciation pH 7.0 pe 4 Y 1e-5 La 1e-5 Ce 1e-5 Pr 1e-5 Nd 1e-5 Sm 1e-5 Eu 1e-5 Gd 1e-5 Tb 1e-5 Dy 1e-5 Ho 1e-5 Er 1e-5 Tm 1e-5 Yb 1e-5 Lu 1e-5 C(4) 3e-5 Cl 6e-5 P 6e-5 F 6e-5 S(6) 6e-5 synthetic input solution cations: 15 REEs (total 0.45 meq/L) anions (total 0.45 meq/L)
  • 19. Resume (Problems with REE Data) SO4-2 + Ce+3 = CeSO4+ logK -3.687  3.687 Typos (wrong sign, etc.) SO4-2 + Pr+3 = PrSO4+ logK -3.687  3.687 Incompleteness # species Eu > other REE HPO4-2 + Gd+3 = GdHPO4+ logK -185.109  5.75 (?)
  • 20. Y La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu R(CO3)2- WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 HCO3- + R+3 = R(CO3)2- + 2 H+ R(CO3)3-3 ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 3 HCO3- + R+3 = R(CO3)3-3 + 3 H+ R(HPO4)2- WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 HPO4-2 + R+3 = R(HPO4)2- R(OH)2+ WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 2 H2O + R+3 = R(OH)2+ + 2 H+ R(OH)2CO3- ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 2 H2O + HCO3- + R+3 = R(OH)2CO3- + 3 H+ R(OH)3 WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 3 H2O + R+3 = R(OH)3 + 3 H+ R(OH)4- WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 4 H2O + R+3 = R(OH)4- + 4 H+ R(PO4)2-3 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 HPO4-2 + R+3 = R(PO4)2-3 + 2 H+ R(SO4)2- WAHR WAHR ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 SO4-2 + R+3 = R(SO4)2- R+2 ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR ##### R+3 + 0.5 H2O = R+2 + H+ + 0.25 O2 R2(OH)2+4 WAHR WAHR ##### ##### WAHR ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 2 H2O + 2 R+3 = R2(OH)2+4 + 2 H+ R3(OH)5+4 ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 5 H2O + 3 R+3 = R3(OH)5+4 + 5 H+ R5(OH)9+6 ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 9 H2O + 5 R+3 = R5(OH)9+6 + 9 H+ RBr+2 ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### R+3 + Br- = RBr+2 RBr2+ ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 2 Br- + R+3 = RBr2+ RCl+2 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR Cl- + R+3 = RCl+2 RCl2+ ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 Cl- + R+3 = RCl2+ RCl3 ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 3 Cl- + R+3 = RCl3 RCl4- ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 4 Cl- + R+3 = RCl4- RCO3+ WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR HCO3- + R+3 = RCO3+ + H+ RF+2 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR F- + R+3 = RF+2 RF2+ WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 F- + R+3 = RF2+ RF3 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 3 F- + R+3 = RF3 RF4- ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 4 F- + R+3 = RF4- RH2PO4+2 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR HPO4-2 + H+ + R+3 = RH2PO4+2 RHCO3+2 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR HCO3- + R+3 = RHCO3+2 RHPO4+ WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR HPO4-2 + R+3 = RHPO4+ RNO3+2 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR NO3- + R+3 = RNO3+2 RO+ ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR H2O + R+3 = RO+ + 2 H+ RO2- ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 H2O + R+3 = RO2- + 4 H+ RO2H ##### WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR 2 H2O + R+3 = RO2H + 3 H+ ROH(CO3)2-2 ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 2 HCO3- + H2O + R+3 = ROH(CO3)2-2 + 3 H+ ROH+2 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR H2O + R+3 = ROH+2 + H+ ROHCO3 ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### WAHR ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### HCO3- + H2O + R+3 = ROHCO3 + 2 H+ RPO4 WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR HPO4-2 + R+3 = RPO4 + H+ RSO4+ WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR WAHR SO4-2 + R+3 = RSO4+
  • 21. 21 Solid Phases AaBb = aA + bB ba ba ba sp }B{}A{ }BA{ }B{}A{ K  pure solid phase: 1}BA{ ba  Note: spsp KlogpK  insoluble: Ksp  1  soluble: Ksp > 1  pKsp  0 pKsp < 0
  • 22. 22 Solid Solutions pure solid phase: 1}BA{ ba  [University of Texas, El Paso] solid solutions: 1}BA{ ba 
  • 23. - 23 - Process Simulation (Example) NORM Separation of Monazite by Caustic Soda (REE,Th,U)PO4
  • 24. 24 Ion Exchange Soils & Aquifers Na+ + X- = NaX ½Ca+2 + X- = Ca0.5X … (clay minerals) R+ + Cl- = RCl R+ + ½SO4 -2 = R(SO4)0.5 … cation exchange anion exchange La+3 + 3Q- = LaQ3 Eu+3 + 3Q- = EuQ3 … cation exchange Technology (resin)
  • 25. 1D Reactive Transport (TRN)inflow=F(t) Layer A Layer B Layer C Advection & Dispersion & Reactions unlimitedNumber of aqueous species unlimitedNumber of reactive minerals unlimitedNumber of secondary minerals unlimitedNumber of ion-exchange species arbitraryType(s) of Kinetics PhreeqC-based (C++)
  • 26. IX Sorption & Elution (REE example)
  • 28. 28 Lessons Learnt (Part I) Almost all models/software are of high-quality (and provide the same results). The main problem: incomplete/wrong data & lack of experience. input data, params thdyn. dataset range of applicability
  • 29. 29 Lessons Learnt (Part II) How to convert measured data (from lab) into input dataset ? How to handle uncertainties ? Still Open Questions in Hydrochemistry:
  • 30. 30 Lessons Learnt (Part III) Model developers are drawn to complexity like moth to a flame. Resist the temptation: Start with simple & robust models. avoid 2nd order corrections etc. Don’t be too clever.
  • 31. 31 Benefits of Modeling No model, no data is perfect. But knowing the limits we are able to  gain deep insight about the system (step by step)  uncover “hidden” domains (inside columns, heaps)  design & interpret lab test  simulate & optimize processes Need: Healthy mix of practice (lab & field work) and theory.