Components of a building in Building Materials and Construction

1. BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 1

2. Unit
01:
INTRODUCTION
TO
BUILDING
MATERIALS
&
CONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO
THE BUILDINGS
ELEMENTS –
SUBSTRUCTURE AND
SUPERSTRUCTURE.
UNDERSTANDING THE
ELEMENTS AND THE
ROLE OF EACH
BUILDING ELEMENT:
FOUNDATIONS,
PLINTHS, OPENINGS,
LINTELS, ROOF, AND
PARAPET.
INTRODUCTION TO THE
NATURAL MATERIALS
BUILDINGS MADE UP OF -
ROCKS, STONE, SOIL,
BAMBOO, STRAW BALES.
UNDERSTANDING THEIR
USAGE.
Unit
02
:
ROCKS
AND
STONE
CLASSIFICATION OF
ROCKS. SOURCES,
SEASONING, QUARRYING
OF STONES, DRESSING.
VARIOUS TYPES OF
STONES USED FOR
CONSTRUCTION.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
STONES. COMMON
BUILDING STONES AND
THEIR USES. SELECTION OF
STONES. TESTING OF
STONES. VARIOUS STONE
FINISHES LIKE DRESSING,
POLISHING.
DETERIORATION OF
STONES. PRESERVATION OF
STONES. DURABILITY.
STONE VENEERING,
ARTIFICIAL STONES. STONE
FOR WALL TREATMENT.
Unit
03:
SOIL
SAND - PROPERTIES, USES
AND BULKING OF SAND.
TYPES OF SOILS, SOIL
FORMATION, GRAIN SIZE
DISTRIBUTION,
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CORE, PRINCIPLES OF SOIL
STABILIZATION, TYPES OF
STABILIZERS, EARTH
TECHNIQUES & TYPES,
TREATMENT OF SOIL.
MUD ARCHITECTURE:
THROUGH THE AGES,
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES,
REQUIREMENTS AND TYPES
OF MUD WALL BUILDING
AND SURFACE
PROTECTION. DETAILING
OF WALLS, ROOFS,
FLOORING AND
FOUNDATIONS USING
SOILS
Unit
04:
BAMBOO
BAMBOO – BAMBOO AS
PLANT CLASSIFICATION,
SPECIES, GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION, ANATOMY
OF BAMBOO. PROPERTIES,
STRENGTH,
PROCESSING,HARVESTING,
WORKING OF BAMBOO
TOOLS – TREATMENT AND
PRESERVATION OF
BAMBOO AND USES OF
BAMBOO.CANE, GATE,
COIR, COCONUT -
GROWTH, FORM, SHAPE,
LEAVES, FLOWERING,
PROPAGATION ROOFING
MATERIALS – THATCH,
GRASS, BAMBOO, REEDS –
BASICS – CASE STUDIES
AND APPLICATIONS.
Unit
05:
STRAW
BALES
STRAW AS A BUILDING
MATERIAL. PHYSICAL
ASPECTS - BASICS, FIRE,
MOISTURE, INSECTS AND
PESTS PROOF. PLASTERING
STRAW BALE WALLS,
STRAW BALE ROOF.
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 2
OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE

3. BUILDING
Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever
materials constructed and every part thereof whether used
as human habitation or not and includes foundation,
plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing and building
services, fixed platforms, verandah, balcony, cornice or
projection, part of a building or anything affixed thereto
or any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or
space and signs and outdoor display structures.
- according to National Building Code of India.
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 3

4. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS (according to national building code)
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 4
NBC classifies buildings into 9 groups based on occupancy:
A. RESIDENTIAL (building where sleeping accommodation is provided for normal residential purposes with or
without cooking or dining or both facilities)
B. EDUCATIONAL (school, college, other training institutions)
C. INSTITUTIONAL (will include medical or other treatment or care of persons)
D. ASSEMBLY (building where number of persons not less than 50 congregate or gather)
E. BUSINESS (building used for transaction of business)
F. MERCANTILE (will include both retail and wholesale stores)
G. INDUSTRIAL (will include low, moderate and high fire hazards)
H. STORAGE (building used for storage or sheltering of goods, ware or merchandise, vehicles or animals)
I. HAZARDOUS (building used for storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible or
explosive materials or products)

5. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDING
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 5
Comfort and convenience
Dimensional stability
Durability
Economy
Fire protection
Heat or thermal insulation
Light and ventilation
Moisture or damp prevention
Security against burglary
Sound insulation
Strength and stability
Termite control
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6. IMPORTANT BUILDING COMPONENTS
Building is divided into three parts:
1. FOUNDATION
2. PLINTH
3. SUPERSTRUCTURE
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 6

7. FOUNDATION
It is the part of a building constructed below ground level and which is in
direct contact with sub-strata and transmits all the load to the sub-soil.
Foundation is also known as substructure of the building.
Foundation of a building should be designed very carefully as most of the
failures are probably due to faulty design.
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 7

8. PLINTH
It is the building above the ground level and up to the floor level immediately
above the ground.
The built-up area measures at the plinth level is known as plinth area.
The height of the plinth should not be less than 45cm.
The height of the plinth depends upon architectural elevation, ground level,
highest floor level, etc.
Usually coping, plinth beam and damp proof are provided at the top of the
plinth.
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 8

9. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 9
1. Foundation
2. Plinth
3. Masonry or RCC Walls and
Columns in superstructure
4. Basement, Ground Floor and
Upper Floors
5. Sills, Lintels and weather sheds
6. Doors, windows and ventilators
7. Roofs
8. Stairs, lifts, ramps, etc.
9. Building finishes like plastering,
painting, whitewashing, flooring,
etc.
10. Utility fixtures.
[

10. SUPERSTRUCTURE
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 10
It is the part of the building constructed above the plinth level .

11. MASONRY / RCC WALLS & COLUMNS
Walls are used to enclose or divide the floor space.
Load bearing walls should be strong enough to take its own weight,
superimposed weight and lateral pressure of wind.
They should provide stability, weather resistance, fire resistance, heat
insulation, sound insulation, privacy and security.
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 11

12. BASEMENT / GROUND / UPPER FLOORS
A floor provides support to the occupants, furniture, fixtures and equipment's
of a building.
Different floors divide the building into different levels to provide more
accommodation on a given plot of land.
The floor below the ground level is called basement.
Floor has two components: Sub-floor and Flooring.
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 12

13. SILLS, LINTELS AND WEATHERSHEDS
SILLS: Window sills are provided between the bottom of window frame and above the top of
the wall below.
LINTELS: Lintels are provided above the openings of windows, doors and ventilators in the wall
to support the weight of the wall above the openings.
WEATHERSHEDS or CHHAJJAS: are generally combined with the lintels to protect doors,
windows or ventilators from sun, rain, wind frost, etc.
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 13

14. DOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 14
DOORS: are provided in a building to allow the free movement outside and to the internal
part of the building. It is an openable barrier secured in an opening left in a wall. It consists of
frame and shutter.
WINDOWS & VENTILLATORS: are generally provided for proper light, ventilation and vision.
Their sizes and numbers should be determined as per requirements.
When windows are provided for light and ventilation only, they may be fixed so that they
cannot be opened. They are called Ventilators.

15. ROOFS
A roof is the uppermost part of a building which is constructed in the form of a framework to
give protection to the building against rain, heat, snow, wind, frost, etc.
A roof basically consists of structural elements provided at the top of building for the support
of roof coverings.
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 15

16. STAIRS
STAIRS: is defined as a sequence of ascent suitably arranged for the purpose of ascent and
descent between the floors or landings.
It consists of treads, risers, stringers, newel posts, baluster, balustrade, handrail, etc.
Stairs maybe constructed of different materials like timber, glass, stone, reinforced concrete,
metal, bricks, etc.
It maybe of different shapes like straight, turning stairs, circular /
Helical, geometrical stairs, etc.
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 16

17. RAMP & ESCALATORS
RAMPS : is a sloping surface and it is adopted as a substitute for stair for easy
movement between the floors.
A slope of 1:10 is desirable.
The flooring of ramp should be of non-slippery material. Its shape may be
straight, zigzag, spiral, curve, etc.
ESCALATORS : are ever moving flights of electrically operated stairs.
These escalators are kept in motion by a revolving drum.
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18. DRAWING PLATE 01 : SNACK BAR
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19. BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 19

20. LINE WEIGHTS FOR DRAFTING
Guidelines and Construction lines: 2H to 4H pencil
The initial lines that you draw on your paper are guidelines or construction lines. These lines are
temporary and used to layout the page, create the initial shapes, and provide a guide for lettering
heights. The line weight for guidelines is to be very light as they should be almost invisible on the finished
drawing.
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 20

21. LINE WEIGHTS FOR DRAFTING
Bold lines: B to 2B pencil
The primary objects in a drawing should be created using a bold line. Bold lines are very dark and have
a thick width.
Walls in plan view and the outline around the perimeter of an elevation or three dimensional object are
examples where bold lines should be used.
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22. LINE WEIGHTS FOR DRAFTING
Medium lines: HB pencil
Secondary objects such as doors, furnishings, counters and cabinets should be drawn in a medium weight.
In elevation and 3D views, the perimeter of an object may be drawn in a bold line weight, however the
information inside the object should be drawn in medium weight.
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23. LINE WEIGHTS FOR DRAFTING
Light lines: H to 2H pencil
Action lines, information lines and fill patterns should be drawn with light lines. Action lines show potential
movement of an object and include door swings in plan view and hinge direction in elevation view.
Information lines convey information about a drawing and include dimension lines, center lines, leader
lines, section lines. Fill patterns are specific symbols used to indicate a type of material being used.
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 23

24. LINE TYPES FOR DRAFTING
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 24

25. LINE TYPES FOR DRAFTING
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 25

26. LINE TYPES FOR DRAFTING
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 26

27. ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC SYMBOLS
MATERIAL SYMBOLS IN SECTION MATERIAL SYMBOLS IN ELEVATION
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28. ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC SYMBOLS
DOOR SYMBOLS IN PLAN VIEW WINDOWS SYMBOLS IN PLAN VIEW
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 28

29. ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC SYMBOLS
DOOR SYMBOLS IN ELEVATION VIEW WINDOWS SYMBOLS IN ELEVATION VIEW
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30. ARCHITECTURAL SCALE DRAWING
SCALE
A drawing scale allows real objects and/or subjects to be accurately
represented at fixed reduced and enlarged sizes, which can then be
measured via a scale rule to determine their real world size.
The chose of scale is determined by the type of drawing, the size of the
subject and the size of paper or document that you wish to present it on.
For example a construction detail of a wall junction needs to be a much
larger scale than a general section of the whole building.
The wall detail might have a scale of 1:10 or 1:5, whereas the general
section is likely to be 1:50 (in metric units)
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31. ARCHITECTURAL SCALE DRAWING
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 31

32. BUILDING MATERIALS
The structures are composed of materials. These materials are
known as engineering materials or building materials or
materials of construction.
Buildings demand a wide range of materials and various
properties such as water resistance, strength, durability,
temperature resistance, appearance, permeability, etc.
The grouping of building materials is done by considering
specific properties of materials such as stones, ceramics, cement
concrete, timber, metals, etc.
The common building materials are bricks, cement, stones,
coarse aggregate, lime, plywood, plastics, etc.
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 32

33. BUILDING MATERIALS
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 33
Stone
Rocks
Soil
Bamboo
Straw bale
[

34. STONE
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35. STONE
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36. STONE
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37. STONE
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38. STONE
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 38

39. SOIL
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 39

40. SOIL
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 40

41. SOIL
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42. BAMBOO
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43. BAMBOO
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44. BAMBOO
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45. BAMBOO
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46. BAMBOO
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47. BAMBOO
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48. STRAW BALES
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49. STRAW BALES
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50. STRAW BALES
BUILDINGMATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 01 | PRESENTATION BY AR. GEEVA CHANDANA 50

51. ASSIGNMENT 01: GOD IS IN THE DETAILS
Expected project outcome:
1. Introduction
2. Overview / types
3. Materials
4. Construction techniques
5. Sketches and details
6. Pictures related to the topic
7. Conclusion
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