2. Contents
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
History of Artificial intelligence
Why AI ??
How does AI work ??
Branches of AI
Goals of AI
Uses of AI
3. What is Intelligence???
The capacity to acquire and
apply knowledge.
Intelligence is the ability to face
problems in an unprogrammed
(creative) manner.
4. What Is Artificial Intelligence???
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is
usually defined as the science
of making computers do things
that require intelligence when
done by humans.
A.I is the study of ideas that
enable computers to be
intelligent
AI is the study of science to
make computers do things
which at moment people do
better.
5. History of AI
The field of AI research was founded at a
conference on the campus of Dartmouth College
in the summer of 1956.
The attendees, including John McCarthy, Marvin
Minsky, Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, became
the leaders of AI research for many decades.
The phrase “Artificial Intelligence” was coined by
John McCarthy in 1956. at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
6. By the middle of the 1960s, research in the
U.S. was heavily funded by the
Department of Defense and laboratories had been
established around the world. AI's founders were
profoundly optimistic about the future of the new
field: Herbert Simon predicted that "machines will
be capable, within 20 years, of doing any work a
man can do" & Marvin Minsky agreed, writing that
"within a generation ... the problem of creating
'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved”.
IBM AI Lab
7. Why AI ???
Computers are fundamentally well suited to
performing mechanical computations, using
fixed programmed rules. This allows artificial
machines to perform simple monotonous tasks
efficiently and reliably, which humans are ill-
suited to. For more complex problems, things
get more difficult... Unlike humans, computers
have trouble understanding specific situations,
and adapting to new situations. Artificial
Intelligence aims to improve machine behavior
in tackling such complex tasks.
8. How Does AI Works??
Artificial intelligence works
with the help of :
Scientific theorems(If-
Then Statements, Logics)
And
Artificial Neurons
(Artificial Neural
Network)
9. What are Neural Networks??
Artificial neural networks are
composed of interconnecting
artificial neurons (programming
constructs that mimic the
properties of biological neurons).
It is an interconnected group of
natural or artificial neurons that
uses a mathematical neurons
computational
model for information
processing based on
a connectionistic approach
to computation.
12. Ontology
Ontology is a branch of
artificial intelligence that is
concerned with the study of
various kinds of objects. As a
branch of AI, it is a set of
concepts that are formally
represented within a domain.
Light is then thrown on the
relationship between the
concepts in their specific
domains. Ontology can also be
used to reason about entities
within a particular domain and
describe the particular domain
in detail.
13. Heuristics
It is a branch of artificial intelligence that
concerns itself with the experience-based
techniques for the solving of problems,
learning and discovery. Heuristic methods and
techniques are all about quickly and efficiently
discovering an optimal solution for a specific
problem. It generally speaking, is all about
finding multiple or specific solutions to a
specific problem. It’s about using a certain
‘rule of thumb’, making an informed decision,
making an educated guess or simply using
sense that can only be best described as
common.
14. Epistemology
Epistemology, in simple words, concerns itself
with the study of the knowledge that can
prove useful in the study of the solving of the
problems that plague the world. Epistemology,
although conventionally considered a branch
of philosophy, has managed to carve for itself
a niche in artificial engineering. As a branch
of artificial intelligence however,
epistemology focuses on answering four core
questions: What is knowledge? How is
knowledge acquired? What do people know?
How do we know what we know?
15. Genetic Programming
Genetic programming revolves around that
functions that get programs to perform
specific tasks and solve specific problems.
This is done by ‘stitching together’ random
lisp programs and choosing amongst
millions of generations. By definition,
genetic programming is a revolutionary
algorithm-based methodology that can
trace its roots to the biological evolution
that involved the search for computer
programs that performed user-defined
tasks.
16. Goals of AI
General Goals
Solve knowledge intensive tasks.
Replicate human intelligence.
Make an intelligent connection between perception
and action.
Enhance human-human , human-computer and
computer-computer interaction.
17. Engineering based AI Goals
Develop concepts and theory of building intelligent
machines.
Emphasis is on system building.
Science based AI Goals
Develop concepts and mechanisms to understand
biological intelligent behavior.
Emphasis is on understanding intelligent behavior.
