Basics of polymerisations and drug delievery action of polymers

1. Submitted to : Dr. Neelam mam
Submitted by : Gautam kumar
University roll no. 190470150009 (76)

2. Definition : Basic concepts
 Polymers: A polymer is a long molecule formed by
joining together of thousand molecular units by chemical
bonds.
 Monomers: Small molecules which combine together to
form polymer molecules are known as monomers.
 Polymerization: The chemical process leading to the
formation of polymer is known as polymerization.
 The no. of Monomeric units contained in the polymer is
known as the Degree of polymerization.

4. Addition/ Chain Polymerization
 Addition is the reaction that Yields a product, which is
an exact multiple of the original Monomer molecule.
 Addition polymerization is the joining together of two
or more simple molecules, called monomers to form a
new compound of the same Empirical formula called a
polymer which has very high molecular weight.

5. The polymer formed by Addition
Polymerization are Thermoplastic.
These includes : -
 Polythene
 polystyrene

6. Zeigler natta catalyst
[Ticl4 + Al(C2H5)3 ]

7. Condensation/Step polymerization
 A reaction Occuring between simple polar-group
containing monomers with the formation of polymer and
elimination of small molecules like water , HCL
 This may be defined as the process in which the monomer
molecules of different compounds combine with the loss of
some simple molecules, like water or HCl.
 The process can produce both thermoplastic and
thermosetting plastics.
Examples : polyesters nylon are formed by this process

9. Copolymerization
 Copolymerization is the joint polymerization of
two or more monomer species.
 High molecular weight compounds obtained by
copolymerization are called copolymers.

11. Industrial application of polymerization
 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) : Refrigerator
lining , lawn and garden equipment, toys
 Acrylics : Lenses , transparent aircrafts enclosure
 Nylon : Bearings , Gears
 Polyethylene : Flexible bottles , toys , tumblers , battery
parts , Ice tray .

12. Use of Nanomaterials
 Nanomaterials are also applicable in automotive
industries in producing car components like coating
made up of water Repelling polymer Nanocomposite .
 Among modern drug formulations
 It is used in the dummy body parts & plastic surgery .
 It is used to design the Nano chips working on the cells.
 Its main use is the drug delivery on the particular cell in
which we can cure the disease like cancer , hernia etc.

13. Use in smart drug delivery
 In the modern science technology we know that the drug
delivery on the particular cell is now possible with the
help of Nanomaterials .
 In the treatment of cancer i.e., chemotherapy . They use
mustard gas derivatives Cyclophosphamide ,
Hexamethylmelamine etc.
 The drug is Binded with the Nanoparticles which change
the product in the further reaction

15. Action of Drug in Human Body

16. Receiving of drug in the cell

17. Recovery of cells

18.  Nano particle Drug delivery systems are engineered
technologies that use Nanoparticles for the
targeted delivery and controlled release of
therapeutic agents. ... The modern form of a drug
delivery system should minimize side-effects and
reduce both dosage and dosage frequency.

19. Why Nanoparticles are used ?
 Due to their small size and large surface area .
 Drug Nanoparticles show increase solubility and
thus enhanced bioavailability
 Nanomaterials have unusual mechanical, optical,
electrical and chemical behaviors, they have been
widely used in medicine

20. How do drug delivery work ?
 Drug delivery systems are engineered technologies for the
targeted delivery and/or controlled release of therapeutic agents. ... Drug
delivery systems control the rate at which a drug is released and the
location in the body where it is released. Some systems can control both.
 Nanoparticles are taken up by cells more efficiently than larger
micromolecules and therefore, could be used as effective transport
and delivery systems. For therapeutic applications, drugs can either be
integrated in the matrix of the particle or attached to the particle surface.

21. Some Nanoparticles used for drug action
 Chitosan
 Alginate
 Xanthan gum
 Polymeric micelles
 Dendrimers
 Quantum dots
 Metallic nanoparticles

22. Consequences of Nano particles
 It can also cause toxicity. The different properties of nanomaterials might lead to
adverse biological effects and cause toxicity in the humans.
 In the cellular environment, the nanoparticles undergo their biodegradation.
 It can also lead to immune responses that are resistant to such technology.
 They get embedded into the deepest part of the lungs. This helps them in
translocation through the lung’s cell linings for entering the blood vessels. There is
no proof regarding their toxic value in the bloodstream.
 The ingestion of nanoparticles can also lead to colon cancer, Crohn’s disease,
arrhythmia, asthma, cancer, autoimmune diseases, neurological disease etc.
Basically, there is little known about the ill effects of nanotechnology once it enters
the human body and becomes toxic.

23. References
 How drug delivery work
 Research papers
 https://rb.gy/xxf1qk
 https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-
018-0392-8
 Mohanty SK, Swamy MK, Sinniah UR, Anuradha M. Leptadenia
reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. (Jivanti): botanical, agronomical,
phytochemical, pharmacological, and biotechnological aspects.
Molecules. 1019;2017:22.
 Google Scholar