This document summarizes key topics in nuclear chemistry, including types of radiation, properties of radiation, detection of radioactivity, radioactive decay, rate of decay, half-life, nuclear reactions, and nuclear reactors. It discusses alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, how radiation is detected using cloud chambers and Geiger-Muller counters, the processes of radioactive decay including alpha and beta decay. It also defines half-life and average life, and distinguishes between nuclear fusion, fission, and chemical reactions. Finally, it provides an overview of components of a nuclear reactor like nuclear fuel, moderators, control rods, coolant, and shielding.

1. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT :
P.I.C
ENROLLMENT No. :
1824002007
SUBMITTED TO :
PROF. KALPANA SAINI
SUBMITTED BY :
GAURAV SOLANKI
COURSE :
B.TECH (4TH SEM)

2. TOPIC NAME : NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
• We are discuss about :
• Radioactivity
• Types of radiation
• Properties of radiation
• Detection and measurement of
Radioactivity
• Radioactivity decay
• Rate of radioactivity decay
• Units of radioactivity
• Half life
• Average life
• Nuclear Reaction
• Nuclear fusion reaction
• Nuclear fission reaction
• Nuclear Reactors

3. • Nuclear Chemistry : A study of the nuclear changes in atom is
termed Nuclear chemistry.
• Radioactivity : The decay of unstable atoms accompanied by
emission of radiation is called radioactivity.
• Types of radiation : There are 3 types of radiation .
• 1) Alpha rays (α) : +
• 2) Beta rays (β) : -
• 3) Gama rays (γ) : Neutral
Figure 1.0 : Detection of α, β, γ rays

4.  Propertiesof radiation
Radioactive
Emanation
Mass Charge
Penetration
Power
Alpha 4 amu. 2+ little
Beta ~0 amu. 1- middle
Gamma No Mass No Charge
Most(pure energy
more than an X-
ray)
Figure 1.1 : Penetration power of α, β, γ rays

5.  Detectionandmeasurementof radioactivity:
1. Cloud chamber : This technique is used for detecting radioactivity.
The fundamental principle behind them is the super saturation of
a vapor substance, a state in which the air, or any other gas,
contains more vapour of that substance than it can hold in a
stable equilibrium.
Figure 1.2 : Principle of cloud chamber

6. • 2. Geiger-Muller counter : This device is used for detecting and
measuring the rare of emission of alpha or beta particles .
• It consists of a cylindrical metal tube(cathode) and a central wire
(anode).
• The tube is filled with argon gas for reducing pressure.
• 1000 v is applied across the electrodes.
• When alpha or beta particle enters the tube through the mica
window, ionization of argon.
Figure 1.2 :Geiger Muller counter

7. Radioactivity decay : The original nucleus is called the parent
nucleus and the product is called the daughter nucleus
• There are two chief types of decay :
1. α-Decay
2. β-Decay
1) α-Decay : Atomic mass = M-4
Atomic number = Z-2
• Example : 226
88Ra (parent)
220
86Rn (Daughter)
2) β-Decay : Atomic mass = M
Atomic number = Z+1
• They are isotope of each other.

8. • Rate of radioactivity decay : Thus decay constant may be defined
as the proportion of atoms of an isotope decaying per second.
dN(t)/dt=−λN
• N(t) is the amplitude of N after lapse of time t
• λ is the decay rate constant.
• Units of radioactivity decay : The standard unit of radioactivity
is curie(c).
1 Rutherford = 10*6 dps
1 Bq = 1dps

9. Half life : The radioactive half-life for a given radioisotope is the
time for half the radioactive nuclei in any sample to
undergo radioactive decay.
Figure 1.3 : Half life
Calculation of Half life : t1/2​ = 0.693/ λ

10. Average life : The statistical average of the lives of all atoms
present at any time is called the Average life.
Average life = 1.44 * half life
Difference between : Nuclear Reaction and chemical Reaction
Chemical Reaction Nuclear Reaction
1) Atom’s are rearrange . 1) Element’s are converted.
2)Electron’s are participate. 2) Protons, Nuetron, and Electron
3)Release small amount of energy. 3) Tremendous Energy.
4) Influenced by P,T,C 4) Not Influenced by P,T,C

11. Difference between : Nuclear fusion and Nuclear fission
Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion
1) A bigger nucleus splits into
smaller nuclei.
1)Lighter nuclei fuse together to
form the heavier nucleus.
2) Does not require high
temperature.
2) High temperature require.
3) A chain reaction. 3) It’s not a chain reaction.
4)It can be controlled. 4)It cannot be controlled.
5)The products of the reaction
are radioactive in nature.
5)The products of the reaction
are not radioactive in nature.

12.  NuclearReactors:Controlledfissioniscarriedoutinaspecially
designedplantcalledanuclearreactors.
1) Nuclear fuels : They are made from enriched uranium oxide . This
contains approximately 3-4% U-235. The fuel is then converted
into small pellets, packed into tubes called pins. The pins are
bundled into larger tubes and are ready to be put into the
reactor.
2) Moderators : Moderators slow down the neutrons. Materials
used for moderators include graphite and heavy water, containing
the isotope deuterium (H-2).
3) Control rods : Which control the rate of fission U-235. these are
made of boron-10 or cadmium .
4) Coolant : Which cools the fuel core by removing heat produced
by fission.D2O is more efficient that light water.
5) Concrete shield : Which protects the seperating personnel and
environments from destruction.

13. Figure 1.4 : Nuclear reactor plant

14. Thank You

15. References
• http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Nuclear/AlphaBetaGam
ma.htm
• https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiationionizing/background.ht
ml
• http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Nuclear/AlphaBetaGam
ma.htm
• https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/what-is-a-wilson-
cloud-chamber.html
• https://www.studyandscore.com
• https://in.images.search.yahoo.com
• https://upload.wikimedia.org