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Chemistry: Bulgarian Journal of Science Education, Volume 22, Number 5, 2013
Природните науки в образованието
New Approaches
Нови подходи
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM IN BIOLOGY USING COMPUTER
SIMULATION
A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe
Federal University of Technology, Nigeria
Abstract. This study examined understanding the concept of digestive system in
biology using computer simulation. It also determined whether the performance of the
students would vary with gender when exposed to computer simulation package (CSP)
and biology instructional model (BIM). Participants were 60 senior secondary II (SSII)
biology students drawn from three schools in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. The schools
were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group I
was taught the concept of digestive system using CSP, experimental group II was ex-
posed to BIM and conventional method was used for the control group. A 20-item Biol-
ogy Achievement Test (BAT) was validated and its reliability determined as 0.78 using
Kuder-Richardson (KR-21). The data collected were analysed with t-test, ANOVA and
Scheffe’s post-hoc test. The results revealed that there was significant difference in the
mean performance scores of students in experimental groups (I & II) and control group.
There was no significant difference between the mean scores of male and female students
taught biology using computer simulation package, implying that the package is gender
friendly. Also, no significant difference was found between the mean scores of male and
female students taught biology using biology instructional model. Based on the findings,
it was concluded that the use of the computer simulation package was more effective
than the biology instructional model and conventional method of teaching respectively.
Therefore, it was recommended that use of computer simulation for teaching the concept
of digestive system should be encouraged.
Keywords: computer simulation, biology, instructional model, digestive system, gen-
der
Introduction
In Nigeria, biology is one of the core subject taught at senior secondary school level
(FRN, 2004). It occupies a unique position in the school curriculum. Biology is central
to many science related courses such as medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, nursing, bi-
ochemistry and so on. It is obvious that no student intending to study these disciplines
can be successful without adequate knowledge of biology.
A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe
650
In spite of the importance of biology at senior secondary school level, the perfor-
mance of students at national examinations has been quite unsatisfactory over the years.
The performance of students in the subject at the Senior Secondary School Certificate
Examination (SSSCE) from 2004 to 2011 in Nigeria is revealed below.
2
many science related courses such as medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, nursing, biochemistry
and so on. It is obvious that no student intending to study these disciplines can be successful
without adequate knowledge of biology.
In spite of the importance of biology at senior secondary school level, the
performance of students at national examinations has been quite unsatisfactory over the
years. The performance of students in the subject at the Senior Secondary School Certificate
Examination (SSSCE) from 2004 to 2011 in Nigeria is revealed below.
Source: WAEC, 2011
Performance of Nigerian students in May/June SSSCE Biology (2004-2011)
The above picture shows a close examination of the performance of Nigerian students
in biology in the West African Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination
(WASSSCE) results of eight consecutive years. The percentage of students that passed
biology at credit and above levels (A1 - C6) had consistently being less than 50% (WAEC,
2011).
The desire to know the causes of the poor performance in biology has been the focus
of researchers for some time now. It has been observed that poor performance in the sciences
Source: WAEC, 2011
Performance of Nigerian students in May/June SSSCE Biology (2004-2011)
The above picture shows a close examination of the performance of Nigerian stu-
dents in biology in the West African Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination
(WASSSCE) results of eight consecutive years. The percentage of students that passed
biology at credit and above levels (A1 - C6) had consistently being less than 50%
(WAEC, 2011).
The desire to know the causes of the poor performance in biology has been the focus
of researchers for some time now. It has been observed that poor performance in the
sciences is caused by the poor quality of science teachers, poor teaching methods, over-
crowded classrooms, and inadequate science equipment, among others (Bajah, 2000;
Kareem, 2003; Shawl, 2003). A report by Biodun (2004) indicated that science teachers
prefer the traditional lecture method of teaching than activity-oriented teaching method
which is student-centered. A lot of researches on performance of students have pointed
to the ineffective of the traditional method as used by teachers. Current researches have
shown the efficacy of computer in assisting students’ performance using CAI (Yusuf &
Afolabi, 2010)
The potential benefits of Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) cannot be underes-
timated in the contemporary world. Computer simulation is one of the modes of CAI
which gives students the opportunity to observe a real life experience. According to
651
Understanding The Concept Of Digestive System...
McKinney (2001) one of the most promising computer applications in science instruc-
tion is the use of simulations. The use of computer as a complement to conventional
instruction produced higher performance than the use of conventional instruction alone
(Yusuf & Afolabi, 2010). Furthermore, computer assisted instruction has been found to
enhance students’ performance than the conventional instructional method in guidance
and counseling (Karper et al., 2005). However, students seem to learn instructional
contents faster with computer simulation than with conventional instruction alone, and
also retain what they have learned.
Several researches had shown that using computer simulation has a positive effect
on students’ performance compared to traditional methods. For instance, Rey (2010)
found that computer simulation reduced time spent on learning and improved learners’
retention. Akpan and Strayer (2010) found that students who used computer simulation
to dissect frog outperformed those who dissected a frog conventionally. Riess & Mis-
cho (2010) designed a computer simulated scenario on the topic ‘ecosystem forest’, and
found that those students exposed to computer simulation showed significant increase
in their mean scores than their counterparts taught with conventional method. Wekeba
(2006) found that students taught cell-theory in biology with computer–based instruc-
tion simulation (CBIS) program performed better and had better perception towards the
cell division topic in school biology than those taught with traditional teaching method.
Other instructional system shown to be effective includes the model.
Model is a three dimensional object or representation of a real thing, which can be
used to explain details of both internal and external structure of an object. It is known
that it is usually valuable to observe real objects in their natural states or environments;
this is not usually possible in practice. Real objects are not always available when and
where they are needed. This is because they may be too big, complex and too dangerous
to be brought to the classroom. Some are even so small that good observations are not
possible. It is based on these difficult circumstances that necessitated the construction
of biological models. Araromi (1999) stressed that biology instructional models en-
hances visual imagery, stimulates and scintillates the learners thereby boosting their
perception, creativity, better understanding and high performance. Several researches
had shown that instructional models enhanced students’performance than conventional
teaching method (Ibrahim, 2008; Nsofor, 2006; Yaki, 2004). This study examined the
effects of biology instructional model on student performance.
Gender has been identified as one of the factors influencing science students’ per-
formance at secondary school level (Eze, 2007). Researches conducted by Nwaorgu
(2007), Gambari (2004), Kara & Kahraman (2008), Gambari (2010), and Yusuf &
Afolabi (2010) found no significant difference between male and female students
taught mathematics, statistics, physics and history respectively using computer-assisted
A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe
652
instructional package. Similarly, Nsofor (2006), Yaki (2006), Ibrahim (2008) found that
there is no significant difference between the mean scores of male and female students
taught biology using biology instructional models. However, Joshua (2007) reported
that male students performed better than female students using mathematical biology
instructional model. The study on gender is not conclusive; hence, this paper discussed
the influence of gender on students performance in biology as a moderating variable.
The researches on the use of computer simulation for teaching biology at senior
secondary school level in Nigeria are not common. Very little is known about the use of
computer simulation instructional package in the Nigerian education system particularly
in learning some difficult concepts. In fact, the use of computer as an aid to teaching and
learning in most schools in Africa is restricted to very few privately owned schools and
public schools where the children of the affluent attend (Adegoke, 2011). Thus, much
remains to be empirically researched on the effect of computer simulation in biology ed-
ucation, in Nigeria. It is against this background that paper examined understanding the
concept of digestive system in biology using computer simulation instructional package.
Purpose of the study
The study investigated understanding the concept of digestive system in biology
using computer simulation. Specifically, the study examined: (i) The effectiveness of
computer simulation package, biology instructional model and conventional method on
the performance of secondary school students taught the biological concept of digestive
system; (ii) The influence of gender on the performance of students taught digestive
system using computer simulation package and biology instructional model.
Research questions
The study addressed the following research questions: (i) Are there differences in
the performance of secondary school students taught digestive system in biology using
computer simulation package, biology instructional model and conventional teaching
method? (ii) Is there is any difference in the performance of male and female students
taught digestive system using computer simulation package? (iii) Is there any differ-
ence in the performance of male and female students taught digestive system using
biology instructional model?
Research hypotheses
The following hypotheses were formulated and tested at the 0.05 significant level.
Ho1
: There are no significant difference in the performance of secondary school
students taught digestive system using computer simulation package, biology instruc-
tional model and conventional teaching method.
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Understanding The Concept Of Digestive System...
Ho2
: There is no significant difference between the performance of male and female
students taught digestive system using computer simulation package.
Ho3
: There is no significant difference in the performance of male and female stu-
dents taught digestive system using instructional model.
Methodology
Pretest, posttest, experimental and control groups design was adopted for this study.
Two levels of independent primary variable (two treatments and a control), and two
levels of gender (male and female) were investigated on students’performance in Biol-
ogy. The design layout is as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Research design layout
Groups Pretest Treatment Posttest
Experimental Group I
Experimental Group II
Control Group
O
O₃
O₅
Computer Simulation Package
Biology Instructional Model
Xo
O₂
O₄
O₆
Based on the nature of this research, multi-stage sampling techniques were adopted.
Three secondary schools in Minna metropolis, Nigeria, were purposively selected based
on the following criteria: resources (laboratories, facilities and manpower), school type
(public schools), and gender composition (coeducational schools). The three schools
were randomly assigned to experimental group I (Computer Simulation), experimental
group II (Biology Instruction Model) and control group (traditional teaching method)
respectively. Finally, stratified sampling technique was used to select the 60 SSII stu-
dents. Each of the assigned group had 20 participants from each school (10 male and
10 female) students.
A Computer Simulation Package (CSP) was developed for this study. The package
consists of six sub-units in human digestive system: Mouth; Stomach; Duodenum; Ile-
um: Colon; and Anus. The necessity for researcher-made computer package was based
on the fact that the commercially produced computer-assisted instructional packages
are not common. Even if they were available, they may not be directly relevant to the
topic or objectives to be achieved in the study. As a result, developing a computer pack-
age for use by the researcher was inevitable.
The CSP was packaged using macromedia flash and fireworks program language.
It contained the content of human digestive system which was installed on stand-alone
computer in computer laboratories of the sample schools (Fig. 1). During the lesson,
A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe
654
computer displays simulation of human digestive system to the learners on each of the
sub-units. Students jot down notes on the processes and activities that happen at each
stage of digestion. After each unit/stage of the presentation, students were assessed
using multiple choice objective questions to measure their comprehension.
BIM was constructed with wood and contained the details of all parts of human
body involved in digestive system. During the biology class, the teacher presented the
concept of digestive system and used BIM to support his explanation, reinforce the
concept, and process of human digestive system (Fig. 2). Students were given opportu-
nities of interacting with the model by touching it, removing and replacing some of the
components parts responsible for human digestion. After the presentation of each unit,
students were assessed on the concept been taught.
The researchers’adopted Biology Achievement Test (BAT) in collecting the data for
this study. BAT consists of 20-item multiple choice objective items with four options
(A–D) adopted from past examinations of West African Examination Council (WAEC,
May/June, 1998-2010) and National Examination Council (NECO, June/July, 1998-
2010). BAT was validated by experts in biology education, computer science, and test
and measurement unit of NECO. The reliability coefficient of BAT was determined as
0.84 using Kuder-Richardson (KR-21)
Fig. 1. Computer simulation package
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Understanding The Concept Of Digestive System...
The treatment was for four weeks. The objectives and the modalities of the two
teaching strategies were specified and operational guide was produced before the com-
mencement of the treatment. The researcher administered the BAT on sample students
as pretest to ascertain the academic equivalence of the students before the treatment.
Treatment was followed immediately; thereafter BAT was administered as posttest to
measure the performance of the sampled students in each school. The scores obtained
were subjected to data analysis. The data were analyzed based on the stated hypotheses,
using mean, standard deviation, t-test, and One-way ANOVA. The significance of the
various statistical analyses was ascertained at 0.05 alpha level.
Results
Biology Achievement Test (BAT) was used as a pre-test for determining the ac-
ademic equivalent of students in terms of academic ability and previous knowledge
before the experiment. Pre-test data for the groups were analyzed using One-way Anal-
ysis of Variance. The results of the analysis are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. ANOVA on experimental and controls groups pretest
Source of
variables
Sum of Square df Mean Square F-value
calculated
p-value
Between group
Within group
Total
0.400
364.600
365.000
2
57
59
0.200
6.396
0.031ns
0.969
ns: Not significant at 0.05 level
Table 2 shows the result of ANOVA on the pretest mean performance scores of
students in the experimental (computer simulation and biology instructional model)
and control groups. From the table, the results revealed that there was no significant
difference in the performance scores of students in the three groups (Fcal
= 0.031; df =
59; p = 0.969. This indicates that students in the experimental and control groups were
academically equivalent before the experiment.
Hypothesis One
There are no significant difference in the performance of secondary school students
taught digestive system using computer simulation package, biology instructional
model and conventional teaching method.
To test this hypothesis, one-way ANOVA was employed as shown in Table 3. This is
to determine whether the treatment made a statistical difference among the three groups.
A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe
656
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
KEY:
1. Mouth
2. Tongue
3. Salivary Gland
4. Oesophagus
5. Diaphragm
6. Liver
7. Gall Bladder
8. Stomach
9. Bile Duct
10. Pamcreas
11. Duodenum
12. Ileum
13. Large Intestine
14. Appendix
15. Rectum
16. Anus
Fig. 2. Biology instructional
model
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Understanding The Concept Of Digestive System...
Table 3. ANOVA posttest on experimental and control groups
Source of
Variables
Sum of
Square
df Mean
Square
F-value
calculated
p-value
Between group
Within group
Total
10292.133
733.200
11025.333
2
57
59
5146.067
12.863
400.062* 0.000
*- Significant at 0.05 level
Table 3 shows the ANOVA results of the mean performance scores of students in
the experimental and control groups. From the table, the results revealed the difference
in the mean performance scores of students in the three groups was significant (Fcal
=
400.062; df = 59, p = 0.000). On this basis hypothesis one is rejected. Therefore, signif-
icant difference exists in the mean performance scores among the students taught biol-
ogy with computer simulation package, biology instructional model and conventional
teaching method.
In other to ascertain the location of the significant difference between the three
groups, Scheffe’s Post-hoc test was conducted on the data. The result is shown in
Table 4.
The data in Table 4 indicates that there was significant difference in the posttest
mean scores of students in BIM Group (X = 78.30) and those in CSP Group (X = 91.30)
in favour of CSP group. It also indicates that significant difference exists in the posttest
scores of students in CSP Group (X = 91.30) and those in TM Group (59.40) in favour
of CSP Group. Significant differences was also established in the posttest scores of
students in BIM Group (X= 78.30) and those in TM Group (X = 59.40) in favour of
BIM Group.
Table 4. Scheffe’s post-hoc analyses of the groups mean scores
Groups Mean
Scores
Group I
(BIM)
Group II
(CSP)
Group III
(TM)
Group I (BIM) 78.30 *0.000 *0.000
Group II (CSP) 91.30 *0.000 *0.000
Group III (TM) 59.40 *0.000 *0.000
* Significant at 0.05 level.
A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe
658
Hypothesis Two
There is no significant difference between the performance of male and female stu-
dents taught digestive system using computer simulation package.
To test this hypothesis, t-test statistics was used, the result is presented in Table 5.
Table 5. t-test results of male and female students in CSP group
Gender No of
samples
df Mean
X
SD t-value
calculated
p-value
Male
Female
10
10
18
92.50
90.10
1.900
1.595
3.059ns
0.454
ns: Not Significant at 0.05 level
Table 5 presents the test result of male and female students that were taught with
computer simulation package. From the table, the mean performance score was 92.50
for the male students and 90.10 for the female group. The male mean performance
scores was not significantly different from that of the female when computer simulation
package was employed (tcal
= 30.59, df = 18, p = 0.454). This implies that there was
no significant difference between the performance of male and female students taught
digestive system using computer simulation package. Therefore, the null hypothesis
two was not rejected.
Hypothesis Three
There is no significant difference in the performance of male and female students
taught digestive system using instructional model.
To test this hypothesis, t-test statistic was employed. The result is presented in
Table 6.
Table 6 revealed that 80.60 was the mean performance scores for male students and
76.00 for female group. The mean performance scores for male students did not differ
significantly from that of female students when both groups were taught digestive sys-
tem using biology instructional model (tcal
= 2.791, df = 18, p = 0.728). On this basis,
hypothesis 3 was not rejected. Therefore, there was no significant difference between
the mean performance scores of male and female students taught biology using biology
instructional model.
659
Understanding The Concept Of Digestive System...
Table 6. t-test analysis of achievement scores
of the males and females exposed to BIM
Gender Number of
sample
df Mean
(X)
SD t-value p-value
Male
Female
10
10
18
80.60
76.00
3.502
3.859
2.791ns
0.728
ns: Not significant at p > 0.05 level of significant.
Discussion of findings
The results of hypothesis one revealed that there is a significant difference in the
performance of experimental group I, experimental group II and control group. The
experimental group I (computer simulation package) performed better than experi-
mental group II (biology biology instructional model) and control group (conven-
tional teaching method) while there was no difference between experimental group II
and control group. This result supports the findings of Rey (2010), Akpan & Strayer
(2010), Riess & Mischo (2010) and Wekeba (2006) who found that computer simu-
lation enhanced students’ performance than the conventional teaching method. The
findings also agreed with Nsofor (2006) Yaki (2006) and Ibrahim (2008) who found
that students taught biology using biology instructional models performed better than
those taught using conventional teaching methods. The superiority of computer sim-
ulation over biology instructional models and conventional teaching methods stems
from the fact that it gives students the opportunity to observe a real world experience
and interact with it (McKinney, 2001). The higher performance by the experimental
group could be attributed to the novel nature of computer simulation in the Nigerian
school setting and hence was able to captivate the attention of the students.
The results of hypothesis two showed that there is no difference in the perfor-
mance of male and female students taught biology with CSP. This finding agree with
earlier findings of Gambari (2004), Nwaorgu (2006), Gambari (2010) Yusuf & Afola-
bi (2010) who found no significant difference between male and female students
taught mathematics, statistics, physics and biology respectively using CAI package.
The results in hypothesis three agree with the findings of Nsofor (2006), Yaki
(2006), Ibrahim (2008) who found no significant difference between the mean perfor-
mance scores of male and female students taught biology using biology instructional
model.
A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe
660
Conclusion
This paper critically highlighted the level of poor performance in biology education at
senior secondary school level in Nigeria. It is the view of the authors that there is still a
wide gap to be bridged in the area of teaching and learning. Innovative technology using
computer simulation package in teaching abstract biological concept such as the diges-
tive system could be used to reduce or bridge the gap. This study showed that computer
simulation package enhanced students’ performance in digestive system than biology
instructional model. The better performance of students in biology using CSP could be
attributed to the effectiveness and the interactivity of the computer simulation package.
The computer simulation package and biology instructional models are gender friendly.
Recommendations	
Based on the findings of the study the following recommendations are made: (1)
Computer simulation package should be encouraged for teaching and learning biology
at senior secondary school level because it enhanced students’ performance; (2) Com-
puter simulation package and biology instructional models could be used to reduce
gender differences between male and female students learning in biology. 	
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* Dr. A.I. Gambari (corresponding author)
Department of Science Education
Federal University of Technology
Minna, Nigeria
E-mail: gambarii@futminna.edu.ng

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Understanding the concept of digestive system in biology using computer simulation

  • 1. 649 Chemistry: Bulgarian Journal of Science Education, Volume 22, Number 5, 2013 Природните науки в образованието New Approaches Нови подходи UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN BIOLOGY USING COMPUTER SIMULATION A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe Federal University of Technology, Nigeria Abstract. This study examined understanding the concept of digestive system in biology using computer simulation. It also determined whether the performance of the students would vary with gender when exposed to computer simulation package (CSP) and biology instructional model (BIM). Participants were 60 senior secondary II (SSII) biology students drawn from three schools in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. The schools were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group I was taught the concept of digestive system using CSP, experimental group II was ex- posed to BIM and conventional method was used for the control group. A 20-item Biol- ogy Achievement Test (BAT) was validated and its reliability determined as 0.78 using Kuder-Richardson (KR-21). The data collected were analysed with t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe’s post-hoc test. The results revealed that there was significant difference in the mean performance scores of students in experimental groups (I & II) and control group. There was no significant difference between the mean scores of male and female students taught biology using computer simulation package, implying that the package is gender friendly. Also, no significant difference was found between the mean scores of male and female students taught biology using biology instructional model. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the use of the computer simulation package was more effective than the biology instructional model and conventional method of teaching respectively. Therefore, it was recommended that use of computer simulation for teaching the concept of digestive system should be encouraged. Keywords: computer simulation, biology, instructional model, digestive system, gen- der Introduction In Nigeria, biology is one of the core subject taught at senior secondary school level (FRN, 2004). It occupies a unique position in the school curriculum. Biology is central to many science related courses such as medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, nursing, bi- ochemistry and so on. It is obvious that no student intending to study these disciplines can be successful without adequate knowledge of biology.
  • 2. A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe 650 In spite of the importance of biology at senior secondary school level, the perfor- mance of students at national examinations has been quite unsatisfactory over the years. The performance of students in the subject at the Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination (SSSCE) from 2004 to 2011 in Nigeria is revealed below. 2 many science related courses such as medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, nursing, biochemistry and so on. It is obvious that no student intending to study these disciplines can be successful without adequate knowledge of biology. In spite of the importance of biology at senior secondary school level, the performance of students at national examinations has been quite unsatisfactory over the years. The performance of students in the subject at the Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination (SSSCE) from 2004 to 2011 in Nigeria is revealed below. Source: WAEC, 2011 Performance of Nigerian students in May/June SSSCE Biology (2004-2011) The above picture shows a close examination of the performance of Nigerian students in biology in the West African Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination (WASSSCE) results of eight consecutive years. The percentage of students that passed biology at credit and above levels (A1 - C6) had consistently being less than 50% (WAEC, 2011). The desire to know the causes of the poor performance in biology has been the focus of researchers for some time now. It has been observed that poor performance in the sciences Source: WAEC, 2011 Performance of Nigerian students in May/June SSSCE Biology (2004-2011) The above picture shows a close examination of the performance of Nigerian stu- dents in biology in the West African Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination (WASSSCE) results of eight consecutive years. The percentage of students that passed biology at credit and above levels (A1 - C6) had consistently being less than 50% (WAEC, 2011). The desire to know the causes of the poor performance in biology has been the focus of researchers for some time now. It has been observed that poor performance in the sciences is caused by the poor quality of science teachers, poor teaching methods, over- crowded classrooms, and inadequate science equipment, among others (Bajah, 2000; Kareem, 2003; Shawl, 2003). A report by Biodun (2004) indicated that science teachers prefer the traditional lecture method of teaching than activity-oriented teaching method which is student-centered. A lot of researches on performance of students have pointed to the ineffective of the traditional method as used by teachers. Current researches have shown the efficacy of computer in assisting students’ performance using CAI (Yusuf & Afolabi, 2010) The potential benefits of Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) cannot be underes- timated in the contemporary world. Computer simulation is one of the modes of CAI which gives students the opportunity to observe a real life experience. According to
  • 3. 651 Understanding The Concept Of Digestive System... McKinney (2001) one of the most promising computer applications in science instruc- tion is the use of simulations. The use of computer as a complement to conventional instruction produced higher performance than the use of conventional instruction alone (Yusuf & Afolabi, 2010). Furthermore, computer assisted instruction has been found to enhance students’ performance than the conventional instructional method in guidance and counseling (Karper et al., 2005). However, students seem to learn instructional contents faster with computer simulation than with conventional instruction alone, and also retain what they have learned. Several researches had shown that using computer simulation has a positive effect on students’ performance compared to traditional methods. For instance, Rey (2010) found that computer simulation reduced time spent on learning and improved learners’ retention. Akpan and Strayer (2010) found that students who used computer simulation to dissect frog outperformed those who dissected a frog conventionally. Riess & Mis- cho (2010) designed a computer simulated scenario on the topic ‘ecosystem forest’, and found that those students exposed to computer simulation showed significant increase in their mean scores than their counterparts taught with conventional method. Wekeba (2006) found that students taught cell-theory in biology with computer–based instruc- tion simulation (CBIS) program performed better and had better perception towards the cell division topic in school biology than those taught with traditional teaching method. Other instructional system shown to be effective includes the model. Model is a three dimensional object or representation of a real thing, which can be used to explain details of both internal and external structure of an object. It is known that it is usually valuable to observe real objects in their natural states or environments; this is not usually possible in practice. Real objects are not always available when and where they are needed. This is because they may be too big, complex and too dangerous to be brought to the classroom. Some are even so small that good observations are not possible. It is based on these difficult circumstances that necessitated the construction of biological models. Araromi (1999) stressed that biology instructional models en- hances visual imagery, stimulates and scintillates the learners thereby boosting their perception, creativity, better understanding and high performance. Several researches had shown that instructional models enhanced students’performance than conventional teaching method (Ibrahim, 2008; Nsofor, 2006; Yaki, 2004). This study examined the effects of biology instructional model on student performance. Gender has been identified as one of the factors influencing science students’ per- formance at secondary school level (Eze, 2007). Researches conducted by Nwaorgu (2007), Gambari (2004), Kara & Kahraman (2008), Gambari (2010), and Yusuf & Afolabi (2010) found no significant difference between male and female students taught mathematics, statistics, physics and history respectively using computer-assisted
  • 4. A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe 652 instructional package. Similarly, Nsofor (2006), Yaki (2006), Ibrahim (2008) found that there is no significant difference between the mean scores of male and female students taught biology using biology instructional models. However, Joshua (2007) reported that male students performed better than female students using mathematical biology instructional model. The study on gender is not conclusive; hence, this paper discussed the influence of gender on students performance in biology as a moderating variable. The researches on the use of computer simulation for teaching biology at senior secondary school level in Nigeria are not common. Very little is known about the use of computer simulation instructional package in the Nigerian education system particularly in learning some difficult concepts. In fact, the use of computer as an aid to teaching and learning in most schools in Africa is restricted to very few privately owned schools and public schools where the children of the affluent attend (Adegoke, 2011). Thus, much remains to be empirically researched on the effect of computer simulation in biology ed- ucation, in Nigeria. It is against this background that paper examined understanding the concept of digestive system in biology using computer simulation instructional package. Purpose of the study The study investigated understanding the concept of digestive system in biology using computer simulation. Specifically, the study examined: (i) The effectiveness of computer simulation package, biology instructional model and conventional method on the performance of secondary school students taught the biological concept of digestive system; (ii) The influence of gender on the performance of students taught digestive system using computer simulation package and biology instructional model. Research questions The study addressed the following research questions: (i) Are there differences in the performance of secondary school students taught digestive system in biology using computer simulation package, biology instructional model and conventional teaching method? (ii) Is there is any difference in the performance of male and female students taught digestive system using computer simulation package? (iii) Is there any differ- ence in the performance of male and female students taught digestive system using biology instructional model? Research hypotheses The following hypotheses were formulated and tested at the 0.05 significant level. Ho1 : There are no significant difference in the performance of secondary school students taught digestive system using computer simulation package, biology instruc- tional model and conventional teaching method.
  • 5. 653 Understanding The Concept Of Digestive System... Ho2 : There is no significant difference between the performance of male and female students taught digestive system using computer simulation package. Ho3 : There is no significant difference in the performance of male and female stu- dents taught digestive system using instructional model. Methodology Pretest, posttest, experimental and control groups design was adopted for this study. Two levels of independent primary variable (two treatments and a control), and two levels of gender (male and female) were investigated on students’performance in Biol- ogy. The design layout is as shown in Table 1. Table 1. Research design layout Groups Pretest Treatment Posttest Experimental Group I Experimental Group II Control Group O O₃ O₅ Computer Simulation Package Biology Instructional Model Xo O₂ O₄ O₆ Based on the nature of this research, multi-stage sampling techniques were adopted. Three secondary schools in Minna metropolis, Nigeria, were purposively selected based on the following criteria: resources (laboratories, facilities and manpower), school type (public schools), and gender composition (coeducational schools). The three schools were randomly assigned to experimental group I (Computer Simulation), experimental group II (Biology Instruction Model) and control group (traditional teaching method) respectively. Finally, stratified sampling technique was used to select the 60 SSII stu- dents. Each of the assigned group had 20 participants from each school (10 male and 10 female) students. A Computer Simulation Package (CSP) was developed for this study. The package consists of six sub-units in human digestive system: Mouth; Stomach; Duodenum; Ile- um: Colon; and Anus. The necessity for researcher-made computer package was based on the fact that the commercially produced computer-assisted instructional packages are not common. Even if they were available, they may not be directly relevant to the topic or objectives to be achieved in the study. As a result, developing a computer pack- age for use by the researcher was inevitable. The CSP was packaged using macromedia flash and fireworks program language. It contained the content of human digestive system which was installed on stand-alone computer in computer laboratories of the sample schools (Fig. 1). During the lesson,
  • 6. A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe 654 computer displays simulation of human digestive system to the learners on each of the sub-units. Students jot down notes on the processes and activities that happen at each stage of digestion. After each unit/stage of the presentation, students were assessed using multiple choice objective questions to measure their comprehension. BIM was constructed with wood and contained the details of all parts of human body involved in digestive system. During the biology class, the teacher presented the concept of digestive system and used BIM to support his explanation, reinforce the concept, and process of human digestive system (Fig. 2). Students were given opportu- nities of interacting with the model by touching it, removing and replacing some of the components parts responsible for human digestion. After the presentation of each unit, students were assessed on the concept been taught. The researchers’adopted Biology Achievement Test (BAT) in collecting the data for this study. BAT consists of 20-item multiple choice objective items with four options (A–D) adopted from past examinations of West African Examination Council (WAEC, May/June, 1998-2010) and National Examination Council (NECO, June/July, 1998- 2010). BAT was validated by experts in biology education, computer science, and test and measurement unit of NECO. The reliability coefficient of BAT was determined as 0.84 using Kuder-Richardson (KR-21) Fig. 1. Computer simulation package
  • 7. 655 Understanding The Concept Of Digestive System... The treatment was for four weeks. The objectives and the modalities of the two teaching strategies were specified and operational guide was produced before the com- mencement of the treatment. The researcher administered the BAT on sample students as pretest to ascertain the academic equivalence of the students before the treatment. Treatment was followed immediately; thereafter BAT was administered as posttest to measure the performance of the sampled students in each school. The scores obtained were subjected to data analysis. The data were analyzed based on the stated hypotheses, using mean, standard deviation, t-test, and One-way ANOVA. The significance of the various statistical analyses was ascertained at 0.05 alpha level. Results Biology Achievement Test (BAT) was used as a pre-test for determining the ac- ademic equivalent of students in terms of academic ability and previous knowledge before the experiment. Pre-test data for the groups were analyzed using One-way Anal- ysis of Variance. The results of the analysis are presented in Table 2. Table 2. ANOVA on experimental and controls groups pretest Source of variables Sum of Square df Mean Square F-value calculated p-value Between group Within group Total 0.400 364.600 365.000 2 57 59 0.200 6.396 0.031ns 0.969 ns: Not significant at 0.05 level Table 2 shows the result of ANOVA on the pretest mean performance scores of students in the experimental (computer simulation and biology instructional model) and control groups. From the table, the results revealed that there was no significant difference in the performance scores of students in the three groups (Fcal = 0.031; df = 59; p = 0.969. This indicates that students in the experimental and control groups were academically equivalent before the experiment. Hypothesis One There are no significant difference in the performance of secondary school students taught digestive system using computer simulation package, biology instructional model and conventional teaching method. To test this hypothesis, one-way ANOVA was employed as shown in Table 3. This is to determine whether the treatment made a statistical difference among the three groups.
  • 8. A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe 656 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM KEY: 1. Mouth 2. Tongue 3. Salivary Gland 4. Oesophagus 5. Diaphragm 6. Liver 7. Gall Bladder 8. Stomach 9. Bile Duct 10. Pamcreas 11. Duodenum 12. Ileum 13. Large Intestine 14. Appendix 15. Rectum 16. Anus Fig. 2. Biology instructional model
  • 9. 657 Understanding The Concept Of Digestive System... Table 3. ANOVA posttest on experimental and control groups Source of Variables Sum of Square df Mean Square F-value calculated p-value Between group Within group Total 10292.133 733.200 11025.333 2 57 59 5146.067 12.863 400.062* 0.000 *- Significant at 0.05 level Table 3 shows the ANOVA results of the mean performance scores of students in the experimental and control groups. From the table, the results revealed the difference in the mean performance scores of students in the three groups was significant (Fcal = 400.062; df = 59, p = 0.000). On this basis hypothesis one is rejected. Therefore, signif- icant difference exists in the mean performance scores among the students taught biol- ogy with computer simulation package, biology instructional model and conventional teaching method. In other to ascertain the location of the significant difference between the three groups, Scheffe’s Post-hoc test was conducted on the data. The result is shown in Table 4. The data in Table 4 indicates that there was significant difference in the posttest mean scores of students in BIM Group (X = 78.30) and those in CSP Group (X = 91.30) in favour of CSP group. It also indicates that significant difference exists in the posttest scores of students in CSP Group (X = 91.30) and those in TM Group (59.40) in favour of CSP Group. Significant differences was also established in the posttest scores of students in BIM Group (X= 78.30) and those in TM Group (X = 59.40) in favour of BIM Group. Table 4. Scheffe’s post-hoc analyses of the groups mean scores Groups Mean Scores Group I (BIM) Group II (CSP) Group III (TM) Group I (BIM) 78.30 *0.000 *0.000 Group II (CSP) 91.30 *0.000 *0.000 Group III (TM) 59.40 *0.000 *0.000 * Significant at 0.05 level.
  • 10. A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe 658 Hypothesis Two There is no significant difference between the performance of male and female stu- dents taught digestive system using computer simulation package. To test this hypothesis, t-test statistics was used, the result is presented in Table 5. Table 5. t-test results of male and female students in CSP group Gender No of samples df Mean X SD t-value calculated p-value Male Female 10 10 18 92.50 90.10 1.900 1.595 3.059ns 0.454 ns: Not Significant at 0.05 level Table 5 presents the test result of male and female students that were taught with computer simulation package. From the table, the mean performance score was 92.50 for the male students and 90.10 for the female group. The male mean performance scores was not significantly different from that of the female when computer simulation package was employed (tcal = 30.59, df = 18, p = 0.454). This implies that there was no significant difference between the performance of male and female students taught digestive system using computer simulation package. Therefore, the null hypothesis two was not rejected. Hypothesis Three There is no significant difference in the performance of male and female students taught digestive system using instructional model. To test this hypothesis, t-test statistic was employed. The result is presented in Table 6. Table 6 revealed that 80.60 was the mean performance scores for male students and 76.00 for female group. The mean performance scores for male students did not differ significantly from that of female students when both groups were taught digestive sys- tem using biology instructional model (tcal = 2.791, df = 18, p = 0.728). On this basis, hypothesis 3 was not rejected. Therefore, there was no significant difference between the mean performance scores of male and female students taught biology using biology instructional model.
  • 11. 659 Understanding The Concept Of Digestive System... Table 6. t-test analysis of achievement scores of the males and females exposed to BIM Gender Number of sample df Mean (X) SD t-value p-value Male Female 10 10 18 80.60 76.00 3.502 3.859 2.791ns 0.728 ns: Not significant at p > 0.05 level of significant. Discussion of findings The results of hypothesis one revealed that there is a significant difference in the performance of experimental group I, experimental group II and control group. The experimental group I (computer simulation package) performed better than experi- mental group II (biology biology instructional model) and control group (conven- tional teaching method) while there was no difference between experimental group II and control group. This result supports the findings of Rey (2010), Akpan & Strayer (2010), Riess & Mischo (2010) and Wekeba (2006) who found that computer simu- lation enhanced students’ performance than the conventional teaching method. The findings also agreed with Nsofor (2006) Yaki (2006) and Ibrahim (2008) who found that students taught biology using biology instructional models performed better than those taught using conventional teaching methods. The superiority of computer sim- ulation over biology instructional models and conventional teaching methods stems from the fact that it gives students the opportunity to observe a real world experience and interact with it (McKinney, 2001). The higher performance by the experimental group could be attributed to the novel nature of computer simulation in the Nigerian school setting and hence was able to captivate the attention of the students. The results of hypothesis two showed that there is no difference in the perfor- mance of male and female students taught biology with CSP. This finding agree with earlier findings of Gambari (2004), Nwaorgu (2006), Gambari (2010) Yusuf & Afola- bi (2010) who found no significant difference between male and female students taught mathematics, statistics, physics and biology respectively using CAI package. The results in hypothesis three agree with the findings of Nsofor (2006), Yaki (2006), Ibrahim (2008) who found no significant difference between the mean perfor- mance scores of male and female students taught biology using biology instructional model.
  • 12. A. I. Gambari, A. A. Yaki, T. T. Olowe 660 Conclusion This paper critically highlighted the level of poor performance in biology education at senior secondary school level in Nigeria. It is the view of the authors that there is still a wide gap to be bridged in the area of teaching and learning. Innovative technology using computer simulation package in teaching abstract biological concept such as the diges- tive system could be used to reduce or bridge the gap. This study showed that computer simulation package enhanced students’ performance in digestive system than biology instructional model. The better performance of students in biology using CSP could be attributed to the effectiveness and the interactivity of the computer simulation package. The computer simulation package and biology instructional models are gender friendly. Recommendations Based on the findings of the study the following recommendations are made: (1) Computer simulation package should be encouraged for teaching and learning biology at senior secondary school level because it enhanced students’ performance; (2) Com- puter simulation package and biology instructional models could be used to reduce gender differences between male and female students learning in biology. REFERENCES Adegoke, B.A. (2011). Effect of multimedia instruction on senior secondary school students’ achievement in physics. European J. Educ. Studies, 3, 537-541. Akpar, J. & Strayer, J. (2010). Which comes first: the use of computer simulation of frog dissec- tion or conventional dissection as academic exercise? J. Computers in Mathematics & Science Teaching, 29, 113-138. Araromi, M.A. (1999). Effect of visual imagery instruction on achievement in language with par- ticular reference to French in Nigeria. Nigerian J. Curriculum Studies, 21, 14 -25. Bajah, S.T. (2000). The state of science technology and mathematics education: a global perspec- tive. Connect (UNESCO), 25(3-4), 1-3. Biodun, K. (2004). A comparative study of the effect of teacher’s qualification and teaching meth- ods on students’achievement in chemistry (PhD Thesis). Calabar: University of Calabar. Eze, C. U. (2007). Achieving gender equity in science, technology and mathematics education, through cooperative learning: implication for sustainable development. Proceeding of the 50th STAN Anniversary Conference, pp. 93-97. FRN [Federal Republic of Nigeria]. (2004). National policy on education. Lagos: NERDC Press. Gambari, A.I. (2004). The development of computer aided learning software for individualized instruction of physics in senior secondary schools in Niger State, Nigeria (MTech. Thesis). Minna: Federal University of Technology. Gambari, A.I. (2010). Effectiveness of computer-assisted instructional package in cooperative settings on senior school students’ performance in physics, in Minna, Nigeria (PhD Thesis). Ilorin: University of Ilorin.
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