Details about Methods of tablet Granulation Techniques.

1. Tablet Granulation
Techniques
M. M. College of Pharmacy, Presented By:- GEORGE KUMAR SAHA,
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To Be University), M. Pharm- II Sem.,
Mullana, Ambala, Haryana-133207, India. (Quality Assurance),
Roll No.- 14177039.
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2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
 What is tablets ?
 Types of tablets.
 Advantages & Disadvantages.
 Methods of tableting.
 Granulation.
 Why we prepare granules when we have powders?
 Methods of granulation.
Equipment’s of Granulation.
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3. What is Tablets ?
 Tablets are solid dosage forms consisting of active ingredients and
suitable pharmaceutical excipients.
 They may vary in size, shape, weight, hardness, thickness, disintegration
and dissolution characteristics, and in other aspects.
Traditionally, tablets have been made by granulation, a process that
imparts two primary requisites to formulate i.e. compactibility and fluidity.
 Which is prepared either by molding or by compression .
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4. Types of Tablets
The various types of tablets are:
I. C o m p r e s s e d T a b l e t s (Ex-
Paracetamol ),
II. S u g a r c o a t e d Ta b l e t s (Ex-
Multivitamin),
III. F i l m c o a t e d Ta b l e t s (Ex-
Metronidazole),
IV. Enteric coated Tablets (Ex-
Bisacodyl ),
V. Effervescent Tablets,
VI. Chewable Tablets (Ex- Antacid),
VII.Dispersible Tablets,
VIII.Sustained release Tablets,
IX. Multilayer Tablets,
X. Sublingual Tablets,
XI. Troches,
XII.Buccal Tablets (Ex- Vitamin-c),
XIII.Implant Tablets,
XIV.Hypodermic Tablets,
XV.Solution Tablets (Ex- Dispirin ),
XVI.Vaginal Tablets (Ex- Clotrimazole ).
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5. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
 Cost is lowest of all oral dosage form.
 Lighter and compact.
 Easiest and cheapest to package and
strip.
 Sustained release product is possible
by enteric coating.
Greatest chemical and microbial
stability over all oral dosage form.
DISADVANTAGES
 Difficult to swallow in case of
children and unconscious patients.
Some drugs resist compression into
dense compacts, owing to amorphous
nature, low density character.
Drugs with poor wetting, slow
dissolution properties, optimum
absorption high in GIT may be difficult
to formulate or manufacture as a tablet
that will still provide adequate or full
drug bioavailability.
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6. Methods of Tableting
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7. GRANULATION
Granulation process may be defined as a process where in
small particles adhere together by forming bonds between them,
resulting in the formation of large aggregates that’s called
granules.
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8. Why we prepare granules when we have powders?
 To avoid powder segregation, if, the powder is composed of particles with different
dimensions & different densities a separation between these particles will occur.
To enhance the flow of powder, Higher flow ability gives better filling of the dies or
containers, during a volumetric dosage.
Granules have higher porosity than powders.
To improve the compressibility of powders.
The granulation of toxic materials will reduce the hazard of generation of toxic dust,
which may arise during the handling of the powders.
Materials, which are slightly hygroscope, may adhere & form a cake if stored as a
powder.
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9. Methods of Granulation
Some of the available methods in the industrial field for the preparation
of granules:
A. Direct compression method,
B. Dry granulation method,
C. Wet granulation method,
D. Granulation by crystallization method.
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10. A. Direct compression
Direct compression is a dry process where in the powdered material is
compressed directly into the tablets without the physical nature of the former
being modified.
Ex.- Formulation of Antacid Tablets.
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11. Cont…
Direct compression procedure :
Grinding
Drug
Blending or mixing
Tablet press
Tablet
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12. Cont…
1. Grinding : Drug is added to the granulator and grinded.
2. Blending or Mixing : The suitable adjuvants are added in a blender and
mix thoroughly.
3. Tablet press : The blended powdered material is compressed by
machine tooling of a tablet press .
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13. B. Dry Granulation
 The process of dry granulation is also called Double Compression or Pre-Compression
Granulation.
 The process involves the formation of tablet by first converting the tablet formulation into
slugs or compact masses. These formed masses are screened to form uniform sized fine
granules. The technique is suitable for those drugs which are moisture sensitive, degrade at
higher temperature and administered in higher doses.
 Ex.- Formulation of Vitamin B Complex.
 The technique of Dry granulation of powdered material can be accomplished by two methods.
(a) Slugging method,
(b) Roller compaction method.
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14. Cont…
Dry Granulation procedure :
Drug
Grinding Blending or
Mixing
Compaction Crushing
Screening
Blending or MixingTablet press
Tablet
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15. Cont…
1. Grinding : Drug is added to the granulator and grinded.
2. Blending or Mixing : The suitable adjuvants are added in a blender and
mix thoroughly.
3. Compaction : After mixing, the powder mixture is slugged or
compressed into large flat tablets or pellets about 1 inch diameter . On
large scale , Roller compactor is preferred.
4. Crushing : These slugs are broken down by hand or by milling to form
granules.
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16. Cont…
5. Screening : The granules undergo dry screening through a desired mesh
for sizing.
6. Blending or Mixing : Finally, the lubricating agent is added and mixed
thoroughly in a blender.
7. Tablet press : The resultant granules are compressed by machine tooling
of a tablet press.
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17. C. Wet Granulation
Wet granulation or Moist granulation is the most common, multipurpose
and widely used techniques for the manufacture of compressed tablets, as
it imparts all the physical properties to the granules.
This technique differs from the other granulation methods as it involves
the usage of liquids to form compact masses.
Ex.- Formulation of Acetaminophen tablets.
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18. Cont…
Wet Granulation procedure :
Drug
Grinding Shear mixer Wet screening
DryingDry screeningBlendingTablet press
Tablet
Blending or Mixing
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19. Cont…
1. Grinding : Drug is added to the granulator and grinded.
2. Blending or Mixing : The suitable adjuvants are added and mixed in a
blender .
3. Shear Mixing : Granulating liquids are added to form a damp mass of
the powdered material which resembles agglomerates.
4. Wet screening : The mass is screened to form pellets or granules.
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20. Cont…
5. Drying : The pellets or granules are dried to remove excess of the
liquid.
6. Dry screening : Dry screening of granules results in size reduction.
7. Blending : The lubricating agent is added and the mixture is mixed
thoroughly in a blender.
8. Tablet press : The resultant granules are compressed by machine tooling
of a tablet press.
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21. D. Granulation by Crystallization
This method utilizes the presence of crystallization water in the active
material; this method is rarely used.
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22. Equipment’s of Granulation
1. Fluidized bed Granulation :
Granulation and drying in the same equipment.
Granulation is controlled by moisture content of
the bed.
Too high moisture content will defluidize the bed
and in too low moisture, no agglomeration will
occur.
Granules obtained are more porous than those
obtained from shear mixers.
Fluidized bed Granulator03-April-18 22

23. Cont…
2. Tumbling Granulation :
Particles are set in motion by the tumbling action caused by the balance
between gravity and centrifugal forces.
Includes discs, drums, pans and a range of similar equipment.
Characteristics Of Tumbling Granulators :
Product granule size in the range of 2 to 20mm.
Not suitable for producing very small granules.
Good for producing high density balls or pallets.
Capable of handling very large throughputs.
Extensively used in mineral processing and fertilizer granulation
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24. Cont…
3. Disc Granulator :
Rotating disc with a rim to hold the tumbling
granules.
Powder feed continuously fed to the disc,
typically at the edge of the rotating granulator
bed.
Liquid binder is added through a series of single
fluid nozzles distributed across the face of the
bed.
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25. Cont…
4. Drum granulator :
 Typically used for high capacity applications and
usually requires some type of recycle depending on
the product specification.
 Granulation where the only feed or the majority of
the feed is a liquid or melt such as urea granulation.
 Feeds may be either pre-moistened by mixers to form
granule nuclei or liquid may be sprayed onto the
tumbling bed via nozzles or distributor pipe system.
 Scrapers are often but not always used to limit build
up on the drum wall
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26. Cont…
5. Mixer-Granulator :
The High Shear Mixer-Granulator is a multi-
purpose processor equally suitable for high
speed dispersion of dry powders, and aqueous
or solvent granulations.
Agglomerates are formed by agitation of the
mixture.
The mechanism of melt granulation is similar
to that of wet granulation.
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27. Cont…
6. Double shaft paddle Mixer-Granulator :
Dual counter-rotating shafts run the length
of the device.
The paddles move material from the bottom
of the trough, up the middle, and back down
the sides creating a mixing and folding
effect that intimately mixes the material.
Use: Mixing.
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28. THANK
YOU 
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