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Apr 2013
GREENER, SAFER, SMARTER
Smart Grid Technology
MT5009- Analyzing Hi-Technology
Opportunities Group Project
Bae Jinwoo A0102853M
Christopher Tan A0046244L
Ivan Mufthi A0077081E
James Tong A0081902L
Mun Kek Chian A0090745B
Peter Katona A0103338N

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What is a Smart Grid?
 Improvements in the smart grid
 Applications (Demand Response & Time Based Pricing)
Key elements of the Smart Grid
 Smart Metering / Power Line Communication
 Transmission & Distribution, EVs
 Integration of renewable energy
Is Smart Grid the way to go?
Q & A
AGENDA

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According to GSGF (Global Smart Grid Federation) the official definition of
smart grid is:
 An electrical* network
 Efficiently integrating all the stake
holders – From generators to consumers
 In order to ensure
 Economic efficiency (Time Based
Pricing)
 Sustainable network (Demand
Response)
WHAT IS SMART GRID?

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Improvements of Smart Grid over the traditional grid over the past 30 years
 Communications (PLC, Optical)
 Transmission & Distribution(Super Conductors, Gas-insulated cables & equipment, Better
Underground Works)
 Better Storage Capacities(Batteries) (Electric Vehicles / Uninterrupted Power Supplies)
 Better Smart meters & Controllers (processors / sensors / memory )
 Integration to more distributed sources (Renew Energy; Wind/Solar Farms, EVs)
WHAT IS SMART GRID?

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Loading Curve Price Curve
Source: IEEE Paper ; “Optimal Scheduling and Operation of Load Aggregator with Electric Energy
Storage in Power Markets”
Demand Response & Time-based Pricing
WHAT IS SMART GRID?

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Smart Metering &
Powerline
Communication

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Evolution of Energy Meters
SMART METERING+PLC
Meters are measurement devices used by utilities to communicate
information for billing customers and operating their electric systems.

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Basic improvements to different Smart meter systems over time
SMART METERING+PLC
AMI
Full Two Way
AMR Plus
AMR
One Way
SmartMeterSystemCapability
 Real Time based rates
 Power Quality
 Remote meter
programming
 Load forecasting
 Power procurement
 Outage notification
 Daily or On Demand
Reads
 Hourly interval data
 T&D Operation
 Metering Service
 Automated Monthly
Reads
 One Way Outage
Detection
 Meter Reading
 Billing, Account,
Collection
Smart Meter System Functionality Stakeholders or Benefactors

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Although price is $15 more, the AMI provides more functions and average
expected payback time is the same
SMART METERING+PLC
AMR/AMI AVERAGEE COST & FUNCTION COMPARISON

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PLC compared with existing smart grid communication
SMART METERING+PLC
Hybrid Fibre Coaxial Asymmetric digital
subscriber line
Powerline Communication

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PLC improvement - Carrier frequency and Max Effective Data Rates
SMART METERING+PLC
2001
2001
2005
2010

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Electric Vehicles
(EVs)

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A multitude of connected EVs acts like a big battery source to the grid.
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
 Vehicle and Smart Grid
interaction
 Enables stored energy in EVs to
sell back to the electrical grid
 Allows for Peak-load shifting

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Case study of an unnamed energy market in the US
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Loading Curve
Source: IEEE Paper ; “Optimal Scheduling and Operation of Load Aggregator with Electric Energy
Storage in Power Markets”

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Pilot project for EV parking integration to Smart Grid
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
EVs used on a Smart GridEVs used on a Normal Grid
Source: “Electric vehicle smart charging and vehicle-to-grid operation” , Siddhartha Mal, Arunabh Chattopadhyay, Albert Yang, Rajit Gadh
Pockets of opportunity (Black
regions) to sell energy back to
the Smart Grid
Shift Peak
Load

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Case Study: EV Fleet Sedan in Southern California
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
RT GRID
2011 Monthly Bi-Directional Power Capacity Revenues
Assumptions:
 Lease Price: $290/month
 15KW bi-directional capability
 12,000 miles driven per year
 Typical operation from 9am to 5pm (parked 90% of the time)
 2011 remuneration values for California ISO, in Southern California

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How can Smart Grid make EVs more economically feasible?
Cost of EV can be reduced by time-based pricing.
 EVs can be charged during “off-peak” hours
 EVs can sell back energy during “peak” hours
Bottom line
 Bi-directional capacity alone can reduce the monthly lease price of a
EV sedan by about 72%
 More savings expected with the increase in fuel prices
nth
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
RT GRID

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Opportunities of EVs in the Smart Grid
 With the increase in EV numbers, the Smart Grid will be more efficient in
managing peak loads (Peak Load Shifting & Time-based pricing)
 Smart Grid allows for better integration of the EVs into the market
 With improvements to the V2G technology in the Smart Grid, it is more
economically feasible to own an EV
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
RT GRID

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LOGOTRANSMISSION
Transmission
High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
High Temperature Superconductor (HTS)
Power Electronics (Semiconductor)

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Key drivers for Smart Grid Transmission
TRANSMISSION
• All HVDC solutions prevent cascading disturbances,
even in connected AC networks
Improve quality, stability and reliability
• Semiconductor solution
Saves space, reduced losses
• Create long-distance energy highways via HTS cables
• Underground, subsea solutions
Move more power, further

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Technological advancement of transportation of electricity
HVDC
Year
Powered Distance Per unit Cost Vs. Year
Both charts show that HVDC is trending up over the year from 1960 and beyond
Source: A Functional Approach for studying technological progress: Extension to Energy Technology, by Heebyung Koh, Christopher L.
Magee - (MIT)
Powered Distance Vs. Year
Powered Distance = Amount of Energy transported over a given distance in a given time
Performance metric in transmission:

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HVDC Vs. HVAC
HVDC
Break even distance
The capability of an AC line degrades
with increasing length.
Total Cost
Summary of cost after break even
distance

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Technology acceleration of DC transmission moving underground and subsea
HVDC

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Semiconductor solution for New transmission - Switching Device
POWER ELECTRONICS
Ideal controllable Power Semiconductor Switch
 When turned on, current can flow only in the direction of the arrow
 Instantaneous switching from one state to the other at extremely large switching
frequency
 Zero voltage drop in on-state, therefore zero power loss
 When turned off, current flow is zero, therefore zero power loss

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What is the next Semiconductor solution ?
POWER ELECTRONICS
Benefits of the AlGaN/ GaN material system
over SiC
Gallium Nitride promises performance that is at least 10
times better than existing silicon devices and looks to be
the most promising all over the range from 20V- 1200V
SiC based Technology
Significant cost premiums
Limited scalability
Comparison of controllable power for different
power electronic devices
?????

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High Temperature Superconductor (HTS)
HTS
Improvement in performance of YBCO &
BSCCO superconducting cables
This timeline of discovery of superconducting materials shows how
dramatic the discovery of high-Tc YBCO was. Credit: Wikipedia.
CurrentCarryingCapacity

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The Grid of Today VS. Tomorrow
TRANSMISSION

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Opportunities
TRANSMISSION
 Advanced designs and new materials for HTS cables
 high current carrying capacity
 reduced weight, line sags and corrosion
 Development of more efficient and affordable (costs and size) cryogenic
refrigeration system for HTS cable
 New types of semiconductors for a new generation of thyristors

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Integration of
Renewable Energy
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

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Key Driver for Smart Grid – Sustainability & Integration
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
 Renewable Energy (RE) is a sustainable solution which does not produce
CO2 (green house gases)
 Smart Grid creates a highly flexible platform for the integration of
Renewable Energy any time and any where without any changes in the
equipment configuration
 Higher adoption of more renewable energy sources into the Smart Grid,
reduces reliance on fossil-power generation hence lowering CO2 emission.

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As high as 16.7% of global energy generation came from Renewable Energy in
2010
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

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Governments Support & RE Trend
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energy generation
capacity is trending up
Source: Renewable 2012 Global Status Report; International Energy Agency: World Energy Outlook 2011

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Forecasted global impact on CO2 emission by 2020
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Total CO2 emission
CO2 reduction by Smart Grid
CO2 reduction from Integration of
renewable energy
Source: The Climate Group, 2008. “SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age.”
Smart Grid has potential to reduce 2.03Gt CO2 emission where the
integration of renewable energy accounted for 41% of the reduction

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Challenges and Opportunities
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
 Renewable energy supply intermittency raises its difficulty in the
integration with the electrical grid
 However, the flexibility of Smart Grid via demand response and time-
based pricing has made the integration of renewable energy
becomes feasible.
 For e.g., Utilities operator offers consumers incentives to shed load
during peak hour based on the demand response and time-based
pricing

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LOGOCONCLUSION
 Smart Grid is not only an electricity network
 A smart network of energy flow (Electricity, gas, etc.)
 The smartness brings
 Time-based pricing (Efficiency)
 Demand Response (Reliability)
 Higher integration of renewable sources with the grid
(Sustainability)
 The possible FUTURE (Selling electricity as a commodity in the
stock market)

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