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MADE Talk 22 July 2014 1 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
What Urbanite do? 
We activate physical spaces 
by translating brand ideas, 
stories and customer journeys 
into three dimensions in ways 
that enriches both the space 
and the lives of those who 
interact with it. 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 2 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
The Purpose Urbanite of workshop 
team 
Carlo Giannasca 
Charlie Bromley 
Joanna Mackenie 
Adam Longo 
Bridget Atkinson 
Henry Ellis-Paul 
Bianca Mediati 
Proprietary and confidential information MADE Talk 22 July 2014 ©Urbanite* 2014 3 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Purpose of workshop 
MADE Talk_22 July 2014 
Designing an 
effective wayfinding 
system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 4 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system What is wayfinding? 
A structured number 
of decisions leading 
to the destination. 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 5 
Identification 
Identification 
Destination 
Decision 
point 
Decision 
point 
Decision 
point 
Confirmation 
Confirmation 
Confirmation 
Start
Principles 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 6
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principles 
1 
Create an identity at 
each location 
that differs from the 
others. 
Source: http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infoarch/publications/mfoltz-thesis/node8.html 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 7
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 8 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Principle 1 Create an identity at each location
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 9 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Principle 1 Create an identity at each location
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principles 
2 
Create landmarks to 
provide orientation 
cues and memorable 
locations. 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 10
Principle 2 Create landmarks to provide orientation cues and memorable locations 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 11 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
Principle 2 Create landmarks to provide orientation cues and memorable locations 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 12 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
Principle 2 Create landmarks to provide orientation cues and memorable locations 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 13 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
Principle 2 Create landmarks to provide orientation cues and memorable locations 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 14 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principles 
3 
Create structured 
paths that are easy 
to understand. 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 15
Principle 3 Create structured paths that are easy to understand 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 16 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
Principle 3 Create structured paths that are easy to understand 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 17 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principles 
4 
Simplify the 
navigational choices. 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 18
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 19 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Principle 4 Simplify the navigational choices
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principles 
5 
Create areas of 
differing visual 
character. 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 20
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 21 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Principle 5 Create areas of different visual character
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 22 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Principle 5 Create areas of different visual character
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principles 
6 
Provide the user 
with a map if area is 
large and complex. 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 23
Principle 7 Provide the user with a map if area is large and complex 
Parramatta Rd Broadway 
George St 
12 Minute Walk 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 24 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
 
05A 
01 
02 
11 
Thomas St 
Mary Ann St 
Harris St 
Quay St 
Jones St 
Wattle St 
Buckland St 
The Goods Line 
Abercrombie St 
Ultimo Rd 
Pitt St 
WENTWORTH 
PARK 
VICTORIA 
PARK 
BELMORE 
PARK 
Alumni Green 
CENTRAL 
STATION 
RAILWAY 
SQUARE 
CHINATOWN 
TAFE 
DARLING 
HARBOUR 
ABC 
ULTIMO 
HAYMARKET 
CHIPPENDALE 
Devonshire St tunnel 
Central Park 
TAFE 
Macarthur Street 
POWERHOUSE 
MUSEUM 
BROADWAY 
SHOPPING 
CENTRE 
Blackfriars St 
Mountain St 
Darling Dr 
Regent St 
Lee St 
McKee St 
21-27 
51 
08 
Omnibus Lane 
Mary Ann 
Street Park 
Kelly St 
03 12 
04 
09 
05B 
05C 
05D 
10 
11 
ABC 07 
You Are Here 
7 Minute Walk 
06
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principles 
7 
Locate signs at 
decision points. 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 25
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 26 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Principle 7 Locate signs at decision points
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 27 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Principle 7 Locate signs at decision points 
When placing signs at the decision 
points in the space, ask two questions: 
1 Should a sign be placed here? 
2 What destinations should be included 
on the sign?
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principles 
8 
Establish clear 
sight lines to aid 
navigation. 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 28
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 29 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Principle 8 Establish clear sight lines to aid navigation
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 30 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Principle 8 Establish clear sight lines to aid navigation
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principles 
9 
Provide a universal 
visual language that 
will be understood 
by all. 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 31
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principle 9 Provide a universal visual language that will be understood by all 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 32
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system What not to do 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 33
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 34 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
What not to do
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system What the should have done 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 35
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principles 
10 
Assume everyone is 
a first-time visitor. 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 36
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principles 
11 
Design for the 
broadest audience 
possible. 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 37
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principle 11 Design for the broadest audience possible 
User groups to consider: 
Unimpaired 
Sight 
Hearing 
Situational 
Developmental 
Literacy 
Mobility 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 38
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Principle 11 Design for the broadest possible audience 
Where a sign can be temporarily 
obscured, eg. In a crowd, the sign 
should be placed at a height of not 
less than 2000 mm above the ground 
plane of the finished floor 
2200 
1872 
1709 
1227 
729 
1000 1400 1600 2000 
Signs should be placed within a zone 
at a height not less than 1400mm 
and not more than 1600mm above 
the plane of the finished floor. Where 
space in this zone is used up, the 
zone for placement of signs may 
be extended downward to not less 
than 1000 mm from the plane of the 
finished floor. 
Zones Common View/reach/DDA 
1830 
20° 
30° 
Total Comfortable Viewing Zone = 482mm 
AS 1428.2 
Source: National Endowment For The Arts, Needs Assessment Survey Instrument, Produced 6Y National Access Centre, USA 
1200 – 1600 
Tactile 
Signage Zone 
700 
Min Height 
Common Reach 
Signage Zone 
AS 1428.2 
Tactile 
Signage 
Zone 
Zone of 
Common 
Reach 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 39 
1550 
Average 
Eye Height 
1220 
Average 
Eye Height 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
Process 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 40 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Source: Wayshowing; Per Mollerup 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
Process 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 41 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
1 
Define 
the problem.
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Process Define the problem 
Consider the following: 
1 What is the real problem? 
2 Are there related problems? 
3 Is there anything unique? 
4 What is the budget? 
5 What is the timeline? 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 42
Process 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 43 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
2 
Gather 
the information.
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Process Gather the information 
Consider the following: 
1 Who are the users? 
2 How will they use the site? 
3 What will be their movement patterns? 
4 When  how will they access the site? 
5 Does the architecture aid in wayfinding? 
6 Will branding influence the design? 
7 Best practice benchmarking 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 44
Process 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 45 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
3 
Analyse the data.
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Process Analyse the data 
Consider the following: 
1 Understand requirements of all users 
2 Times  places where problems occur 
3 Appropriate nomenclature 
4 Language requirements 
5 KPIs for success 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 46
Process 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 47 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
4 
Develop 
the wayfinding 
strategy.
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Process Develop the wayfinding strategy Strategy Options 
There a 4 types of strategy models that 
organise most wayfinding systems: 
1 Connectors 
2 Districts 
3 Landmarks 
4 Streets 
Source: The Wayfinding Handbook, David Gibson 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 48
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Process Develop the wayfinding strategy Strategy Options 
1 
Connector model 
The Forbidden City, 
Beijing 
• Strong central axis 
• Concentric system of 
gateways clearly lead 
the way 
• Symbolic of the courts 
power and dominance 
2 
Districts model 
Cambridge 
• Organic evolution over 
many centuries 
• Adopted a system of 
individual precincts with 
distinct names, coat of arms 
and specific gateways 
• Organising Gothic buildings 
into understandable entities 
3 
Landmarks model 
Rome 
• Devised by Pope Sixtus V to 
creater a grander setting for 
the Catholic empire 
• Axial roads and landmark 
focal points 
• Located at the centre point 
of each axis was a major 
civic landmark 
4 
Streets model 
New York City 
• A simple wayfinding 
mechanism was devised 
in 1811 
• A grid of sequentially 
numbered streets 
Source: The Wayfinding Handbook, David Gibson 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 49
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Process Develop the wayfinding strategy Strategy Options 
NORTH 
BUILDING 
SOUTH 
BUILDING 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 50 
CONNECTOR 
1 
Connector model 
2 
Districts model 
3 
Landmarks model 
4 
Streets model 
Source: The Wayfinding Handbook, David Gibson 
CONNECTOR 
WEST 
BUILDING 
EAST 
BUILDING 
MAIN STREET 
EAST STREET 
WEST STREET 
NORTH STREET
Process 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 51 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
5 
Plan the signage.
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Process Plan the signage 
There a 4 types of sign catagories: 
1 Identification 
2 Directional 
3 Orientation 
4 Regulatory 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 52
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Process Plan the signage 
1 Identification 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 53
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Process Plan the signage 
2 Directional 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 54
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Process Plan the signage 
3 Orientation 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 55
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Process Plan the signage 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 56
1- 
20 
A-E 
A 
Sign Hierarchy 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 57 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Process Plan the signage 
S1 External Building ID 
S7 Level ID S10 Amenity ID 
Blade sign 
Door ID 
S9 BOH Room ID 
Electrical Room 
Service Lift 
O1 Safety Decal 
S2.A External Totem 
O2 Operational O3 Statutory 
No Smoking 
CCTV in operation 
Hours of Operation 
Communications Room 
Fire Stairs 
FHR 
Fire Control 
Hazards 
S3 Tenant Directory Lift Level 
Directional 
Lift Carriage 
Directional 
Lift Carriage 
Identification 
S4 S5 S6 
S8 Destination ID 
S2.B Bollard
D 
C 
B 
F 
G 
D 
C 
B 
E 
F 
G 
C 
B 
E 
F 
G 
B 
B 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
IDENTIFICATION  DIRECTIONAL 
S2 
S3 
S4 
External Totem 
Tenant Directory 
Lift Level Directional 
Lift Carriage Directional 
Lift Carriage Identification 
Level ID 
Destination ID 
REGULATORY 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 58 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Process Plan the signage 
S1 ­­External 
ID 
T1 
S3 Tenant Directory S2 ­­External 
Totem S2 ­­External 
Totem S3 Tenant Directory 
A 
H 
A 
H 
A 
H 
A 
A 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S7 ­­Level 
ID 
00 
S7 ­­Level 
ID 
00 
S7 ­­Level 
ID 
00 
S7 ­­Level 
ID 
S7 ­­Level 
ID 
00 00 
S7 ­­Level 
ID 
00 
S7 Level ID 
(Messaging TBD) 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S5 Lift Carriage Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S4 Lift Level Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S4 Lift Level Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S4 Lift Level Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S4 Lift Level Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S9 BOH Room ID 
Goods Lift 
S4 Lift Level Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S4 Lift Level Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S4 Lift Level Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S4 Lift Level Directional 
(Messaging TBD) 
S1 ­­External 
ID 
T1 
S2 ­­External 
Totem 
(WB design) 
S2 ­­External 
Totem 
(WB design) 
S3 Tenant Directory 
S3 Tenant Directory S9 BOH Room ID 
Electrical Room 
S7 Level ID 
(Messaging TBD) 
S1 
S10 
D2 
External Building ID 
Amenity ID 
Suspended Directional 
S5 
S6 
S7 
S8 
S9 BOH Room ID 
O1 
O2 
Safety Decal 
Operational 
O3 Statutory 
Masterplan locations
Process 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 59 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
6 
Design 
the physical forms.
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 60 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Process Design the physical forms 
Consider the following: 
1 How it relates to the context 
2 How many types are required 
3 Lighting requirements 
4 Dynamic signage  monitors
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 61 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Process Design the physical forms 
Develop a proportional system 
whose forms maximise 
standard material sheet sizes 
to minimise waste. 
1200 x 2400 (Standard sheet size) 
600 x 1200 
300 x 600 
300 x 300 
150 x 300 
150x 
150 600 x 600 1200 x 1200
Process Design the physical forms 
A proportional modular sign family 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Identification Sign 
300 x 300 mm 
Identification Sign 
600 x600 mm 
Directional Sign 
1200 x 300 mm 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 62 
Identification Sign 
2400 mm high 
Orientation Sign 
600 x 3000 mm 
Regulatory Sign 
900 x 150 mm 
3000 
2400 
1800 
1200 
600 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
Process 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 63 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
7 
Design 
the graphics.
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Process Design the graphics Viewing distances  legibility 
3 metres 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 64 
Sign 
Viewing distance 
in meters 
6 metres 
9 metres 
12 metres 
15 metres 
10 mm 
Letter height 
in millimetres 
20 mm 
30 mm 
40 mm 
50 mm 
The diagram above illustrates the recommended letter height relative to viewing distances for a person with average eye sight 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system Process Design the graphics Choosing the best typeface for signage 
Two important characteristics of letterforms affect its legibility 
1 High x-height 
✓ 
✕ 
Futura Helvetica 
2 Open counter space 
Flama ✕ 
✓ Akzidenz Grotesk 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 65
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 66 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Process Design the graphics Typeface Selection Criteria 
Consider the following: 
1 The character of the architecture 
2 The brand the organisation 
3 Clarity and legibility 
4 International recognition 
5 Timelessness
Black 
Grey 
Red 
Orange 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 67 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Light reflectancy (LR) of typical colours 
Blue 
Yellow 
Green 
White 
Process Design the graphics The science of colour 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
Process Design the graphics The science of colour 
K1 { } x 100 = H 
Text colour: White (85) 
Background Colour: Red (13) 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 68 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
K1 – K2 
Example 
13 – 8 
13 { }x 100 = 38 85 – 13 
85 { }x 100 = 84 
Text colour: Black (8) 
Background Colour: Red (13) 
Insufficient contrast for display Sufficient contrast for display 
✕ ✓ 
K1 = Highest colour value 
K2 = Lowest colour value 
H = Contrast value 
Optimal contrast value is at least a hue of 70 
In wayfinding contrast is important for 
ease of reading. 
TEXT TEXT 
Source: Arthur  Passini 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
Forward  right arrow 
Process Design the graphics Directional Hierarchy 
1 
4 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 69 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Arrow configuration principles 
Diagrammatic Sign Elevation 
Forward  up arrow 
Right arrow Left arrow 
Forward  left arrow 
Diagrammatic Sign Plan View 
1 2 
3 4 
5 
4 
2 
5 
3 
1 
2 
5 
3
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 70 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Process Design the graphics Sign layout 
Grid articulates zones for arrows, 
pictograms and type
Process 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 71 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
8 
Implement 
the system.
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 72 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Process Implement the system 
Provide the following: 
1 Drawings and manufacture specification 
2 Message schedule 
3 Sign location masterplan 
4 Select competent suppliers you can trust 
5 Prototype 
6 Revise and supervise manufacture 
7 Defects inspection
Process 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 73 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
9 
Evaluate 
the results.
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 74 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Process Evaluate the results 
Action: 
1 Evaluate after an appropriate period of use 
2 Get feedback from staff 
3 Get feedback from visitors 
4 Identify what works and what doesn’t 
5 Fix it!
References 
Websites 
urbanite.com.au 
https://www.segd.org/ 
http://fontsinuse.com/ 
tags/125/wayfinding 
swiss-miss.com 
BOOKS 
Wayshowing: 
A Guide to Environmental 
Signage Principles  Practices 
Per Mollerup 
Wayfinding: 
People, Signs and Architecture 
Paul Arthur and Romedi Passini 
The Wayfinding Handbook 
Information Design for 
Public Places 
David Gibson 
Signage and Wayfinding Design 
Chris Calori 
Signage Systems  Information 
Graphics 
Andreas Uebele 
BLOGS 
http://ilovetypography. 
com/2012/04/19/the-design-of- 
a-signage-typeface/ 
http://www.pinterest.com/ 
explore/way-finding/?p=2 
http://opentype.info/blog/ 
category/wayfinding/ 
http://typophile.com/ 
node/12990 
http://designspiration.net/ 
search/signage/ 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 75
Thanks 
Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 
Designing an effective 
wayfinding system 
MADE Talk 22 July 2014 76

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Creating Impactful Spatial Experiences by Carlo Giannasca

  • 1. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 1 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 2. What Urbanite do? We activate physical spaces by translating brand ideas, stories and customer journeys into three dimensions in ways that enriches both the space and the lives of those who interact with it. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 2 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 3. The Purpose Urbanite of workshop team Carlo Giannasca Charlie Bromley Joanna Mackenie Adam Longo Bridget Atkinson Henry Ellis-Paul Bianca Mediati Proprietary and confidential information MADE Talk 22 July 2014 ©Urbanite* 2014 3 Designing an effective wayfinding system
  • 4. Designing an effective wayfinding system Purpose of workshop MADE Talk_22 July 2014 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 MADE Talk 22 July 2014 4 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 5. Designing an effective wayfinding system What is wayfinding? A structured number of decisions leading to the destination. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 5 Identification Identification Destination Decision point Decision point Decision point Confirmation Confirmation Confirmation Start
  • 6. Principles Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Designing an effective wayfinding system MADE Talk 22 July 2014 6
  • 7. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principles 1 Create an identity at each location that differs from the others. Source: http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infoarch/publications/mfoltz-thesis/node8.html MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 7
  • 8. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 8 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Principle 1 Create an identity at each location
  • 9. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 9 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Principle 1 Create an identity at each location
  • 10. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principles 2 Create landmarks to provide orientation cues and memorable locations. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 10
  • 11. Principle 2 Create landmarks to provide orientation cues and memorable locations MADE Talk 22 July 2014 11 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 12. Principle 2 Create landmarks to provide orientation cues and memorable locations MADE Talk 22 July 2014 12 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 13. Principle 2 Create landmarks to provide orientation cues and memorable locations MADE Talk 22 July 2014 13 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 14. Principle 2 Create landmarks to provide orientation cues and memorable locations MADE Talk 22 July 2014 14 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 15. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principles 3 Create structured paths that are easy to understand. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 15
  • 16. Principle 3 Create structured paths that are easy to understand MADE Talk 22 July 2014 16 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 17. Principle 3 Create structured paths that are easy to understand MADE Talk 22 July 2014 17 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 18. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principles 4 Simplify the navigational choices. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 18
  • 19. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 19 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Principle 4 Simplify the navigational choices
  • 20. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principles 5 Create areas of differing visual character. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 20
  • 21. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 21 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Principle 5 Create areas of different visual character
  • 22. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 22 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Principle 5 Create areas of different visual character
  • 23. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principles 6 Provide the user with a map if area is large and complex. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 23
  • 24. Principle 7 Provide the user with a map if area is large and complex Parramatta Rd Broadway George St 12 Minute Walk MADE Talk 22 July 2014 24 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 05A 01 02 11 Thomas St Mary Ann St Harris St Quay St Jones St Wattle St Buckland St The Goods Line Abercrombie St Ultimo Rd Pitt St WENTWORTH PARK VICTORIA PARK BELMORE PARK Alumni Green CENTRAL STATION RAILWAY SQUARE CHINATOWN TAFE DARLING HARBOUR ABC ULTIMO HAYMARKET CHIPPENDALE Devonshire St tunnel Central Park TAFE Macarthur Street POWERHOUSE MUSEUM BROADWAY SHOPPING CENTRE Blackfriars St Mountain St Darling Dr Regent St Lee St McKee St 21-27 51 08 Omnibus Lane Mary Ann Street Park Kelly St 03 12 04 09 05B 05C 05D 10 11 ABC 07 You Are Here 7 Minute Walk 06
  • 25. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principles 7 Locate signs at decision points. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 25
  • 26. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 26 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Principle 7 Locate signs at decision points
  • 27. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 27 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Principle 7 Locate signs at decision points When placing signs at the decision points in the space, ask two questions: 1 Should a sign be placed here? 2 What destinations should be included on the sign?
  • 28. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principles 8 Establish clear sight lines to aid navigation. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 28
  • 29. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 29 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Principle 8 Establish clear sight lines to aid navigation
  • 30. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 30 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Principle 8 Establish clear sight lines to aid navigation
  • 31. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principles 9 Provide a universal visual language that will be understood by all. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 31
  • 32. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principle 9 Provide a universal visual language that will be understood by all MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 32
  • 33. Designing an effective wayfinding system What not to do Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 MADE Talk 22 July 2014 33
  • 34. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 34 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 What not to do
  • 35. Designing an effective wayfinding system What the should have done Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 MADE Talk 22 July 2014 35
  • 36. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principles 10 Assume everyone is a first-time visitor. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 36
  • 37. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principles 11 Design for the broadest audience possible. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 37
  • 38. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principle 11 Design for the broadest audience possible User groups to consider: Unimpaired Sight Hearing Situational Developmental Literacy Mobility MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 38
  • 39. Designing an effective wayfinding system Principle 11 Design for the broadest possible audience Where a sign can be temporarily obscured, eg. In a crowd, the sign should be placed at a height of not less than 2000 mm above the ground plane of the finished floor 2200 1872 1709 1227 729 1000 1400 1600 2000 Signs should be placed within a zone at a height not less than 1400mm and not more than 1600mm above the plane of the finished floor. Where space in this zone is used up, the zone for placement of signs may be extended downward to not less than 1000 mm from the plane of the finished floor. Zones Common View/reach/DDA 1830 20° 30° Total Comfortable Viewing Zone = 482mm AS 1428.2 Source: National Endowment For The Arts, Needs Assessment Survey Instrument, Produced 6Y National Access Centre, USA 1200 – 1600 Tactile Signage Zone 700 Min Height Common Reach Signage Zone AS 1428.2 Tactile Signage Zone Zone of Common Reach MADE Talk 22 July 2014 39 1550 Average Eye Height 1220 Average Eye Height Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 40. Process MADE Talk 22 July 2014 40 Designing an effective wayfinding system Source: Wayshowing; Per Mollerup Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 41. Process MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 41 Designing an effective wayfinding system 1 Define the problem.
  • 42. Designing an effective wayfinding system Process Define the problem Consider the following: 1 What is the real problem? 2 Are there related problems? 3 Is there anything unique? 4 What is the budget? 5 What is the timeline? MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 42
  • 43. Process MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 43 Designing an effective wayfinding system 2 Gather the information.
  • 44. Designing an effective wayfinding system Process Gather the information Consider the following: 1 Who are the users? 2 How will they use the site? 3 What will be their movement patterns? 4 When how will they access the site? 5 Does the architecture aid in wayfinding? 6 Will branding influence the design? 7 Best practice benchmarking MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 44
  • 45. Process MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 45 Designing an effective wayfinding system 3 Analyse the data.
  • 46. Designing an effective wayfinding system Process Analyse the data Consider the following: 1 Understand requirements of all users 2 Times places where problems occur 3 Appropriate nomenclature 4 Language requirements 5 KPIs for success MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 46
  • 47. Process MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 47 Designing an effective wayfinding system 4 Develop the wayfinding strategy.
  • 48. Designing an effective wayfinding system Process Develop the wayfinding strategy Strategy Options There a 4 types of strategy models that organise most wayfinding systems: 1 Connectors 2 Districts 3 Landmarks 4 Streets Source: The Wayfinding Handbook, David Gibson MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 48
  • 49. Designing an effective wayfinding system Process Develop the wayfinding strategy Strategy Options 1 Connector model The Forbidden City, Beijing • Strong central axis • Concentric system of gateways clearly lead the way • Symbolic of the courts power and dominance 2 Districts model Cambridge • Organic evolution over many centuries • Adopted a system of individual precincts with distinct names, coat of arms and specific gateways • Organising Gothic buildings into understandable entities 3 Landmarks model Rome • Devised by Pope Sixtus V to creater a grander setting for the Catholic empire • Axial roads and landmark focal points • Located at the centre point of each axis was a major civic landmark 4 Streets model New York City • A simple wayfinding mechanism was devised in 1811 • A grid of sequentially numbered streets Source: The Wayfinding Handbook, David Gibson MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 49
  • 50. Designing an effective wayfinding system Process Develop the wayfinding strategy Strategy Options NORTH BUILDING SOUTH BUILDING MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 50 CONNECTOR 1 Connector model 2 Districts model 3 Landmarks model 4 Streets model Source: The Wayfinding Handbook, David Gibson CONNECTOR WEST BUILDING EAST BUILDING MAIN STREET EAST STREET WEST STREET NORTH STREET
  • 51. Process MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 51 Designing an effective wayfinding system 5 Plan the signage.
  • 52. Designing an effective wayfinding system Process Plan the signage There a 4 types of sign catagories: 1 Identification 2 Directional 3 Orientation 4 Regulatory MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 52
  • 53. Designing an effective wayfinding system Process Plan the signage 1 Identification MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 53
  • 54. Designing an effective wayfinding system Process Plan the signage 2 Directional MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 54
  • 55. Designing an effective wayfinding system Process Plan the signage 3 Orientation MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 55
  • 56. Designing an effective wayfinding system Process Plan the signage MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 56
  • 57. 1- 20 A-E A Sign Hierarchy MADE Talk 22 July 2014 57 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Process Plan the signage S1 External Building ID S7 Level ID S10 Amenity ID Blade sign Door ID S9 BOH Room ID Electrical Room Service Lift O1 Safety Decal S2.A External Totem O2 Operational O3 Statutory No Smoking CCTV in operation Hours of Operation Communications Room Fire Stairs FHR Fire Control Hazards S3 Tenant Directory Lift Level Directional Lift Carriage Directional Lift Carriage Identification S4 S5 S6 S8 Destination ID S2.B Bollard
  • 58. D C B F G D C B E F G C B E F G B B S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) IDENTIFICATION DIRECTIONAL S2 S3 S4 External Totem Tenant Directory Lift Level Directional Lift Carriage Directional Lift Carriage Identification Level ID Destination ID REGULATORY MADE Talk 22 July 2014 58 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Process Plan the signage S1 ­­External ID T1 S3 Tenant Directory S2 ­­External Totem S2 ­­External Totem S3 Tenant Directory A H A H A H A A S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S7 ­­Level ID 00 S7 ­­Level ID 00 S7 ­­Level ID 00 S7 ­­Level ID S7 ­­Level ID 00 00 S7 ­­Level ID 00 S7 Level ID (Messaging TBD) S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S5 Lift Carriage Directional (Messaging TBD) S4 Lift Level Directional (Messaging TBD) S4 Lift Level Directional (Messaging TBD) S4 Lift Level Directional (Messaging TBD) S4 Lift Level Directional (Messaging TBD) S9 BOH Room ID Goods Lift S4 Lift Level Directional (Messaging TBD) S4 Lift Level Directional (Messaging TBD) S4 Lift Level Directional (Messaging TBD) S4 Lift Level Directional (Messaging TBD) S1 ­­External ID T1 S2 ­­External Totem (WB design) S2 ­­External Totem (WB design) S3 Tenant Directory S3 Tenant Directory S9 BOH Room ID Electrical Room S7 Level ID (Messaging TBD) S1 S10 D2 External Building ID Amenity ID Suspended Directional S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 BOH Room ID O1 O2 Safety Decal Operational O3 Statutory Masterplan locations
  • 59. Process MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 59 Designing an effective wayfinding system 6 Design the physical forms.
  • 60. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 60 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Process Design the physical forms Consider the following: 1 How it relates to the context 2 How many types are required 3 Lighting requirements 4 Dynamic signage monitors
  • 61. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 61 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Process Design the physical forms Develop a proportional system whose forms maximise standard material sheet sizes to minimise waste. 1200 x 2400 (Standard sheet size) 600 x 1200 300 x 600 300 x 300 150 x 300 150x 150 600 x 600 1200 x 1200
  • 62. Process Design the physical forms A proportional modular sign family Designing an effective wayfinding system Identification Sign 300 x 300 mm Identification Sign 600 x600 mm Directional Sign 1200 x 300 mm MADE Talk 22 July 2014 62 Identification Sign 2400 mm high Orientation Sign 600 x 3000 mm Regulatory Sign 900 x 150 mm 3000 2400 1800 1200 600 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 63. Process MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 63 Designing an effective wayfinding system 7 Design the graphics.
  • 64. Designing an effective wayfinding system Process Design the graphics Viewing distances legibility 3 metres MADE Talk 22 July 2014 64 Sign Viewing distance in meters 6 metres 9 metres 12 metres 15 metres 10 mm Letter height in millimetres 20 mm 30 mm 40 mm 50 mm The diagram above illustrates the recommended letter height relative to viewing distances for a person with average eye sight Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 65. Designing an effective wayfinding system Process Design the graphics Choosing the best typeface for signage Two important characteristics of letterforms affect its legibility 1 High x-height ✓ ✕ Futura Helvetica 2 Open counter space Flama ✕ ✓ Akzidenz Grotesk Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 MADE Talk 22 July 2014 65
  • 66. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 66 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Process Design the graphics Typeface Selection Criteria Consider the following: 1 The character of the architecture 2 The brand the organisation 3 Clarity and legibility 4 International recognition 5 Timelessness
  • 67. Black Grey Red Orange MADE Talk 22 July 2014 67 Designing an effective wayfinding system Light reflectancy (LR) of typical colours Blue Yellow Green White Process Design the graphics The science of colour Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 68. Process Design the graphics The science of colour K1 { } x 100 = H Text colour: White (85) Background Colour: Red (13) MADE Talk 22 July 2014 68 Designing an effective wayfinding system K1 – K2 Example 13 – 8 13 { }x 100 = 38 85 – 13 85 { }x 100 = 84 Text colour: Black (8) Background Colour: Red (13) Insufficient contrast for display Sufficient contrast for display ✕ ✓ K1 = Highest colour value K2 = Lowest colour value H = Contrast value Optimal contrast value is at least a hue of 70 In wayfinding contrast is important for ease of reading. TEXT TEXT Source: Arthur Passini Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014
  • 69. Forward right arrow Process Design the graphics Directional Hierarchy 1 4 MADE Talk 22 July 2014 69 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Arrow configuration principles Diagrammatic Sign Elevation Forward up arrow Right arrow Left arrow Forward left arrow Diagrammatic Sign Plan View 1 2 3 4 5 4 2 5 3 1 2 5 3
  • 70. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 70 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Process Design the graphics Sign layout Grid articulates zones for arrows, pictograms and type
  • 71. Process MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 71 Designing an effective wayfinding system 8 Implement the system.
  • 72. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 72 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Process Implement the system Provide the following: 1 Drawings and manufacture specification 2 Message schedule 3 Sign location masterplan 4 Select competent suppliers you can trust 5 Prototype 6 Revise and supervise manufacture 7 Defects inspection
  • 73. Process MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 73 Designing an effective wayfinding system 9 Evaluate the results.
  • 74. MADE Talk 22 July 2014 74 Designing an effective wayfinding system Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Process Evaluate the results Action: 1 Evaluate after an appropriate period of use 2 Get feedback from staff 3 Get feedback from visitors 4 Identify what works and what doesn’t 5 Fix it!
  • 75. References Websites urbanite.com.au https://www.segd.org/ http://fontsinuse.com/ tags/125/wayfinding swiss-miss.com BOOKS Wayshowing: A Guide to Environmental Signage Principles Practices Per Mollerup Wayfinding: People, Signs and Architecture Paul Arthur and Romedi Passini The Wayfinding Handbook Information Design for Public Places David Gibson Signage and Wayfinding Design Chris Calori Signage Systems Information Graphics Andreas Uebele BLOGS http://ilovetypography. com/2012/04/19/the-design-of- a-signage-typeface/ http://www.pinterest.com/ explore/way-finding/?p=2 http://opentype.info/blog/ category/wayfinding/ http://typophile.com/ node/12990 http://designspiration.net/ search/signage/ Designing an effective wayfinding system MADE Talk 22 July 2014 Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 75
  • 76. Thanks Proprietary and confidential information ©Urbanite* 2014 Designing an effective wayfinding system MADE Talk 22 July 2014 76