This document discusses large structures and their design. It begins with definitions of large structures, noting that their self-weight becomes a dominant load, load distribution is non-uniform, and complexity increases due to systemic effects. Design principles for large structures are then outlined, including simplicity, optimization at micro, meso and macro levels, and employing precaution given uncertainties. Examples of challenges in large structures like scale effects, emergence of unforeseen phenomena, and complexity are provided. Approaches to analyzing large structures both deterministically and probabilistically are also presented.

1. Lezione #D:
Large Structures
PONTI E GRANDI STRUTTURE - A.A. 2022/23
Franco Bontempi
Professore Ordinario di Tecnica delle Costruzioni
Facoltà di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA LA SAPIENZA
Via Eudossiana 18 - 00184 Roma – ITALIA
franco.bontempi@uniroma1.it
22 May 2023 Large Structures 1

2. Index
G - Il concetto di grande struttura
P - Principi alla base della progettazione Strutturale
M - Meccanismi elementari
1 - Form Active Structures
2 - Vector Active Structures
3 - Flexure Active Structures
4 - Surface Active Structures
5 - High Structures
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3. i
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4. Il concetto di grande struttura
G
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5. Implicazioni di «Grande Struttura»
• Il peso proprio diventa il carico dominante, insieme alle azioni
ambientali come vento o onde.
• La distribuzione dei carichi è non uniforme o non coordinata.
• Si deve simulare (seguire o ricostruire) come la struttura è stata
realizzata.
• Possono emergere fenomeni (azioni o meccanismi) diversi rispetto
alle condizioni delle struttura non grandi.
• La complessità aumenta ed è difficile se non impossibile
controllarla e dominarla (aspetti sistemici).
• Ha effetti significativi su ambiente e società.
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6. Cosa si considera: Micro - Macro Scala
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7. VOLUME
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8. Fattore di scala
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9. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 9
LEONARDO

10. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 10

11. Allometria
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12. LUNGHEZZA
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13. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 13

14. ALTEZZA
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15. SUPERFICIE
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16. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 16

17. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 17
ES.

18. GRAVITA’
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19. Effetto di scala – Size Effect
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20. 22 May 2023 20
Large Structures
NON CONTEMPORANEITA’

21. GLOBAL LEVEL
3300 m
Local level
200 m
Example: Size Effect and Safety Checks
Large Structures 21
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22. 22 May 2023 22
Large Structures

23. 22 May 2023 23
Large Structures

24. 22 May 2023 24
Large Structures

25. 25
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26. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 26
KNOCK NEVIS

27. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 27

28. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 28

29. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 29
Howard Hughes H-4 Hercules NX37602 "Spuce Goose" Airplane

30. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 30
A 380

31. Large Structures 31
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Burj Khalifa

32. Large Structures 32
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33. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 33

34. SIZE EFFECT
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se

35. 35
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36. SCALE
EFFECTS
36
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37. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 37
Concrete Size Effects

38. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 38

39. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 39

40. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 40

41. The Spruce Goose
41
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42. 42
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43. 43
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44. Extrapolation: emergenza di fattori secondari
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45. Estrapolazione: emergenza di fattori secondari
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46. Quebec Bridge
46
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47. Quebec Bridge Failure
47
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48. Chord Members
48
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49. 2nd Quebec Bridge
49
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50. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 50
Emergence of aeroelastic phenomena

51. LIMITS
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lim

52. 52
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53. STRUTTURE
CON
COMPORTAMENTO
PER
FORMA
53
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54. STRUTTURE
CON
COMPORTAMENTO
VETTORIALE
54
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55. STRUTTURE
CON
COMPORTAMENTO
SEZIONALE
55
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56. STRUTTURE
CON
COMPORTAMENTO
DI
SUPERFICIE
56
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57. Reaching limits
57
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58. 58
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59. 59
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60. The Vasa sinking
• The Swedish flagship Vasa‘s first and final sailing in August 1628 left fine fodder for future
management consultants – an all-purpose cautionary tale of an overbearing but technically clueless
boss pushing through his pet project.
• King Gustavus II Adolphus, striving to make Sweden a superpower (in his bid to make the Baltic fleet
join the Thirty-Year War), had wanted four new warships built fast. Workmen were already laying the
Vasa’s keel when the king ordered its length extended. His seasoned master shipwright, fearing to
challenge the famously hot-tempered king, went ahead.
• The shipwright then took ill, directed the project as best he could from his sickbed and died before it
was finished. His inexperienced assistant then took over, and the king ordered a second gun deck,
possibly spurred by false reports that rival Denmark was building a ship with double gun decks. The
result was the most lavishly appointed and heavily armed warship of its day, but one too long and too
tall for its beam and ballast – a matchless array of features on an unstable platform. When the
standard stability test of the day – 30 sailors running from side to side trying to rock the boat–tilted
the Vasa perilously, the test was canceled, and the ship readied for launch.
• Despite an obvious lack of stability in port, she was allowed to set sail and foundered a few minutes
later when she first encountered a wind stronger than a breeze. She drowned.
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61. 61
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62. 62
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S Curve

63. Evolutive Jump
63
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64. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 64

65. 65
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66. 66
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67. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 67

68. Large Structures 68
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69. Large Structures 69
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70. UNCERTAINTY
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un

71. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 71

72. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 72

73. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 73

74. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 74

75. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 75

76. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 76

77. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 77

78. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 78

79. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 79
Isostatic and hyperstatic systems

80. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 80
Sistemi iperstatici

81. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 81

82. COMPLEXITY
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co

83. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 83
COMPLEXITY

84. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 84

85. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 85

86. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 86
PERROW COMPLEXITY

87. RESTRAINT DEVICES
localized nonlinearities
22 May 2023 Large Structures 87

88. 22 May 2023 88
Large Structures

89. 22 May 2023 89
Large Structures

90. 22 May 2023 90
Large Structures

91. 22 May 2023 91
Large Structures

92. 22 May 2023 92
Large Structures

93. 22 May 2023 93
Large Structures

94. 22 May 2023 94
Large Structures

95. 22 May 2023 95
Large Structures

96. 22 May 2023 96
Large Structures

97. 22 May 2023 97
Large Structures

98. 22 May 2023 98
Large Structures

99. 22 May 2023 99
Large Structures

100. 22 May 2023 100
Large Structures

101. 22 May 2023 101
WIND
HG
TG
SICILIA’S TOWER LEG
WIND
SICILIA’S TOWER LEG CALABRIA’S TOWER LEG
CALABRIA’S TOWER LEG
TS
LS
Sicilia Calabria
RG
HG
TG
LS
TS
WIND
HG
TG
SICILIA’S TOWER LEG
WIND
SICILIA’S TOWER LEG CALABRIA’S TOWER LEG
CALABRIA’S TOWER LEG
TS
LS
Sicilia Calabria
RG
HG
TG
LS
TS
Transversal slack (TS) and longitudinal slack (LS) arrangement
along the suspension bridge.
(HG: Highway box girder; RG: Railway box girder; TG: Transverse box girder.)
Large Structures

102. 22 May 2023 102
TRANSVERSAL DISPLACEMENTS
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-192 180 540 900 1260 1620 1980 2340 2700 3060 3420
L [m]
U
y
[m]
0 cm 30 cm 50 cm
Large Structures

103. 22 May 2023 103
HORIZONTAL CURVATURE
-2.0E-05
0.0E+00
2.0E-05
4.0E-05
6.0E-05
-120 240 600 960 1320 1680 2040 2400 2760 3120
L [m]
c
[m
-1
]
0 cm 30 cm 50 cm
Large Structures

104. ii
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105. Principi base della progettazione strutturale
P
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106. Structure Essential
• Micro-level:
local size of the sections, i.e. thickness, area, inertia, …
(Detailed Geometry)
• Meso-level:
form of the structural element or structural part (substructure), i.e. main
longitudinal axis, curvature, profile, …
(Global Geometry)
• Macro-level:
connections of the different structural parts
(Load Path)
22 May 2023 Large Structures 106

107. Micro-level:
local size of the sections,
i.e. thickness, area,
inertia, … (Detailed
Geometry)
Meso-level:
form of the structural
element or structural part
(substructure), i.e. main
longitudinal axis, curvature,
profile, … (Global Geometry)
Macro-level:
connections of the
different structural
parts (Load Path)
Optimization Levels
22 May 2023 Large Structures 107

108. Semplicità
• Il criterio più generale di progetto riguarda la semplicità: per
l’Ingegneria Strutturale, questo è un valore fondamentale, perché
pone i fondamenti per la certezza di comportamento.
• Questo vale diventa, quindi, una strategia globale per non
introdurre ulteriori complessità in un ambiente già di per se
altamente incerto.
• Vale anche per indirizzare nella maniera più diretta è più dolce il
flusso tensionale
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109. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 109
PERROW COMPLEXITY

110. Design as Foresight
22 May 2023 Large Structures 110

111. Precauzione
• precauzióne s. f. [dal lat. tardo praecautio -onis, der. di praecavere
«guardarsi, essere cauto» (comp. di prae- «pre-» e cavere «stare in
guardia»), prob. attraverso il fr. précaution]. –
1. Prudenza, cautela, circospezione nell’agire per evitare pericoli, danni,
rischi imminenti e possibili: operare, muoversi, avanzare con p.; comportarsi
con p.; guidare con estrema p.; anche, attenzione, delicatezza nel maneggiare,
nel toccare qualcosa: trasportare con mille precauzioni un vaso di cristallo.
2. Atto, provvedimento attuato a scopo di cautela, di prudenza, di
prevenzione: adottare le dovute p.; prendere precauzioni (spesso con
riferimento alla profilassi anticontraccettiva); abbiamo agito con ogni possibile
p.; p. igieniche, sanitarie; non prese nessuna p. contro la peste (Manzoni).
22 May 2023 Large Structures 111

112. Principio di precauzione
1. Criterio adottato da istituzioni governative e scientifiche in base
al quale vengono sospese quelle attività e produzioni dell'uomo
per le quali non sia possibile escludere una loro potenziale
influenza dannosa sull'ambiente.
2. Criterio di gestione del rischio in condizioni di incertezza
scientifica circa possibili effetti dannosi ipoteticamente collegati a
determinate attività, installazioni, impianti, prodotti, sostanze.
22 May 2023 Large Structures 112

113. Introduzione e utilizzo dell’amianto negli Anni Sessanta
113
All’inizio degli
Anni Sessanta,
l’amianto era
considerato
come un ottimo
materiale
innovativo, e ne
erano vantate
applicazioni in
testi tecnici di
riferimento: una
chiara,
devastante,
violazione del
principio di
precauzione.
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114. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 114
Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (April 2007). The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (1st ed.).
London: Penguin. p. 400. ISBN 1-84614045-5.

115. 1) First, it is an outlier, as it lies outside the realm of regular expectations,
because nothing in the past can convincingly point to its possibility.
Rarity -The event is a surprise (to the observer).
2) Second, it carries an extreme 'impact’.
Extreme impact - the event has a major effect.
3) Third, in spite of its outlier status, human nature makes us concoct
explanations for its occurrence after the fact, making it explainable and
predictable.
Retrospective (though not prospective) predictability - After the first
recorded instance of the event, it is rationalized by hindsight, as if it
could have been expected; that is, the relevant data were available but
unaccounted for in risk mitigation programs.
22 May 2023 Large Structures 115
Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (April 2007). The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (1st ed.).
London: Penguin. p. 400. ISBN 1-84614045-5.

116. HPLC
Eventi Frequenti con
Conseguenze Limitate
LPHC
Eventi Rari con
Conseguenze Elevate
Complessità:
Aspetti non lineari e
Meccanismi di interazioni
Impostazione
del problema:
DETERMINISTICA
STOCASTICA
ANALISI
QUALITATIVA
DETERMINISTICA
ANALISI
QUANTITATIVA
PROBABILISTICA
ANALISI
PRAGMATICA
CON SCENARI
116
Analysis Approaches
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117. Regolarità geometrica (e simmetria)
• La regolarità geometrica riguarda la disposizione in pianta ed in
elevazione della struttura; è consigliata l’adozione di una
configurazione geometrica chiara, lineare, con limitate eccentricità
e variazioni brusche di masse o rigidezze, con possibili simmetrie e
ripetizioni.
• Questo è un criterio che riguarda tutte le scale strutturali, dai
componenti all’intera struttura: si pensi alle connessioni delle aste
nelle strutture reticolari al fine di evitare sollecitazioni parassite o
alla disposizione di un intero edificio.
22 May 2023 Large Structures 117

118. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 118

119. Regolarità meccanica e diffusione dello stato di sforzo
• La regolarità meccanica riguarda quello che in inglese si definisce
«smothness»: andamento piano, privo di singolarità e
concentrazioni, ovvero ingorghi tensionali.
• Questo è un criterio che riguarda tutte le scale strutturali, dai
componenti all’intera struttura: si dovrebbero evitare (o
considerare con estrema cura) le zone di singolarità nello stato di
forzo (zone diffusive e strati limite).
22 May 2023 Large Structures 119

120. Flussi tensionali – Metafora idraulica
22 May 2023 Large Structures 120

121. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 121

122. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 122

123. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 123
ES.

124. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 124

125. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 125

126. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 126

127. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 127

128. Trasmissione diretta del carico al suolo
• Si dovrebbe cercare di trasmettere il carico nella maniera più
diretta dal punto di applicazione alle fondazioni.
22 May 2023 Large Structures 128

129. Load transfer
22 May 2023 Large Structures 129

130. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 130

131. Esempio di travi a cassone allineate con le rotaie
FB Dalian, June 2008
22 May 2023 Large Structures 131

132. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 132

133. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 133

134. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 134

135. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 135

136. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 136

137. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 137
https://industrialhistoryhk.org/the-construction-of-the-
hsbc-building-in-hong-kong-pdf-article/

138. Diffondere i carichi in più direzioni
22 May 2023 Large Structures 138

139. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 139

140. Trave su suolo elastico
22 May 2023 Large Structures 140

141. Tubi sottili
22 May 2023 Large Structures 141

142. Distribuire la trazione
22 May 2023 Large Structures 142

143. 6 - Distribute Traction (for Robustness)
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144. 144
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145. 145
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146. Connections
146
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147. Concentrare la compressione
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148. 148
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149. 149
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150. ES.
150
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151. 151
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152. 152
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153. 153
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154. 154
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155. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 155

156. Centrifugare le aree per i momenti
22 May 2023 Large Structures 156

157. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 157

158. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 158

159. 159
22 May 2023 Large Structures

160. Far collaborare parti strutturali differenti
22 May 2023 Large Structures 160

161. Riscoprire / Riapplicare la strategia
22 May 2023 Large Structures 161

162. Saturazione: riduzione del guadagno marginale
22 May 2023 Large Structures 162

163. Gigantismo
22 May 2023 Large Structures 163

164. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 164

165. Irrigidire / Corrugare
22 May 2023 Large Structures 165

166. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 166

167. iii
22 May 2023 Large Structures 167

168. M
22 May 2023 Large Structures 168

169. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 169

170. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 170

171. 1 - Strutture resistenti per forma
In tutta la struttura c'è solo o trazione o compressione
22 May 2023 Large Structures 171

172. 2 - Strutture resistenti per azione vettoriale
Nella struttura ci sono elementi che lavorano uniformemente
a trazione o a compressione (tiranti o puntoni)
22 May 2023 Large Structures 172

173. 3 - Strutture resistenti per flessione
Nelle sezioni della struttura c'è sia trazione sia compressione
(diagramma degli sforzi a farfalla)
22 May 2023 Large Structures 173

174. 4 - Strutture resistenti per superficie
La struttura distribuisce ed equilibra i carichi con azione membranale
(distribuzione di sforzo uniforme sullo spessore)
22 May 2023 Large Structures 174

175. 5 - Strutture alte
I carichi piu’ importanti risultano quelli orizzontali rispetto a quelli verticali
22 May 2023 Large Structures 175

176. 1 - FORM ACTIVE STRUCTURES
1
22 May 2023 Large Structures 176

177. 1 - Strutture resistenti per forma
In tutta la struttura c'è solo o trazione o compressione
22 May 2023 Large Structures 177

178. Funicolare a trazione dei carichi
1
22 May 2023 Large Structures 178

179. Funicolare a compressione dei carichi
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180. Dualità fra trazione e compressione
22 May 2023 Large Structures 180

181. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 181

182. Dualità cavo sospeso / arco funicolare
22 May 2023 Large Structures 182

183. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 183

184. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 184

185. 1.1 - Cable structures
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186. Example of Cable Structures
22 May 2023 Large Structures 186

187. 1.2 - Tent Strctures
22 May 2023 Large Structures 187

188. Example of Tent Structures
22 May 2023 Large Structures 188

189. 1.3 - Pneumatic Structures
22 May 2023 Large Structures 189

190. Example of Peumatic Structures
22 May 2023 Large Structures 190

191. 1.4 - Arch Structures
22 May 2023 Large Structures 191

192. Example of Arch Structures
22 May 2023 Large Structures 192

193. Funicolare 1 carico
2
22 May 2023 Large Structures 193

194. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 194

195. Funicolare più carichi
22 May 2023 Large Structures 195

196. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 196

197. Confronto fra meccanismo portante flessione / arco
3
22 May 2023 Large Structures 197

198. Influenza dell’altezza in chiave sulla spinta orizzontale
22 May 2023 Large Structures 198

199. Dipendenza della funicolare dalla posizione del carico
22 May 2023 Large Structures 199

200. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 200

201. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 201

202. Catenaria / Parabola
4
22 May 2023 Large Structures 202

203. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 203

204. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 204

205. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 205

206. Saarinen
22 May 2023 Large Structures 206

207. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 207

208. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 208

209. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 209

210. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 210

211. Freyssinet
22 May 2023 Large Structures 211

212. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 212

213. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 213

214. Alterazione linea funicolare e momenti secondari (1)
5
22 May 2023 Large Structures 214

215. Alterazione linea funicolare e momenti secondari (2)
22 May 2023 Large Structures 215

216. Effetti di azioni anelastiche e cedimenti impressi
22 May 2023 Large Structures 216

217. Arco a due o arco a tre cerniere
22 May 2023 Large Structures 217

218. Carichi asimmetrici
22 May 2023 Large Structures 218

219. Ottimizzazione di forma
22 May 2023 Large Structures 219

220. Stabilization
Con zavorra
Con
extra vincoli
6
22 May 2023 Large Structures 220

221. Sistema
chiuso
su se stesso
22 May 2023 Large Structures 221

222. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 222

223. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 223

224. Restraining
7
22 May 2023 Large Structures 224

225. Con nervature
22 May 2023 Large Structures 225

226. Articolazione con 3 cerniere
22 May 2023 Large Structures 226

227. Copertura indiretta
22 May 2023 Large Structures 227

228. Funicolare nello spazio
8
22 May 2023 Large Structures 228

229. Dualità sola trazione / sola compressione
22 May 2023 Large Structures 229

230. Meccanismo di trasmissione dei carichi nello spazio
22 May 2023 Large Structures 230

231. Perturbazioni del percorso funicolare
22 May 2023 Large Structures 231

232. Meccanismo resistente nel caso di più archi
22 May 2023 Large Structures 232

233. Sviluppo spaziale libero
22 May 2023 Large Structures 233

234. Sviluppo spaziale con bordo fissato
22 May 2023 Large Structures 234

235. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 235

236. Antoni Gaudi
22 May 2023 Large Structures 236

237. Sistema
che lavora a
compressione
22 May 2023 Large Structures 237

238. Sistema
che lavora a
compressione
22 May 2023 Large Structures 238

239. Heinz Isler
22 May 2023 Large Structures 239

240. Sicli SA Factory shell, Geneva
22 May 2023 Large Structures 240

241. Physical hanging membrane model of the Sicli shell
and resin model used for structural verification
22 May 2023 Large Structures 241

242. Articolazione diretta: nervature
22 May 2023 Large Structures 242

243. Grid discretizazion
22 May 2023 Large Structures 243

244. Multihall, Mannheim
22 May 2023 Large Structures 244

245. Tent Systems
22 May 2023 Large Structures 245

246. Otto Frei
22 May 2023 Large Structures 246

247. Sistema
che lavora a
trazione
22 May 2023 Large Structures 247

248. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 248

249. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 249

250. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 250

251. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 251

252. Azione della pressione
22 May 2023 Large Structures 252

253. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 253

254. 2 - VECTOR ACTIVE STRUCTURES
2
22 May 2023 Large Structures 254

255. 2 - Strutture resistenti per azione vettoriale
Nella struttura ci sono elementi che lavorano uniformemente
a trazione o a compressione (tiranti o puntoni)
22 May 2023 Large Structures 255

256. 6 - Distribute Traction (for Robustness)
22 May 2023 Large Structures 256

257. 257
22 May 2023 Large Structures

258. 258
22 May 2023 Large Structures

259. Connections
259
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260. 7 - Concentrate Compression (for Stability)
22 May 2023 Large Structures 260

261. 261
22 May 2023 Large Structures

262. 262
22 May 2023 Large Structures

263. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 263

264. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 264

265. 2.1 - Flat Trusses
22 May 2023 Large Structures 265

266. Example of Flat Trusses
22 May 2023 Large Structures 266

267. 2.2 -Transmitted Flat Trusses
22 May 2023 Large Structures 267

268. Exampleof Transmitted Trusses
22 May 2023 Large Structures 268

269. 2.3 - Curved Trusses
22 May 2023 Large Structures 269

270. Example of Curved Trusses
22 May 2023 Large Structures 270

271. 2.4 - Space Trusses
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272. Example of Space Trusses
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273. Triangulation
1
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274. 2
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275. Force Increase
3
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276. Fold Strategy
4
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277. Load Path
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278. Diffusion in two direction
5
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279. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 279

280. Shed Type
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281. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 281

282. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 282

283. 3 - FLEXURE ACTIVE STRUCTURES
3
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284. 3 - Strutture resistenti per flessione
Nelle sezioni della struttura c'è sia trazione sia compressione
(diagramma degli sforzi a farfalla)
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285. 8 - Centrifuge Areas for Moments (for Inertia)
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286. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 286

287. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 287

288. 288
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289. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 289

290. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 290

291. 3.1 - Beam Structures
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292. Example of Beams Structures
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293. 3.2 - Frame Structures
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294. Example of Frame Structures
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295. 3.3 - Beam Grid Systems
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296. Exampleof Grid Structures
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297. 3.4 - Slab Structures
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298. Example of Slab Structures
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299. 1
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300. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 300

301. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 301

302. 2
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303. 3
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304. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 304

305. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 305

306. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 306

307. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 307

308. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 308

309. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 309

310. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 310

311. 4
22 May 2023 Large Structures 311

312. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 312

313. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 313

314. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 314

315. 5
22 May 2023 Large Structures 315

316. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 316

317. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 317

318. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 318

319. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 319

320. 5
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321. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 321

322. 4 - SURFACE ACTIVE STRUCTURES
4
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323. 4 - Strutture resistenti per superficie
La struttura distribuisce ed equilibra i carichi con azione membranale
(distribuzione di sforzo uniforme sullo spessore)
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324. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 324

325. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 325

326. 4.1 - Plate Structures
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327. Example of Plate Structures
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328. 4.2 - Folded Plate
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329. Example of Folded Plate
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330. 4.3 - Shell Structures
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331. Example of Shell Structures
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332. Slabs & Plates
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333. Beams and Deep Beams
1
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334. Folded Plate Action
2
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335. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 335

336. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 336

337. Diaphragm
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338. Border Beams
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339. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 339

340. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 340

341. Bearings Mechanism on Circular Shells (1)
3
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342. Bearings Mechanism on Circular Shells (2)
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343. Diaphragm
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344. Border Beams
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345. Long and Short Barrel Shells (1)
4
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346. Long and Short Barrel Shells (2)
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347. Long and Short Barrel Shells (3)
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348. Long and Short Barrel Shells (4)
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349. 5
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350. Elliptical Paraboloid
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351. Hyperblic Paraboloid
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352. Hypar
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353. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 353

354. HIGH STRUCTURES
5
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355. 5 - Strutture alte
I carichi piu’ importanti risultano quelli orizzontali rispetto a quelli verticali
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356. Load Path
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357. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 357

358. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 358

359. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 359

360. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 360

361. Meccanismi elementari di deformazione di una trave
361
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A

362. 362
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363. 363
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364. 364
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365. Shear - lag
365
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B

366. 366
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367. Es.
367
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368. 368
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369. 22 May 2023 Large Structures 369

370. 5.1 - Bay-Type High Structures
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371. Example of Bay-type High Structures
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372. 5.2 - Casing High Structures
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373. Example of Casing High Structures
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374. 5.3 - Core High Structures
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375. Example of Core High Structures
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376. 5.4 - Bridge Structures
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377. Example of Bridge High Structures
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378. Toward Mega Structures
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379. Bridge Buildings
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380. 380
Diagrid Systems
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381. The Bow
381
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382. 382
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383. 383
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384. 384
Leadenhall Building
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385. 385
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386. 386
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387. Index
G - Il concetto di grande struttura
P - Principi alla base della progettazione Strutturale
M - Meccanismi elementari
1 - Form Active Structures
2 - Vector Active Structures
3 - Flexure Active Structures
4 - Surface Active Structures
5 - High Structures
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388. https://sites.google.com/a/uniroma1.it/francobontempi/
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389. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCW3IyXTBJVIiS6OZeSdIN7g
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390. https://fr.linkedin.com/in/francobontempi
Large Structures
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391. Lezione #D:
Large Structures
PONTI E GRANDI STRUTTURE - A.A. 2022/23
Franco Bontempi
Professore Ordinario di Tecnica delle Costruzioni
Facoltà di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA LA SAPIENZA
Via Eudossiana 18 - 00184 Roma – ITALIA
franco.bontempi@uniroma1.it
22 May 2023 Large Structures 391