student presentation on ankylosing spondylitis

2. GROUP THREE (3) MEMBERS
• Nadia Arkosah Owusuaa
• Justina Quansah
• Jefferson Adu-Gyamfi

3. LECTURE OBJECTIVES
• In this study we shall be discussing;
• The definition of AS
• It’s causes, and signs & symptoms
• The pathology and pathophysiology of AS.
• The diagnosis of AS.
• The treatment and risk factors of AS.

4. INTRODUCTION
• Spondyloarthropathy (SpA ) refers to a heterogeneous
group of rheumatic diseases that present common
clinical and genetic features.
• They are classified as peripheral or axial based on what
parts of the body are predominantly affected.
• The five types of SpA are;
• axial spondyloarthritis (also known as ankylosing
spondylitis), psoriatic arthritis (also known as
peripheral spondyloarthritis), reactive arthritis
(formerly called reiter's syndrome), enteropathic
arthritis, undifferentiated spondyloarthritis

5. DEFINITION
• It is an autoimmune disease that mainly
involves spine joints, sacroiliac joints (SIJs) and
their adjacent soft tissues, such as tendons and
ligaments.
•In more advanced cases, this inflammation can
lead to fibrosis and calcification.
• It can thus, result in the loss of flexibility and the
fusion of the spine.
• It usually resembles “bamboo” with an immobile

7. DEFINITION
• Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type
of arthritis characterized by long-term inflammation of
the joints of the spine typically where the spine joins the
pelvis.
• Occasionally, areas affected may include other joints such
as the shoulders or hips.
• Problems may occur as well as back pain.
• Joint mobility in the affected areas generally worsen over
time.

8. ETIOLOGY
• The exact cause for ankylosing spondylitis is not
known.
• Gene mutation could be a factor.
• Other factors that could contribute to ankylosing
spondylitis include:
• Gender
• Age
• Family history

10. AFFECTED
FATHER

11. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• The signs and symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis
often appear gradually, with peak onset between 20
and 30 years of age.
• Arthritis in the hips and shoulders may also occur.
• Ankylosing Spondylitis can occur in any part of the
spine or the entire spine, often with pain localized to
either buttock or the back of the thigh from
the sacroiliac joint.

12. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• When the condition presents before the age of 18,
Ankylosing Spondylitis is more likely to cause pain and
swelling of large lower limb joints, such as the knees.
• In some cases, pain and swelling may also manifest in
the ankles and feet where heel pain commonly develop
along with inflammation of the hips, shoulders,
peripheral joints and fingers/toes.
• Systemic features are common with weight loss, fever,
or fatigue often present.

13. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Ankylosing spondylitis is a systemic rheumatic
disease.
• This means that it affects the entire body.
• 1-2% of individuals with HLA-B27 genotype develop the
disease.
• Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin
1 (IL-1) are also implicated in ankylosing spondylitis

14. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• This process results in the formation of marginal
syndesmophytes between adjoining vertebrae.
• "Bamboo spine" develops when the outer fibers of
the fibrous ring of the intervertebral discs ossify.

15. STAGES OF ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

16. DIAGNOSIS
• To be able to diagnose a person of Ankylosing
Spondylitis, there is the need to test with;
• X-Ray
• CT scan
• MRI

17. TREATMENT
• There are no cure for AS, although treatments and
medications can reduce symptoms and pain.
• These include;
• Taking medications
• Surgery
• Physical therapy

18. RISK FACTORS
• Age
• Sex
• Ethnicity
• Gut inflammation
• Smoking
• Childhood infections

19. REFERENCES
• Google
• Wikipedia
• Mayoclinic.org
• Healthline.com
• Physio-pedia.com
• Sciencedirect.com
• Nature.com