Stephen Fox-Portfolio-Harcourt Social Studies

UNITOPENERS
SXEOK07ASE4X_U1TM.indd 1 6/7/06 1:16:12 PM
Unit 1 ■ 3
Oklahoma’s Geography
and Early People
Oklahoma’s Geography
and Early People
Unit 3 ■ 109
The
Twentieth
Century
The
Twentieth
Century
Settlement
and Change
Settlement
and Change
53
StephenFox
Digital Samples Portfolio
foxdesigns@gmail.com
HARCOURT SOCIAL STUDIES
CLIENT Harcourt Schools (2006)
DESCRIPTION Social Studies Student
Edition for Grades 3–4, with state
specific for Oklahoma
MY ROLES WITHIN THIS PROJECT
• Project management
• Page concept development
• Page layout with input from Senior
Design staff
• Designimplementationandcontinuity
• Template clean-up
• Page composition
• Direct input into image selection
• Technical artwork
• Image manipulation
• Directing freelance Photoshop
experts in image manipulation
• Image scanning
• Montage creation
• Preflight and Prepress
• Creation of final digital files (PDFs)

LESSONOPENERS
32 ■ Unit 1
Lesson
WHAT TO KNOW
How did life change
for the early people of
Oklahoma?
VOCABULARY
ancestor p. 33
extinct p. 33
agriculture p. 34
earthwork p. 34
ceremony p. 34
PEOPLE
Paleo-Indians
Clovis people
Mound Builders
PLACES
Stecker
Spiro Mounds
Le Flore
Washita River
Focus
Skill
MAIN IDEA
AND DETAILS
The Earliest
People
The hunter next to you raises his
arm and points to a spot in the
distance. You look where he is pointing and
see a mammoth down in the canyon. For
the first time in weeks, you have a source
of meat. This animal will feed all of you for
days. You and the other hunters move slowly
toward it, spears in hand.
ARE
OU
HERE
YA
O
TTTH
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Unit 1 ■ 33
Early People of
North America
About 11,000 years ago, groups of
hunters lived in Oklahoma. How did
they get here? How did they live?
Paleo-Indians
Many scientists say that people
first reached North America by cross-
ing a land bridge that once connected
North America and Asia. Those early
people are now called Paleo-Indians,
which means “old” or “first” Indians.
Over thousands of years, these
people spread throughout North
and South America. They were the
ancestors, or early relatives, of
present-day Native Americans, or
American Indians.
Big Game Hunters
The Clovis people were the first
to leave signs in Oklahoma. They
traveled the land, using long spear
points to hunt. Some spear points
were found in a mammoth skel-
eton near Stecker, in southwestern
Oklahoma. A mammoth was a
huge elephantlike animal that is
now extinct, or no longer living.
Scientists tested the bones and
found that they are about 11,000
years old.
MAIN IDEA AND DETAILS
What is an ancestor?
MOVEMENT Groups of Paleo-Indians in
what is now Caddo County used spears to
hunt mammoths (below). From which continent
might early people have walked to North America?
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134 ■ Unit 3
Lesson
Into Modern
Times
It’s 1964. Your mother is reading the
newspaper. She says, “Congress has
just passed the Civil Rights Act. This means
that separating people by race is now illegal.”
Your mother tells you that two Oklahoma
women helped make this possible. You hope
that one day you can make a difference in
the world, too.
WHAT TO KNOW
How did Oklahoma
change after World
War II?
VOCABULARY
economy p. 135
migration p. 135
civil rights p. 136
segregation p. 136
dam p. 138
lock p. 138
PEOPLE
Angie Debo
Ralph Ellison
Ada Lois Sipuel
Clara Luper
Robert S. Kerr
PLACES
McClellan-Kerr Arkansas
River Navigation
System
Focus
Skill
SUMMARIZE
ARE
OU
HERE
YA
O
TTTH
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Cities Grow
After World War II, the Oklahoma
economy kept growing. An economy
is the way people in a state, a region,
or a country make and use goods
and services to meet their needs.
Job Opportunities
Before World War II, most people
in Oklahoma lived on farms. After
the war, there was a migration, or
movement, of people to cities. People
moved to cities in search of jobs.
Thousands went to work for oil
companies. Some drilled new wells.
Some pumped oil. Others made
sure the pumps and the oil pipelines
worked.
People worked in many industries.
Some built and repaired airplanes.
Others made machinery, electronic
equipment, or food products. Some
worked for natural gas companies.
Angie Debo was an author and
teacher from Marshall, Oklahoma.
She wrote about what Oklahomans
experienced during the twentieth
century. Today, Debo is known as
the First Lady of Oklahoma history.
SUMMARIZE
Why did people in Oklahoma move after
World War II?
TULSA Workers, shoppers, and theatergoers crowd the corner
of Fourth and Boulder in downtown Tulsa.
Unit 3 ■ 135
66 ■ Unit 2
Lesson
The Early 1800sWHAT TO KNOW
How did the Louisiana
Purchase affect what is
now Oklahoma?
VOCABULARY
treaty p. 67
frontier p. 70
territory p. 71
PEOPLE
Thomas Jefferson
Napoleon Bonaparte
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
Richard Sparks
Zebulon Pike
James Wilkinson
George C. Sibley
Stephen H. Long
John R. Bell
PLACES
Great Salt Plains
Missouri Territory
Arkansas Territory
Focus
Skill
CAUSE AND
EFFECT
The sunrise wakes you. As you stretch,
you look around. You see plants and
animals that you have never seen before.
For the past year, you have been exploring
Louisiana, the land first claimed by La Salle.
Yesterday, you reached the Red River. In your
journal, you record what you see. You know
that President Thomas Jefferson will be
interested in learning about this land.
ARE
OU
HERE
YA
O
TTTH
War over Land
The French fought the Spanish for
land west of the Mississippi. At the
same time, the French struggled with
the British for control of the land east
of the Mississippi.
The French and Indian War
In 1754, the conflict between the
French and the British led to war.
This conflict became known as the
French and Indian War. Many Native
Americans fought as allies of the
French. The Native Americans fought
with the French because they were
trading partners. Also, the French
did not build as many settlements or
farms on Native American land as
the Spanish did.
Near the end of the war, Spain
joined France in the fight against
Britain. To repay Spain for its losses
in the war, France gave Spain most
of its lands west of the Mississippi.
France Loses the War
After eight years, the French lost
the war. In 1763, the French signed
the Treaty of Paris with the British.
A treaty is a written agreement
between groups or countries. The
Treaty of Paris gave Britain most
of Canada, Spanish Florida, and all
French lands east of the Mississippi.
The French had lost nearly all their
lands in North America.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
How did the Treaty of Paris affect
France?
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR During the war, the only major battle
fought in Oklahoma was the 1759 Battle of Twin Villages.
StephenFox
Design staff
• Image scanning

Linking Oklahoma
to the World
Oklahoma is a landlocked state
in the middle of the United States.
Still, it is connected to the rest of the
world by its rivers.
McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River
Navigation System
Before the Civil War, small boats
traveled on the Arkansas River.
However, large boats could not use
the river or its connecting systems.
The river also flooded its banks at
times. Floods caused a lot of damage.
In 1943, Robert S. Kerr became
governor of Oklahoma. He wanted
to connect Oklahoma with the
Mississippi River and the Gulf of
Mexico. He wanted to build a navi-
gation system.
In 1957, work began on a series of
dams and locks called the McClellan-
Kerr Arkansas River Navigation
System. A dam is a structure that
stops water from flowing. A lock is
a part of a canal in which the water
level can be changed to bring ships
to the next section of the canal. Locks
were needed because the land eleva-
tion changes along the waterway.
MOVEMENT The McClellan-Kerr Arkansas
River Navigation System follows the path of
the Arkansas River. At which port does this system
begin? The diagram below shows how a ship is
raised or lowered in a lock. What causes a ship to
lower when it is in a lock?
1 A ship enters the lock
and gates close behind it.
2 Water is pumped into the lock
to raise the ship or pumped out
of the lock to lower the ship.
Summary
In 1970, the 445-mile navigation
system was completed. It made
transportation along the Arkansas
River faster and more reliable.
SUMMARIZE
What is the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River
Navigation System?
1. WHAT TO KNOW How did Oklahoma
change after World War II?
2. VOCABULARY Use the terms lock
and dam in a sentence to explain
the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River
Navigation System.
3. ECONOMICS How does the McClellan-
System help people in Oklahoma sell
what they make?
4. CRITICAL THINKING Why do you think
Clara Luper and Ada Lois Sipuel took
part in the Civil Rights movement?
5. WRITE A PERSUASIVE LETTER
Imagine that you have just
joined a civil rights group. Write a
letter persuading a friend to join you.
6. Focus
Skill
SUMMARIZE On a sheet of paper,
copy and complete this graphic
organizer.
After World War II, many people
in Oklahoma moved from farms to
cities, looking for jobs. People, such
as Ada Lois Sipuel and Clara Luper,
worked for civil rights. The McClellan-
System improved transportation
in Oklahoma.
139
3 Gates open in front of the
ship, and it leaves the lock.
The Fur Trade
The Spanish came to Oklahoma
looking for gold. The French wanted
fur to sell in Europe.
Becoming Partners
In the 1600s, fur was popular in
Europe. People there used fur to
make hats and clothing. The French
explorers knew that the Native
Americans were skilled hunters.
The French wanted the fur of the
animals that the Native Americans
hunted, such as buffalo and beaver.
In exchange, the French gave the
Native Americans iron, tools, cloth,
paints, mirrors, guns, and other
goods from Europe.
Setting Up Trading Posts
The French set up trading posts
along Oklahoma’s rivers. The French
and the Native Americans exchanged
goods at these trading posts. In 1796,
Major Jean Pierre Chouteau set up
Salina, the first permanent European
settlement in what is now Oklahoma.
A settlement is a new community.
A person who lives in a settlement
is called a settler.
The French did not want to trade
with only the Native Americans.
They also wanted to trade goods
with the Spanish who had built
settlements along the Rio Grande.
The French used Oklahoma’s rivers
to reach the Spanish settlements in
the Southwest.
FUR TRADE Native Americans in Oklahoma traded goods with Europeans.
Usually, the two groups traded along the riverbanks.
62 ■ Unit 2
Summary
Conflict over Land
The Spanish did not want the
French moving onto Spanish land.
As a result, the Spanish and the
French began to fight. Some Native
Americans fought as allies of the
Spanish. An ally is a friend or
partner, especially in times of war.
Other Native Americans sided with
the French.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
What caused the conflict between Spain
and France?
The Spanish were the first
Europeans to explore Oklahoma.
The French came later to trade with
the Native Americans and with the
Spanish. Conflicts over land led to
fighting between Spain and France.
1. WHAT TO KNOW Why did the Spanish
and the French explore what is now
Oklahoma?
2. VOCABULARY How are the words
explorer and expedition related?
3. GEOGRAPHY In which part of North
America were the earliest French
settlements?
4. CRITICAL THINKING How do you think
European goods changed the daily
lives of Native Americans in
Oklahoma?
5. WRITE A LETTER Imagine that
you are an early European
explorer in Oklahoma. Write a letter to
a friend back home in France or Spain
describing what you have seen.
6. Focus
Skill
CAUSE AND EFFECT On a sheet
of paper, copy and complete this
graphic organizer.
Regions in Eastern
Oklahoma
Eastern Oklahoma has grasslands,
hills, mountains, and lakes. The soil
and climate there make much of the
area ideal for farming. There are five
natural regions in eastern Oklahoma.
Sandstone Hills
The Sandstone Hills region is
named for its hilly land and sandy
soil. Most of the Sandstone Hills are
covered with Cross Timbers wood-
lands. This region has farms. Oil, gas,
and coal are found underground in
some parts of the region.
Prairie Plains
The Prairie Plains region lies to the
east of the Sandstone Hills. A plain is
a large area of flat or rolling land. In
1832, the author Washington Irving
described the prairie as
“rolling country, with here
and there a clump of trees,
dimly seen in the distance
like a ship at sea.
”
The mostly level land has fertile,
or rich, soil. Many farms that
produce hay are in the Prairie
Plains region. There are also many
cattle ranches.
16 ■ Unit 1
Sandstone
bluffs above the
Cimarron River
Bison grazing
on the Prairie
Plains
Ozark Plateau
In the northeastern corner of the
state is the Ozark Plateau. A plateau
(pla•TOH) is an area of high, flat land
with lower land around it. The Ozark
Plateau has hills and steep bluffs, or
cliffs, that are cut through by several
streams. Small farms in this region
grow mostly fruits and vegetables.
Many people visit this part of the
state to enjoy the outdoors.
Ouachita Mountains
The Ouachita Mountains are in
southeastern Oklahoma along the
border with Arkansas. This region
has the most mountainous land in
the state. It is also the most rugged.
Lumber from the mountain forests is
an important product of this region.
Coal is found here, too.
Red River Region
The Red River Region forms part
of the border between Oklahoma and
Texas. The sandy soil of these flat
plains is good for growing vegetables
and peanuts. This region is where the
lowest point in Oklahoma is located.
It is about 287 feet high and near a
bend in the Little River.
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
How is the Prairie Plains region different
from the Ouachita Mountains?
Unit 1 ■ 17
Osage Hills
and Sand Creek
on the Ozark
Plateau
Sandy soil
along the Red
River
Talimena
scenic byway in
the Ouachita
Mountains
LESSONPAGES
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FEATUREPAGES
148 ■ Unit 3
http://www.harcourtschool.com/ss1
FIND
READ ABOUT
The Oklahoma City
National Memorial honors
the lives changed by the
bombing of the Murrah
Federal Building on April
19, 1995. On the fifth anni-
versary of the bombing,
President Bill Clinton
dedicated the Outdoor
Symbolic Memorial. The
Memorial Museum was
dedicated on February 19,
2001. Its exhibits retell the
events leading up to and
after the bombing. Written
in ten chapters, the sto-
ryline ends with “hope.”
The memorial serves both
as a reminder and as a
challenge to never let such
an event happen again.
THE REFLECTING POOL stretches the length of the
memorial. The calm water symbolizes the healing of
wounds and provides a quiet place for visitors to think.
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Unit 3 ■ 149
For more resources, go to
www.harcourtschool.com/ss1
A VIRTUAL TOUR
The Survivor Tree is a
90-year-old tree that
survived the bombing.
The Children’s Area has
tiles hand-painted by
children in response
to the bombing.
Visitors leave notes and other
items at the Survivor Wall to
remember those who died.
In the Field of Empty Chairs,
each of the 168 chairs bears
the name of a person who
died in the bombing.
Visitors enter and exit the memorial through
the Gates of Time, which represent the
moment before and after the bombing.
SXEOK07ASE4X_U3FT.indd 2 6/13/06 1:17:45 PM
132 ■ Unit 3
Will Rogers
Memorial
Museum
Background The Will Rogers Memorial Museum is in
Claremore, Oklahoma. Opened in 1938, the museum houses
a collection of artifacts and objects from the life and career of
Will Rogers. Rogers is known for his work as an actor, author,
reporter, and humorist.
Document-Based Question Study these primary
sources, and answer the questions.
TYPEWRITER
As an author and news reporter, Rogers
spent much of his time working on this
typewriter.
How are typewriters similar to the
computers you use today?
MOVIE POSTER
Will Rogers starred in the comedy In Old
Kentucky in 1935.
What do you think the movie was about?
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Unit 3 ■ 133
For more resources, go to
www.harcourtschool.com/ss1
What does each of these items tell
you about the life of Will Rogers?
Write a paragraph describing how
each item was a part of his career.
HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPH AND LASSO
Will Rogers performed amazing rope
tricks with his lasso.
What can you tell about Will Rogers
by studying this photograph?
CLOTHING
Will Rogers often dressed as a cowhand,
wearing a hat and boots such as these,
during performances.
As a star of western movies,
what other items do you think
Rogers wore?
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56 ■ Unit 2
Cattle drives
The Land Run
of 1889
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Unit 2 ■ 57
The Trail of Tears
Civil War begins at
Fort Sumter, 1861
SXEOK07ASE4X_U2PL.indd 2 6/13/06 1:14:35 PM
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