Women have historically faced barriers to entering science fields. While there were individual pioneers, real progress began with first-wave feminism in the 19th century. The document then discusses several important female scientists throughout history and their contributions despite facing discrimination. It notes that while women were few in number historically, they have made important discoveries and helped drive change by participating in their fields.

1. Women in science. Dispelling the myth
Berlin 18th May 2013

2. Pedro Miguel Etxenike The DNA double helix was
discovered thanks to the
experiments of Rosalind
Franklin
Lamia
Were they few or just unknown ?...

3. Women as a group did not have access to Academies of Science
They were denied access to University till
Switzerland 1860
UK 1895 Cambridge 1948, Oxford 1921
France 1880 EcolePolytechnique1972
Germany 1900
Spain 1910
Royal Society (Londres 1662) 1945
Academie des Science (París 1666) 1979
AkademiederWissenschaften (Berlín 1700) 1964
Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (Madrid 1847) 1988

4. Women’s struggle did not begin in the mid-late XIX century
• Margaret Cavendish 1623-1673
• MaryAstell 1666-1731
• Daniel Defoe 1660 –1731
• Olimpia de Gouges 1748-1793
• MaryWollstonecraft 1759-1797
There were individual calls by many people since XV century
Real progress began with the first-wave feminism movement
THE LANGHAM GROUP
•High and equal education for women
• Employment opportunities
• Suffrage for women
• Reform of the law regarding married women

5. • North LondonCollegiateSchool 1850 (Frances Mary Bus)
• Cheltenham Ladie’sCollege 1858 (Dorothea Beale)
HIGH EDUCATIONWASTHE KEY
GIRTON and NEWNHAM: A college like Man
Emily Davis: only if women succeeded in subjects held to be prestigious for men would
their educational achievements recognize as equally valid. ‘Different’ would automatically
mean ‘inferior’.
•Girton 1869 (Emily Girton)
•Newnham Hall 1875 (Eleanor Sidgwick)
•LondonSchoolof Medicine forWomen 1874 (Sophia Jex Blake)
Mathematics could not be undertaken by women, brain work energy could be diverted from
their reproductive system.
Philippa Fawcett in 1890 of Newnham beat the top male student.

6. • University of London 1878 (excluded form studying science)
• Oxford 1921
• Cambridge 1948
Full member of Universities till
WW I: first graduate women were doctors
•Gain access to university studies
• Graduate
• Practice the profession ?
i) Rapid increase of women (general feminization was feared)
ii) Objection of men student to the attendance of women
iii) Women need a peculiar education (Reason in nature)

7. molécula compuesta de sólo cuatro bases representadas con las letras A,T, G y C por
adenina, timina, guanina y citosina
Percentage of women enrolled in Mathematics in US Universities
PNAS vol. 106, 8803 (2009)
WW II
ColdWar

8. molécula compuesta de sólo cuatro bases representadas con las letras A,T, G y C por
adenina, timina, guanina y citosina
Percentage of women enrolled in Mathematics in US Universities
PNAS vol. 106, 8803 (2009)
WW II
ColdWar

9. molécula compuesta de sólo cuatro bases representadas con las letras A,T, G y C por
adenina, timina, guanina y citosina
Percentage of women enrolled in Mathematics in US Universities
PNAS vol. 106, 8803 (2009)
WW II
ColdWar

10. molécula compuesta de sólo cuatro bases representadas con las letras A,T, G y C por
adenina, timina, guanina y citosina
Percentage of women enrolled in Mathematics in US Universities
PNAS vol. 106, 8803 (2009)
WW II
ColdWar

11. Conclusion:There were few in every country and time period,
but more than are known or thought to have been.
Marie Curie (NP,NC)
Irene Joliot-Curie (NC)
GertyTheresaCori (NM)
MariaGopert-Mayer (NP)
Dorothy Hodgkin (NC)
RosalynYalow (NM)
BarbaraMacClintock (NM)
Rita Levi.Montacini (NM)
Gertrude Elion (NM)
Christiane Nusslein-Volhar (NM)
LiseMeitner (P)
Chien-ShiungWu (P)
Rosalind Franklin (C)
Jocelyn Bell Burnell (P)
Emmy Nöther (M)
Mileva Maric (P)
Martha Chase (C)
Daisy Roulland-Dussoix (C)
Esther Lederberg (M)
Caroline Herschel (P)
Lynn Margulis (M)
Women through their participation became the agent of change.
( Bonilla et al. 2005)

12. Lise Meitner and the nuclear fission
▪ 1878 Vienna, in a Jewish family.
▪ During the XIX century women were excluded from Universities
by law.The need for medical doctors for Muslim women
opened the doors.
▪ In 1901 she starts university and meets Ludwig Boltzmann.
▪ In 1906 she is awarded a Doctor title in Physics, fascinated by
research she decides to move to Berlin and continue her career.

13. Lise Meitner: Berlin
▪ She attends classes of Max Planck
▪ Emil Fischer and Otto Hahn
▪ In 1908 she is allowed access to the
laboratory
▪ In 1913 she becomes an assistant scientist
and earns her first salary
▪ Actinium, Protactinium
▪ In 1919 she receives a permanent position
at University
▪ In 1920 she becomes the director of her
laboratory

14. Lise Meitner: Berlin
▪ 1920-1930 Physic’s golden years
▪ 1932 Chadwick discovers the atomic
nucleus
▪ 1933 Lise measures a positron and
wants to look at Uranium
▪ Nationalsozialistische Deutsche
Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) rises to power
▪ Hahn is forced to fire Lise and she loses
her nationality

15. Lise Meitner: Fission
▪ In 1938 she escapes from Germany
▪ Otto Fritz Strassmann
▪ In 1939 she discovers the nuclear fission
▪ In 1942 refuses to participate in the
Manhattan Project
▪ 1944 Otto Hahn receives the Nobel Prize
in Chemistry

16. LiseMeitner: Womanoftheyear
▪ In 1946 she receives the honour of
"Woman of theYear"
▪ In 1947 she receives the Award of the
City ofVienna for science
▪ In 1949 Max Planck Medal
▪ In 1950 Otto HahnAward
▪ In 1960 WilhemExner Medal
▪ In 1966 Enrico Fermi Award
▪ The element 109 : Meitnerium (Mt)

17. Chien-Shiung Wu “Thefirst Lady ofPhisycs”
▪ Shanghai in 1912, one year after the Chinese revolution
started
▪ Her father created a clandestine school for her to study
in
▪ In 1930 she leads a demonstration for women to gain
access to universities in Nanjing
▪ She acquires her degree in 1934 and moves to Shanghai
▪ In 1936 she emigrates to the US to start a Ph.D. In
Physics

18. Chien-ShiungWu:firststeps
▪ She gets her Ph.D. In Physics under the supervision of Ernst
O. Lawrence and Emilio Segré
▪ Fermi and Oppenheimer referred to her as “the authority”
and coin the phrase “Ask Miss Wu”.
▪ After the bombing of PH she is haunted by xenophobia
which forces her to work at a College in Northampton
▪ Finally she receives a temporary position in Princenton
▪ After the war she receives a permanent position at Columbia
university
▪ She makes relevant contributions on beta decay

19. Chien-Shiung Wu : Thediscoveryofparityviolation
▪ 1956 Lee andYang published a theoretical
article where they questioned the parity
violation on the weak interaction
▪ Wu proves with a simple and elegant
experiment that the parity is not conserved
under the weak nuclear interaction
▪ 1957 Lee andYang received the Noble Prize in
Physics

20. Chien-Shiung Wu: Worldwide recognition

21. Rosalind Franklin: DNA structure
▪ She was born 1920 in London to a Jewish
family
▪ She studies at Newnham
▪ She receives her Ph. D. degree from
Cambridge on the porosity of coal
▪ She moves to Paris where she is recognized as
an expert
▪ In 1951 she goes back to King’s College to
work in the group of MauriceWilkins on the
molecule of DNA

22. Rosalind Franklin: scientificscenario
▪ It was known that the DNA was the genetic
messenger
▪ 1944 Schrödinger writes “What is life”
DNA has a crystal structure!
▪ The race on discovering the atomic structure
and how the genetic inheritance is
transmitted begins:THE SECRET OF LIFE

23. Rosalind Franklin: photo 51
▪ In 1951
Rosalindtakesthemostbeautifulpicture in
History
▪ Watson andCrick (Cavendish)
entertherace
▪ In January 1953 Linus Pauling proposes 3
helixforthe DNA structure
▪ In February 1953 Rosalindwrites in her
notebook “Structure B: evidencefor 2-
chainhelix ?”
▪ InApril 1953Watson
andCrickpublishedtheirmodel

24. Rosalind Franklin: Tobaccomosaic virus (TMV)
▪ In 1953 she moves to Birbeck and begins
the happiest period of her life
▪ She is invited to the USA where she
meetsAaron Klug
▪ Together they publish more than 10
articles in 2 years, 8 Natures
▪ In 1958 Rosalind passes away due to
ovary cancer, she was 37
▪ In 1968Watson, Crick yWilkins receive
the Nobel Prize in medicine

25. Rosalind Franklin: late justice

26. Jocelyn Bell Burnell: The Pulsar
▪ She was born 1943 in Belfast
▪ In 1956 she moves to York to a Quaker girls' boarding
school
▪ She graduated from the University of Glasgow with a
Bachelor of Science in Natural Philosophy (physics) in
1965
▪ She obtained her Ph.D. degree from New Hall (since
renamed Murray Edwards College) of the University of
Cambridge in 1968

27. Jocelyn Bell Burnell: LittleGreenMen ?
▪ Radioastronomy
▪ She worked with Hewish and others to constructa radio telescope for using
interplanetary scintillation to study quasars. Burnell made the cables by
hand that provided the telescope with such a extreme sensitivity
▪ She analyzed the data by hand as well
▪ In 1967 she measured a weak and unknown signal with a very accurate
periodicity
▪ Hewish’s first interpretation : intelligent life from space (LGM), she did not
believe it

28. Jocelyn Bell Burnell : PULSAR
▪ She does more experiments that proves the radiatoin must have
anothe origin
▪ In 1968 they publishd an article in Nature Magazine just showing the
data, the origin is not clear yet.
▪ In 1968 she receives her degree and quits research
▪ In 1974 Hewish receives the Noble Prize in Physics
▪ Thomas Gold, considers it an unjustice

29. Jocelyn Bell Burnell: horizontal growth
▪ In 1968 she gets married and quits radioastronomy
▪ Her husband was a diplomat and she acompanies him everywhere
▪ During this period she works as gamma ray astronomer, X ray
astronomer, infrared astronomer and submilimiter astronomer.
▪ Finally she obtains a permanent positios at Open University in 1991
▪ In 2007 she is honouredDammeCommander of the Order of the
British Empire

30. Bernie Poiesz “There are many different reasons why people associate
Robert Gallo’s name as the discovered of HTLV, I can’t change how
people perceive it, or how people presented it to the media.The only
thing I can do is do my work. I spent many many nights in that
laboratory. The moment of discovery was mine.”
(Nature, P.A. Lawrence. 2002)
“Existen muchas razones por las cuales la gente asocia el nombre de
Robert Gallo al descrubrimiento del HTLV, no puedo cambiar la
percepción popular, ni cómo los medios de comunicación lo han
presentado. Solo puedo hacer mi trabajo. Pasé muchas noches en el
laboratorio. El momento del descubrimiento fue mío. ”

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37. Referencias
1. Chien-ShiungWu: Pioneering Nuclear Physicist (Makers of Modern
Science), Richard Hammond, Chelsea HousePublishers, NewYork
(2010).
2. Present at the creation : the story of CERN and the Large Hadron
Collider,Amil D. Aczer, Crow Publishers, NewYork (2010).

41. Nature 387, 341 (1997)
¿ Han mejorado las cosas? Indudablemente, pero queda mucho trabajo por hacer…
Academia de Medicina Sueca
-44% Ph.D. con honores
-25% hacen postdoctorados
-7% profesión
-Menor motivación ?
-Menor producción ?
-Discriminación?
El ratio de éxito de las solicitudes femeninas
en Swedish Medical ResearchCouncil era
la mitad que el de los hombres.

42. PNAS in press, June 2012
Primer estudio sobre la polarización
de género en el mundo académico.

44. Agradecimientos
▪ Marta Macho y MarijeIrabien , UPV/EHU
▪ Pikara Magazine (www.pikaramagazine.com)
▪ Nora BengoaVergniory (CIC Biogune) y Elena Garcia Ramos ( Humboldt-
UniversitätzuBerlin )

45. ETAN report 2000
Portugal topstheleaguefor
womenprofessors !!

46. UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2012 p. 77