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大傳進修3A 鍾承達 PE1011024
 近年來,「少子化的問題」為現今社會帶來許多的
憂慮。 隨著台灣經濟型態轉型及價值觀的改變,愈
來愈多人少生孩子或根本不生孩子。台灣人對幼兒
觀念由以往的「多子多孫多福氣」到現今的「一個
不嫌少,兩個剛剛好」的轉變,由此可見生育率日
趨減少的現象。而生育率低是先進國家普遍的趨勢,
主要原因不外乎,現代人生活壓力大,教養小孩費
用高,以及自主意識抬頭,導致晚婚、不婚或頂客
族越來越多。
 自由市場競爭的餘波:父母緊衣縮食就是為了送孩
子補習,期望孩子未來能出人頭地,光耀門楣。在
分數主義的現實中,孩子從小被訓練成凡事都要競
爭。父母從孩子幼稚園開始,便送孩子補英文、學
各項才藝。所花財力、心力,非一般升斗小民所能
負擔的。而在經濟前景不被看好,以少子或不子來
減輕生活負擔,便是年輕人的價值觀。
 雙薪家庭的時尚:台灣這五十年來,由於經濟發展,
社會進步,女性走入社會服務,謀取個人在家庭中
經濟的獨立,不必如往昔僅為男人的附庸。女性謀
求自主的工作生涯,夫妻雙薪的新家庭時尚,相對
的對育子一職,已無暇顧及。
 人口結構的改變:台灣醫療進步,社會健康保健觀
念提升,目前 65 歲以上的老年人口,已超過聯合
國分類標準中「老人國」百分之七的比率。因此下
一代的年輕人須肩挑養老與育子的重擔,未來能改
變自己負擔的途徑,是由自我伸縮控制的少子或不
子。
 晚婚與遲育的衝擊:目前台灣社會已明顯走進晚婚
的趨勢。主要是社會競爭多元,年輕人創業維艱,
要謀尋穩定的家庭經濟誠非易事;加上育子付出的
心力和經濟負擔,已使現代的年輕人沒有養兒防老
的傳統觀念。據財務管理公司估計,一個孩子自出
生到養育、教育成人,約需花費一千萬元資金。這
個驚人的數目,不是一般老百姓所能負擔 的,因而
遲育及不子不育的觀念,已是普遍存在的社會現象。
 失業人潮洶湧:在新世紀邁向資訊時代後,各項產
業因電子的系統控制,而裁撤多餘人力。這些年來,
台灣又遭全球化經濟競爭以及產業外移,各公司行
號精減人力,故失業人口遽增。個人工作不穩定,
收入不均衡,家庭經濟出現危機,故少子成為減輕
負擔的選擇途徑。
 (一)沒有童子光顧的產業林立:兒童飲食的產業
冷清、兒童玩具店門可羅雀、遊樂場所缺少兒童的
足跡、嬰兒用品店結束營業。
 (二)婦產科醫院面臨轉型
 (三)幼教發展萎縮:托兒幼教將面臨縮班與廢校
的危機。
 (四)婚姻行業受到侵襲:婚紗禮服店因營運欠佳。
 (五)流浪教師也嘆息:學校減班、裁撤多餘教師,
使流浪教師增加,更面臨僧多粥少一職難求的危機,
教師工作是「鐵飯碗」已成為歷史名詞。
 (01)班級人數少:班級人數下降,學校面臨減班
的衝擊。
 (02)新台灣之子的問題:外籍配偶產生人口組成
大混血,未來「新台灣之子」的入學,學校將面臨
部分學生素質下降的挑戰。
 (03)高等教育的回縮:師資培育開放多元,未來
將面臨回縮的窘境。高等教育在師資與設備所投注
的社會成本,豈是未來這些中堅人所能肩負的。
 (04)升學暢通:開放教育政策的推行,以及未來
人口的短絀,將使少子在升學管道上通行無阻,難
免降低教育品質的管控。
 (05)併校與重整:未來青年世代晚婚生子或不子
的現象,致使家庭結構單薄,適齡學子稀落,因而
併校及學區重整,將造成學童上下學不便。未來學
童上下學及家長接送問題,學校管理須費更多心力。
 (06)優質教育管控:因少子社會的來臨,學校可
順勢提升教育品質,迎向優質的教育,為此教師應
有積極的專業認知,具備更豐富的教學知能。
 近年來少子化的趨勢日漸上升,讓我們體悟到幼兒
教育的危機與轉機。少子化的現象將對國家的人口
素質、人力結構、經濟財政及學校教育各方面的衝
擊,首當其衝的便是幼稚園、托兒所與小學面臨學
生數大幅減少的問題,少子化問題並非台灣獨有,
許多國家例如日本、歐洲在多年前便對此問題有所
關注,我們便可藉由他國的經濟分享思考本國應因
之道。
 少子化的現象也影響家庭結構,並改變親子的互動
模式;也帶來性比例的失衡,不僅是因醫學科技發
達,得嬰兒性別篩選簡單而普遍,父母親也會基於
生育量少的壓力下,增加對胎兒性別的偏好,此外,
未來勞動力萎縮,政府的稅基也會大受影響,對經
濟發展與社會福利的也會產生空前的挑戰。
 相對成長的是高齡化現象,對於福利資源分配、家
庭組成方式,以及子女和年老父母的關係,都將遭
受衝擊。強調居家與社區的照顧形式符合在地老化
原則,以減稅或協助購屋貸款;滿鼓勵共居或同鄰的
居住方式。在一般非弱勢家庭中,在少子化趨勢下,
家庭更重視每一個子女養育與教育的品質。
 未來政府將義務向下延伸以及從事幼托整合,雖可
以提供幼兒更多入園的機會,來維持品質的公平性。

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社會少子化