Prepared by Fatima Urooj
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DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
Computer is a modern electronic device which was
basically designed to carry out arthematic or logical
operations,but with the passage of time it was
evolved to perform multitasking and programming.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Computer was not always in its modern developed
form,rather it has gone a series of changes.Histroy of
computer is a chain that runs from ancient Abacus to
Analytical Engine of nineteenth century through the
modern form of present age.
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Abacus
•Earliest calculating device
invented in China
•Used to perform addition
subtraction and multiplication
•Used in Asian countries and
China till the end of 20th
century
NAPEIR’S BONE
•Invented by Scottish
mathematician,John Napeir
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Abacus

COUNT..
•Used for division
,multiplication and finding
square roots of numbers
•Biggest invention was the
invention of logarithm
PASCALINE
•Calculating machine invented
by French mathematician in
1642
•It consisted of rotating wheels
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Napier's Bone
Pascaline

•Perform subtraction and
multiplication on whole numbers
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
•Invented by English
mathematician Charles Babbage
•A big calculating machine about
the size of the room
•Today’s modern computers are
based on the idea of analytical
engine
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Analytical Engine

Hollerith Disk
•Tabulating machine invented
by Herman Hollerith in 1890
•Consisted of card reader
which sensed the holes in the
card
•Hollerith stared a company
(Tabulating Machine Company)
which later changed its name
to IBM (International Business
Machine)
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Hollerith Disk

Slide Rule
•Invented by William Oughtred in
1920s
•Consisted of slide,rule and
transparent sliding cursor
•Performed multiplication and
division
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Slide Rule

Mark-1computer
•Invented by Howard Aiken in
1944
•It could add three numbers
having eights digits in one second
•Print results on punched card or
and electric typewriter
•It was 50 feet long,8 feet high
and weighted about 5 tons
•Used 3000 electric switches
Since than computer is evolving
and not stopped yet
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Mark 1 Computer

generationS of computer
First generation computer(1940-56)
First generation computer used vacuum tubes for
circuitry. its storage capacity was 20000 characters.
Characteristics of first generation computer
• Used machine language
• Expensive and unreliable
• Consumed lot of power
• Generated lot of heat
• Input was based on punched cards
• Slow speed and small memory
• Output displayed on printouts
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Vacuum Tube

COUNT..
Example; ENIAC,UNIVAC 1,IBM 604,EDSAC and
Mark 1
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UNIVAC 1
IBM 604

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER(1956-
63)
Invented by three scientist William
Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter
Brattain. It replaced vacuum tube
in second generation
Characteristics of second
generation computer
•Smaller and faster
•More reliable and cheaper
•Used assembly language
•Transistors increased the memory
capacity and its speed
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Transistor

COUNT..
• High level of programming language like FORTRAN
and COBOL were introduced in second generation
computers
• Used punched cards reader,magnetic tape,magnetic
disks and printers
• Example; UNIVAC II,IBM 7030,7780 and 7090,NCR
300 series, General Electric GE and Control Data
Corporation’s CDC 1604
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THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS(1963-71)
Third generation computers used Integrated Circuits
also known as semiconductors which were
developed in 1960s.IC chips contained large number
of transistors. Its invention was a breakthrough in
advancing computer technology.
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UNIVAC II IBM 7030

Characteristics of third generation
computers
•Used IC chips
•IC improved the speed and
memory of computer
•IC chip increased the power and
decreased the cost
•Consumed less energy
•Smaller in size, cheaper and more
reliable
•Used keyboard and monitor
•These computers run different
application programmes at the
same time
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IC Chips

COUNT..
Examples ;Burroughs 6700,IBM System /360,
System 3 and Control Data Corporation’s 3300 and
6600 computer
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CDC 3300 Computer Burroughs 6700

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER(1971-Present)
Microprocessors is a single chip by the help of which
thousands of integrated circuits were built on a
single silicon chip. In this generation LSI(Large Scale
Integration) and VLSI(Very Large Scale Integrations)
chips having millions of transistors were developed.
Characteristics of fourth generation computers
• Development of microprocessors resulted in the
development of microcomputers
• Microcomputers were small in size and reliable
• Consumed less power and affordable
• Fast to compute and have large storage capacity
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COUNT..
•Operating system having
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
were developed in this generation
•Large variety of software is
available for use in micro
computers
•These computers support
multimedia software that combine
text,image,sound and video
•These computer support large
variety of portable and wireless
input/output devices
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Microprocessor

Examples of microprocessors are Intel Pentium series,
Dual Core,Core2 Duo,Core i3,i5,i7 and ADM Athlon
Examples of fourth generation computers are IBM
ThinkPad series,HP Pavilion series,Dell series,Apple’s
MacBook Pro
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HP Desktop Computer ThinkPad series

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER (ai)
The fifth generation of computer is based on artificial
intelligence which is still in the process of
development .The aim of fifth generation is to
develop devices that can understand human
languages and have thinking power.
Characteristics of fifth generation computers
• These computers are mainly based on Artificial
intelligence(AI)
• With the help of AI,it will minimize the need to write
programs
• These computers will allow the users to give
commands in natural languages like English
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COUNT..
Examples ; robots and expert
systems
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AI ROBOTICS

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