Here is the properties of fluid from hydraulics programme.

1. PROPERTIES OF FLUID
PREPARED BY: FAROOQUI UMAIR
GUIDED BY: Mr KALE SIR
COLLEGE: S.N.D. COLLEGE OF POLY. YEOLA

2. INDEX
CHAPTER NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1 Introduction 3
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Properties of fluid
Specific gravity/
specific mass/
specific weight
Viscosity
Surface tension
Capillarity
Compressibility
4
5
6
7
8
9

3. 1.INTRODUCTION:
FLUID
Matter exists in two states, e.g. solid and fluid states. The fluid state may have liquid
or gas state.
Fluid is defined as substance which ha capacity to flow.
- Fluid is a substance that deform continuously under the action of shear stress, no matter if it
is small.
- it has no definite shape of its own, but confirms to the shape of container.
FLUID MECHANICS:
it is the branch of engineering science which deals with the behavior of the fluid at
rest as well is in motion.
A. Hydrostatic
B. Hydro kinematic
C. Hydrodynamics

4. 2. PROPERTIES OF FLUID:
2.1 Specific gravity/specific weight/specific mass.
2.2 Viscosity
2.3 Surface tension
2.4 Capillarity
2.5 Compressibility

5. 2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY/MASS/WEIGHT:
1. Specific gravity:
the ratio of specific weight (mass density) of fluid to the specific weight of a pure
water at standard temperature and pressure is called as specific gravity.
S= specific weight of liquid
specific weight of pure water
2. Specific mass:
the density of fluid is defined as it is a mass per unit volume.
3. Specific weight:
specific weight of a liquid is defined as weight per unit volume at a standard
temperature and pressure.

6. 2.2 VISCOCITY:
- It is defined as the property of fluid that offers resistance against shearing of one
layer of fluid over another adjacent layer .
- it is a measure of the internal fluid friction which causes resistance to flow. It is
caused due to the interaction and cohesion between the particles in fluid flow.
2.2.1 Newton’s law of viscosity:
Newton’s law of viscosity is states that shear stress in fluid layer is directly
proportional to velocity gradient.
2.2.2 Dynamic viscosity:
Dynamic viscosity is defined as the shear stress is required to produce unit
rate of shear strain.
Unit is “Ns/m^2”
2.2.3 Kinematic viscosity:
It is defined as ratio of dynamic viscosity to the mass density of liquid.

7. 2.3 SURFACE TENSON:
Fig. shows the two molecules of liquid at point A and B. molecule at point
is in equilibrium condition. So molecule at A is equally attracted from all the sides. But
at point B there is no liquid molecule at above side and consequently there is a net
downward force on the molecule due to attraction of the molecule below it. this force
on the molecules at the surface of liquid is normal to the liquid surface, due to this a
special layer seems to form on a liquid at the surface, which is in tension and small
loads can be supported over it.
The property of liquid surface film to exert the tension is called as
“surface tension”. It is denoted by sigma and its unit is N/m.

8. 2.4 CAPILLARITY:
It is a thin tube dipped in a liquid then the liquid will rise or fall in tube. This
phenomenon is known as capillarity. It is due to cohesion and adhesion.
if adhesion of liquid is more than cohesion, the will liquid rise in the tube
with upward concave surface e.g. water.
if the cohesion of liquid is greater than adhesion the liquid level drops in
tube with upward convex surface e.g. mercury.

9. 2.5 COMPRESSIBILITY:
- It is the measure of elasticity in fluid.
- Fluid are compressed under pressure due to change in their mass density.
- More mass can be accommodated in the unit volume and when the pressure is
removed the fluids regains to its original volume.
- As the pressure increases volume is decreases.
- If bulk modulus(K) is more, volumetric strain(dV/V) is less indicating less volume
change i.e. less compressibility expressed as inverse of bulk modulus.
- Higher the bulk modulus less is the compressibility of fluid.
- Liquids are generally considered to be incompressible. For instance, a pressure of
113078 kPa will causes a given volume of water to decrease by only 5% from its
volume at atmospheric pressure.
- Gases on the other hand, are very compressible. The volume of gas readily changed
by exerting an external pressure on the gas.
- Water hammer and cavitation's are the example of the importance of
compressibility effects in liquid flows.
- Compressibility effects are very important in the design of modern high-speed
aircraft, missiles, power plants, fans and compressors.

10. BY FAROOQUI UMAIR
THANK YOU