Mineral and rocks

2. Mineralogy – study of minerals.
– Building blocks of rocks
Mineral – defined as naturally formed, generally
inorganic, crystalline solid composed of an
ordered array of atoms and havinga specific
chemical composition.

3. MINERALS THEREFORE, CAN
BE
DESCRIBED AS:
INORGANIC - formed by natural geologic
processes FORMED IN NATURE
SOLIDS - crystalline substance that are solid at temperature at Earth’s surface
ATOMS HAVE THE SAME CRYSTALLINE PATTERN and with SPECIFIC
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
CRYSTALLINE ATOMS are arranged in an orderly repetitive
manner Can be represented by a CHEMICAL FORMULA

4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS
•LUSTER
•HARDNESS
•STREAK
•CLEAVAGE
•FRACTURE
•COLOR
•SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
•CRYSTAL FORM

5. LUSTE
R
•Refers to the way of light is reflected from a mineral surface.
•Some have metallic surface such as gold, silver and copper.
•Others are described as vitreous or glassy, pearly, silky,
resinous and earthy or dull.

6. HARDNES
S
• Refers to the minerals resistance to being scratched.
• The harder ones are difficult to scratch, the softer ones are less resistant
to scratches.
• Frederich Moh, a German mineralogist prepared a scale of hardness with a
number of 1-10 in the increasing hardness.

7. MOH’S SCALE OF
HARDNESS
• 1. TALC
• 2.
GYPSUM
• 3. CALCITE
• 4.
FLUORITE
• 5. APATITE
• 6.
ORTHOCLASE
• 7. QUARTZ
• 8. TOPAZ
• 9. CORUNDUM
• 10. DIAMOND

8. TAL
C

9. GYPSU
M

10. CALCIT
E

11. FLUORIT
E

12. APATIT
E

13. ORTHOCLA
SE

14. QUART
Z

15. TOPA
Z

16. CORUNDU
M

17. DIAMOND

18. COLOR AND
STREAK
• Refers to the color of the powdered mineral
• The sample is rubbed across a piece of unglazed porcelain or streak
plate.

19. CLEAVA
GE
• Tendency of minerals to break along planes of weak bonding.
• Described by the number of planes exhibited and the angles at which they meet

20. FRACTU
RE
•Minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are said to fracture when
broken.
•Some break like glass, some into splinters or fiber.

21. COLOR
•Some are of the same color like azurite
is always deep blue , malachite is
green, cinnabar is red and sulfur is
yellow.

22. SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
• Is a number which represents the ratio to the weight of an equal volume of
water.
• Example, Galena is 7.5 times heavier than a comparable volume of water.

23. CRYSTAL FORM
•External features of a mineral reflect
its orderly internal arrangement of
atoms

24. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERAL
S
• A sample chemical test is
a. TASTE TEST – NaCl (common table salt) has a distinctly salty taste.
carbon
b. FIZZ TEST - carbonate minerals in hydrochloric acid , giving of
bubbles of
dioide gas.

25. NATURAL
RESOURCES
• 'The Earth’s crust and oceans are the sources of a wide variety of useful
and essential minerals.
• Renewable resources can be replenished.
• Nonrenewable are same basic resources such as iron, aluminum and copper.
Others are fuels like oil, natural gas and coal.

26. NATURAL
RESOURCES
• Rich deposits of metallic minerals such as iron, nickel, copper, gold,
silver,
chromium, zinc and lead are also located.
• Gold is the precious metal which can be found pure in nature.
• Mercury reserves are located in Albay and Palawan.
• Our biggest lead deposits are found in Ayala, Zamboanga.
• Molybdenum deposits occur in Batangas.

27. NATURAL
RESOURCES
• Gold is a metal for adornment, It exhibits a shiny yellow color and a specific
gravity of 29.3.
• Platinum is catalyst in refining petroleum.

28. MINERALS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• Nonmetallic minerals include:
a. limestone – used to make concrete and cement. It is found in Cebu,
Negros and Bulacan.
and Pa
b. feldspar – used in making tiles and ceramic toilet ware found in Ilocos
Norte mpanga.
c. silica – used in making glass found in Palawan and Negros Occidental.
d. clay - used for pottery found in Ilocos Norte.
e. Red marble – found in romblon.

29. CONSERVING OUR
MINERAL RESOURC
ES
• It took thousands or even millions of years to produce these resources.
• Mineral resources are non-renewable.
• It is important for us to utilize wisely and conserve our country’s wealth
for future generations to come.

30. WE
SHOULD:
•RECYCLE OUR PRODUCTS TO REDUCE
WASTE
•RECOVER MINERALS FROM MINE
TAILINGS
•CONTROL CORROSION
•USE ALLOYS WHENEVER FEASIBLE

31. “WE CAN HELP CONSERVE
OUR RESOURCES FOR OUR
NEEDS DURING OUR
LIFETIME.”

32. The real wealth of the Nation lies in the
resources of the earth - soil, water, forests,
minerals, and wildlife.
-Rachel Carson