4. Product Life-Cycle Optimization Raw Materials Acquisition Product Manufacture Product Use End-of-Life Product Life-Cycle Stages Airborne and Waterborne Emissions Raw Materials Energy Inputs Outputs Solid Waste Useable Product Product Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)

6. Fifty Product Selection Sources: 2001 U.S. Economic Census, 2004 California Manufacturers Directory * Direct consumers of energy during product use ** Indirect consumers of energy during product use Airplane* Bicycle Car* 8% 17,536 Transportation equipment manufacturing 336 Deodorant OTC drug Paint Soap 8% 18,115 Chemical manufacturing 325 Beef** Bread Canned vegetables Cheese** Milk** 9% 19,490 Food manufacturing 311 Cellular phone* Cordless phone* Personal computer* Printed circuit board* Scanner* Semiconductor chip* Tape storage drive* 31% 68,054 Computer and electronic product manufacturing 334 219,584 Manufacturing (sector total) 31-33 Products Selected % Total California 2001 Value Added ($10 6 ) Description NAICS Code

7. Fifty Product Selection Sources: 2001 U.S. Economic Census, 2004 California Manufacturers Directory * Direct consumers of energy during product use ** Indirect consumers of energy during product use Plastic bag Plastic bottle Plastic cup Tire 3% 7,057 Plastics and rubber products manufacturing 326 Asphalt Gasoline Motor oil 4% 9,021 Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 324 Air conditioner* Commercial refrigerator* Semiconductor process machine* Water pump* 4% 9,752 Machinery manufacturing 333 Home blood pressure monitor* Golf club 6% 12,659 Miscellaneous manufacturing 339 Aluminum can Bolt/nut/screw Metal window** 7% 15,555 Fabricated metal product manufacturing 332 219,584 Manufacturing (sector total) 31-33 Products Selected % Total California 2001 Value Added ($10 6 ) Description NAICS Code

8. Fifty Product Selection Sources: 2001 U.S. Economic Census, 2004 California Manufacturers Directory * Direct consumers of energy during product use ** Indirect consumers of energy during product use Newspaper N/A 31,125 Publishing industries 511 Carpet <1% 927 Textile product mills 314 Pallet 1% 2,254 Wood product manufacturing 321 Cardboard box Recording paper Shoe box 2% 3,665 Paper manufacturing 322 Gas stove/range* Microwave oven* 2% 4,147 Electrical equipment, appliance, and components 335 Wooden table 2% 4,337 Furniture and related product manufacturing 337 Hydraulic cement Ready-mix concrete 2% 4,748 Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 327 Dress 3% 5,847 Apparel manufacturing 315 Flyer/coupon book 3% 6,174 Printing and related support activities 323 Soft drink** Wine 3% 6,986 Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing 312 219,584 Manufacturing (sector total) 31-33 Products Selected % Total California 2001 Value Added ($10 6 ) Description NAICS Code

9. Process-Based LCA Source: http://www.howproductsimpact.net/

10. Economic Input-Output LCA (EIO-LCA) http://www.eiolca.net/

11. Fifty Product LCA Methodology Raw Materials Acquisition Product Manufacture Product Use End-of-Life Energy Inputs Outputs GHG Emissions Product Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) LBNL APPROACH: EIO-LCA Published energy consumption data Process-based LCA data

12. Fifty Product LCA Results Screening of Fifty Products: kg CO 2 e/unit

13. Fifty Product LCA Results: Manufacturing Screening of Fifty Products: kg CO 2 e/unit

14. Fifty Product LCA Results: Use Screening of Fifty Products: kg CO 2 e/unit

15. Fifty Product LCA Results: Disposal Less than 0.1 Screening of Fifty Products: kg CO 2 e/unit

17. Fifty Product LCA Results Selected for case studies Screening of Fifty Products: kg CO 2 e/unit

21. PC Case Study: Manufacturing GHG emissions Primary data source: Williams (2003) 48.60 21.01 4.18 669.35 277.60 54.30 Total for PC control unit 36.09 15.69 3.96 474.95 199.15 51.20 Subtotal 4.67 0.83 0.41 78.51 14.03 6.96 Final PC assembly 3.72 1.00 0.27 57.02 15.40 4.13 PCBs 7.35 3.67 0.87 0 0 0 GHG adjustment 20.35 10.18 2.40 339.45 169.70 40.10 Semiconductors Manufacturing processes 8.19 4.43 0.21 114.60 63.15 2.73 Subtotal 4.44 2.15 0.16 52.70 25.59 1.93 Specialized materials 3.75 2.28 0.05 61.90 37.56 0.80 Silicon wafers Specialized materials 4.32 0.89 0.01 79.30 15.10 0.30 Subtotal 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.53 0.50 0.05 Gold 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.06 0.006 Silver 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.02 0.002 Lead 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.80 0.04 0.00 Tin 0.86 0.34 0.01 12.30 4.84 0.09 Epoxy 0.24 0.09 0.00 3.33 1.30 0.02 Plastics 0.61[1] 0.17 0.00 12.15 3.30 0.01 Aluminum 0.56 0.06 0.00 9.96 1.07 0.00 Copper 2.01 0.23 0.00 34.30 3.85 0.04 Steel Int’l U.S. CA Int’l U.S. CA Bulk materials GHG emissions (MtCO 2 e/yr) Primary energy consumption (PJ/yr)

24. PC Case study: Measures identified Summary of Potential Measures and GHG Reductions * % reduction in relation to California PC life-cycle GHG emissions of 5.90 MtCO 2 e/yr. 0.3% 0.018 Upgrade PCs to extend their useful life 2% 0.10 Maximize the energy efficiency of PCs 3% 0.16 Increase control unit power management utilization 8% 0.48 Switch from CRTs to LCDs 8% 0.47 Maximize PC power management utilization Use 12% 0.72 Improve clean room energy efficiency % Reduction* MtCO 2 e/yr Potential Life-Cycle GHG Emission Reduction in California Measure Life-Cycle Stage 0.01% 0.0005 Maximize PC control unit recycling End-of-Life 4% 0.26 Reduce PFC emissions of semiconductor manufacture Manufacturing

29. Concrete Life-Cycle GHG Emissions Estimated Life-Cycle Emissions 3.1 11.4 Total 0.005 0.018 End-of-Life 0.0 0.0 Use 2.8 0.3 3.1 10.4 1.0 11.4 Cement Concrete Total Manufacturing MtC/yr MtCO 2 /yr Product Life-Cycle Phase Estimated California GHG Emissions

34. Concrete Case study: Measures identified Summary of Potential Measures and GHG Reductions * % reduction in relation to California cement/concrete life-cycle GHG emissions of 11.40 MtCO 2 e/yr. Potential Life-Cycle GHG Emission Reduction in California Measure Life-Cycle Stage 0.03 0.004 Increase concrete recycling End-of-Life 0.4 0.04 Fuel efficiency heavy trucks Use 0.1 0.007 CemStar  (steel slags) in Portland cement 3.8 0.44 Add limestone to Portland cement 4.8 0.55 Use blended cement 5.4 0.62 Use waste fuels in cement manufacture 6.0 0.68 Improve energy efficiency in cement manufacture Manufacturing % MtCO 2 e/yr