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2012 solar system
1. Our Solar System consists of:
1 Star
• __________
8 Planets
• __________
5+Dwarf Planets
• __________
Many Moons
• __________
Asteroids
• __________
Comets
• __________
2. The Sun
•The _____ is our nearest star and the
sun
center of our solar system.
gases
•It is a big ball of _________. ( 92% H / 8% He)
•It is the source for all of the
light and energy
_________________ in the solar system.
•It has 99.85% mass of the Solar System
3. Revolutions
gravity
•The sun has a lot of _______ which
pulls on the planets and keeps them
in orbit.
•The planets ______________ (travel)
orbit or revolve
around the sun in an elliptical or oval
path.
•The amount of time that each planet
takes to travel around the sun is
revolution
known as a ___________ and is the
length of a year on that planet.
4. Rotation
rotates
Each planet also _______,
or spins on its axis, as it
revolves around the sun.
The amount of time that
each planet takes to turn
all the way around its axis
rotation
is known as a __________
and equals the length of
one day on that planet.
5.
6. Planets
In order for an object in the
solar system to be considered
a planet, it must do 3 things.
orbit
• It must ______ the sun.
• It must have a _______ shape.
round
• It must have cleared its neighborhood.
The planets listed in their order based on how far
they are from the sun are:
Earth
Mars
_________,_________, ______, ________,
Mercury Venus
Neptune
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
________, ________, ________, and _________.
7. Inner Planets
“Terrestrial Planets”
• Rocky
• Dense
• Small
• Few or no moons
• Metal cores (iron)
Images: Lunar and Planetary Laboratory:
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=178
8. Asteroids
Asteroids are small objects that orbit the
sun. Many are found in the asteroid belt
between Mars and Jupiter. Others are
found in the Kuiper belt past Pluto.
9. Outer Planets
• Large!
• Gas Giants
• No solid surface (land masses)
• May have a small solid core
• Tumultuous atmospheres rapid winds, large storms
• Rotate relatively quickly
• Many moons
Image: Lunar and Planetary Laboratory:
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=178
10. Kuiper Belt
• Disk of debris
at the edge of
our Solar
System
• Pluto is a KB
Object (sorry!)
• Source of
short-period
comets
11. Comets and the Oort Cloud
Outside the
Kupier Belt is the
Oort cloud, a
cloud of dust and
other objects that
orbit our sun.
Most comets
travel in this cloud
in irregular orbits
that pass close to
the planets.
12. Inner Planets!
Image: Lunar and Planetary Laboratory:
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=178
13. Mercury – The Hidden Planet
Planet Fast facts:
• Diameter – 3031 miles
• Distance from Sun ~36 million miles
• Gravity -1/3 of Earth’s
• Rotation (day) 59 Earth Days
• Revolution (year) 88 Earth Days
• Atmosphere – almost none
• Moons – none
• Rings - none
• Named after the Roman
messenger God because
of how fast it orbits the
sun.
• Temperature ranges from
800o F to hundreds of
degrees below zero.
• Surface is covered by
craters caused by objects
smashing into it.
14.
15. Venus- The Bright Planet
Planet Fast Facts
• Diameter – 7521 miles
• Distance from Sun –
67 million miles
• Gravity -9/10 of Earth’s
• Rotation (day) 243 Earth Days
• Revolution (year) 225 Earth Days
• Atmosphere –
– 96% carbon dioxide
• Moons – none
• Rings - none
• Named after the Roman
Goddess of Love and beauty.
• It is the brightest object in the
sky besides the sun and
moon.
• Called Morning or Evening
Star depending on its location.
• Atmosphere causes a
greenhouse effect so
temperatures reach 900oF.
16.
17. Earth- The Blue Planet
Planet Fast Facts
• Diameter – 8000 miles
• Distance from Sun –
– 93 million miles
• Gravity – 1g
• Rotation (day) 1 Earth Day
• Revolution (year)
365 Earth Days
• Atmosphere –
– 78% nitrogen
– 21 % oxygen
• Moons – one : Luna
• Named after the Roman
Goddess Ea, which
means earth
• It is called the blue planet
because of the water that
covers 75 % of the
surface.
18.
19. Mars- the Red Planet
Planet Fast Facts
• Diameter – 4000 miles
• Distance from Sun –
• Temperature ranges from
75°F to -190°F.
142 million miles
• Gravity – 1/3 of Earth’s
• Rotation (day)–
25 Earth Hours
• Revolution (year)
687 Earth Days
• Atmosphere –
– 95% Carbon Dioxide
• Moons –
two: Phobos & Deimos
• It has the largest known
mountain (volcano) in our
solar system called
Olympus Mons. It is 3
times taller than Mt.
Everest.
• It has a canyon 10 times
longer and 3 times deeper
than the Grand Canyon.
21. Is there Water on Mars?
•Scientists’
currently think
yes there is..
•Possibly lots of
water…
•
•~about 3.5 – 4
billion years ago
there may have
been an acidic,
salty ocean
Image: LPI http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/timeline/gallery/slide_19.html
24. Jupiter – The Giant
Planet Fast Facts
• Moons – 62 with 50 them
being named
• The most famous moons
– 484 million miles
are the 4 Galilean moons;
Gravity – 2 ½ times Earth’s Io, Europa, Ganymede and
Rotation (day) –
Callisto.
10 Earth Hours
• Ganymede is the largest
Revolution (year) moon in the solar system
12 Earth Years
and is larger than Mercury.
Atmosphere –
• The big Red Spot is
– Hydrogen and Helium
believed to be a 340 year
old storm.
Rings –
3 made of fine dust particles • It is 3 times the size of
Earth
• Diameter – 89,000 miles
• Distance from Sun –
•
•
•
•
•
26. Saturn – The Ringed Planet
Planet Fast Facts
• Diameter – 75,000 miles
• Distance from Sun –
890 million miles
• Gravity – slightly more
than Earth’s
• Rotation (day)–
10 ½ Earth Hours
• Revolution (year)
29 ½ Earth Years
• Atmosphere –
– Hydrogen,
– Helium
– Methane
• Moons:
has 62
53 named
• Titan is largest & has
atmosphere.
• Rings – 7 rings, made of
smaller ice ringlets
• Saturn’s average density is
less than water, so it would
float.
• Like Jupiter, Saturn gives off
more heat than it receives
from the sun
28. Uranus – the Tilted Planet
Planet Fast Facts
• Diameter – 32,000 miles
• Distance from Sun –
– 1,800 million miles
• Gravity – 9/10 of Earth’s
• Rotation (day) –
18 Earth Hours
• Revolution (year)
84 Earth Years
• Atmosphere –
– 72 %Hydrogen
– 26% helium
• Moons – 27 known
natural satellites
• Rings -11made of ice
boulders and fine dust
• Its axis is tilted 98o, which
means it lays on its side.
It rotates like a ball rolling
across the floor rather
than like a top.
29. The moons of Uranus are not named after Roman mythological characters.
They are named after characters from the writings of Shakespeare and
Alexander Pope.
30. Neptune – The Twin Planet
Planet Fast Facts
• Diameter – 31,000 miles
• Distance from Sun –
– 2,800 million miles
• Gravity – slightly larger
than Earth’s
• Rotation (day)–
19 Earth Hours
• Revolution (year)
168 Earth Years
• Atmosphere –
– Hydrogen
– Helium
– Methane
• Moons- 13 known
satellites The largest is
the moon, Triton. Triton
orbits Neptune in the
opposite direction from
the planet’s rotation.
• Rings- 3 obvious rings
and one faint ring made
of dust
• Scientists knew Neptune
existed before they saw it
because of its effect on
Uranus’ orbit
32. Dwarf Planets
• These are small bodies that orbit the
sun and have nearly round shapes as a
result of their own gravity and are not
satellites.
• There are 6 known dwarf planets, Pluto,
Ceres, Makemake, Haumea, Quaoar
and Eris.
• Scientists are studying about 200 more
objects in the solar system that may be
classified as dwarf planets.
33. Pluto
• Pluto was once
known as the 9th
planet.
• Its orbit passes into
the Kupier belt
which means the
orbit is not clear of
other objects. That
is why it is a dwarf
planet.
Charon
Pluto
Its three moons are
Charon, Nix and
Hydra.
34. Ceres
• Ceres is located in the asteroid belt between
Mars and Jupiter. It was discovered in 1801
and has a diameter of 950 km.
• It orbits the sun every 4.6 years. It has water
and an atmosphere.
• It has 1/3 of all the mass in the asteroid belt.
36. Haumea
• Just farther from the
sun than Pluto
• Icy world
• Elliptical in shape
• Revolution 285
years
• Rotation 4 hours
• Two moons –
– Hi’iaka & Namaka
37. Makemake
• Orbits past Pluto
• Revolution –
310years
• Red in color
• Diameter = 1300 km
41. The Milky Way
Our solar system is in the Orion arm of a
spiral galaxy known as the Milky Way.
42.
43. Galaxy
• A galaxy is a collection of stars,
interstellar gases, dust and dark matter.
• Galaxies are classified based on their
shapes. There are three main types.
– Elliptical
– Spiral
– Irregular
47. Colliding Galaxies
It is believed that the universe is expanding
and galaxies are moving. Scientist have
taken pictures of colliding galaxies to prove
this.
48. Stars
• Inside galaxies are 100’s, 1000’s or
1,000,000’s of stars.
• Not all stars are the same.
• Stars are classified by their colors.
They are red, orange, yellow, white and
blue. The color indicates how hot a star
is with red being the least hot and blue
being the hottest.
• Our sun is a medium sized yellow star.
52. What Makes a Planet a Planet?
Is Pluto a Planet?
• is in orbit around the Sun,
• has sufficient mass for its self-gravity so that
it assumes a spherical shape
• has cleared the neighborhood around its
orbit.
53. What is a Dwarf Planet?
Is Pluto a Planet?
• is in orbit around the Sun,
• has sufficient mass for its self-gravity so that
it assumes a spherical shape
• has NOT cleared the neighborhood around its
orbit
• is not a satellite (MOON)
• a dwarf planet is not a planet!
54. Is Pluto a Planet?
Pluto is not a planet because it is way too small, and it doesn't meet the
necessary requirement needed to be a planet.
The requirements are:
It needs to be in orbit around the sun-- YES! Pluto does orbit the sun.
It needs to have enough gravity to pull itself into a spherical shape -Pluto has sufficient gravity to have become a shpere. (This is called
hydrostatic equilibrium, by the way.)
It needs to have ”cleared the neighborhood_" of its orbit -- Uh oh. Here's
the "problem" with Pluto. According to this IAU rule, Pluto is not a planet.
Image based on NASA images,
from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EightTNOs.png
Hinweis der Redaktion
Image from http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1995/26/image/b/format/web/
Information from The Nine Planets: http://www.nineplanets.org/kboc.html
Impact cratering, volcanism, tectonics
Each planet expresses these processes with unique signature
Common thread? HEAT
Water ice and dust in cap; winter CO2 layer forms, sublimates in spring
Dark band = dune fields
Color Image of Frost at Utopia Planitia on Mars
This color image shows a thin layer of water ice frost on the martian surface at Utopia Planitia. It was taken by Viking 2 Lander camera 2 on 18 May 1979, almost exactly one martian year (687 days) after frost first appeared at this spot and was imaged by Viking 2. The layer is thought to be only a couple thousandths of a centimeter thick. It is speculated that dust particles in the atmosphere pick up tiny bits of water. When it gets cold enough for carbon dioxide to solidify, some of it attaches to the dust and ice and it falls to the surface. The view is looking towards the south southeast, the long boulder to the right is roughly one meter across. (Viking 2 Lander, P-21873
South Polar Cap This is the south polar cap of Mars as it appeared to the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on April 17, 2000. In winter and early spring, this entire scene would be covered by frost. In summer, the cap shrinks to its minimum size, as shown here. Even though it is summer, observations made by the Viking orbiters in the 1970s showed that the south polar cap remains cold enough that the polar frost (seen here as white) consists of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide freezes at temperatures around -125° C (-193° F). Mid-summer afternoon sunlight illuminates this scene from the upper left from about 11.2° above the horizon. Soon the cap will experience sunsets; by June 2000, this pole will be in autumn, and the area covered by frost will begin to grow. Winter will return to the south polar region in December 2000. The polar cap from left to right is about 420 km (260 mi) across.
Photo Credit: NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems
Original Caption Released with Image:
The north polar cap is visible in this projection at the top of the image, the great equatorial canyon system (Valles Marineris) below center, and four huge Tharsis volcanoes (and several smaller ones) at left. Also note heavy impact cratering of the highlands (bottom and right portions of this mosaic) and the younger, less heavily cratered terrains elsewhere.
North polar cap is probably water-ice
South polar cap is primarily frozen carbon dioxide
More information at http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/#size
And at http://www.iau.org/iau0601.424.0.html
More information at http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/#size
And at http://www.iau.org/iau0601.424.0.html
The confusion regarding is Pluto a planet, is further fueled by state governments in the United States. Illinois and New Mexico in particular seem to be completely fine with denouncing the ruling of a worldwide body of astronomers and wish that Pluto be given back its planet status. They believe that there is a sentimental value attached among the people who grew up learning that Pluto is a planet and it is unduly harsh to strip a planet of its status in such a way. They also claim that not all the members were present at the meeting which ruled that Pluto is no longer a planet so justice has not been done to the now dwarf planet. Not to mention that they do not want Clyde W. Tombaugh, a resident of both these states, to be known by posterity as someone who found what is 'just' a dwarf planet. To this day, these two states insist on celebrating March 13, as 'Pluto Planet Day'.