Discurso de Abel Martínez, Presidente de la Cámara de Diputados de República ...
1 09 flavia talarico
1. Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático:
nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la
agricultura al cambio climático
Arqueas metanógenas en al mitigación del
cambio climático en la agricultura
Flávia Talarico Saia
Chemistry Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho –
UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
Email: ftsaia@yahoo.com.br
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2. l on climate change (IPCC), 2007
Intergovernmental pane
METHAN 19th century
anthropogenic
E
CH4 as a source of energy
Anaerobic treatment of waste
Methane concentration in the atmosphere
CH4 as a greenhouse gas
CH4
Recovered and used Methane has global warming
Fonte: NASA/Goddardas clean energy
Space Flight Center potential (GWP) 21-25 times more
than CO2
Methane accounts for about 20%
Methane to Market of global warming
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3. • Mitigation strategies for methane emissions
• Use of methane as a energy source
•• Sources of methane emission
Sources of methane emission
•• Methanogenic microorganisms
Methanogenic microorganisms
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4. THEY ARE THE ONLY MICROORGANISMS KNOWN THAT PRODUCE METHANE
5. Methanogenesis:
The Process
Anaerobic condition 1
multi-step process carried out by different
groups of microorganisms
1. Hydrolytic Bacteria 2
2. Fermentative Bacteria
3. Acetogenic Bacteria
4. Methanogenic Archaea
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Hydrogenotrophic Acetoclastic Methilotrophic
Methilotrophic
H2, formate Acetate Methanol
Methanol
Methanobrevibacter Methanosaeta Methanosarcina
• It is important for carbon cycle since methanogenesis prevents a build-up of organic matter,
allowing the other microorganisms to support the oxidation of substrates
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6. Hydroeletric Rice fields
wetlands
Landfill
WHERE ARE METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA ?
Methanogens are ubiquitous in anoxic
environments
Anaerobic digesters
Livestock - cattle Termites
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7. Agriculture - source of methane
Major sources of methane emissions:
• Agriculture : In 2010 accounted for 53% of global methane emission
• Energy: oil and natural gas systems
• Waste: solid waste and wastewater treatment
Yusulf et al. (2012) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 7
8. Agriculture sectors
• Manure: stored or treated in liquid system
- Top emmiting counties:
U.S., Germany, India, China, France,
Russia, Turkey and Brazil.
Yusulf et al. (2012) Renewable and Sustenaible Energy Reviews 8
10. Agriculture - CH4 emissions Agriculture sectors
in Brazil
glogster.com
Largest beef exporter in the world
novotempo.com
Manure
Management
7%
Landfills
10%
greencleanguide.com
Wastewater
Agriculture Treatment
accounting for 45% of 7%
CH4 emission
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11. Vinasse – liquid waste from ethanol
Sugarcane
Sugarcane Ethanol
Ethanol Vinasse
Vinasse
Vinasse has been used as fertilizer to sugarcane fields
•Emission of methane during storage of vinasse
• Emission of N2O from soil
Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane ethanol in the world and immense volume
Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane ethanol in the world and immense volume
of vinasse is generated ––10L vinasse/L ethanol
of vinasse is generated 10L vinasse/L ethanol
In 2006/2007, 190 billions of liters of vinasse were produced
In 2006/2007, 190 billions of liters of vinasse were produced
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Rego e Hernández (2006); Oliveira (2011); Carmo et al., 2012
12. Brazilian authorities announced that the country
will target a reduction in its GHG between
36.1 and 38.9% from projected 2020 levels.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC (2007)
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13. Mitigation Strategies: Enteric Fermentation
• CH4 is not only GHG but it is also a waste of fed energy for
the animal
•Large number of MA are in the ruminal liquid: 107 to 109 cells/mL
(Kamra, 2005).
Hydrogenotrophic methanogens: Methanobacteriales,
Methanomicrobiales, Methanosarcinales have been found
Methanobrevibacter smithii Methanobacterium formicicum Methanosarcina barkeri
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microbewiki
14. Enteric Fermentation – mitigation strategies (MS) to methane
emission
MS target the methanogens of the rumen directly or indirectly
• Diet Composition: use of easy degradable carbohydrate – reduce pH in the rumen –
decreases MA. However, accumulation of organic acids can occur, leading to subacute
ruminal acidosis (SARA) and disruption of the rumen microbiota (Plaizier et al., 2008).
• Lipids: Fatty acids and oils (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Hook et al., 2010).
- inhibition of protozoa which supply methanogens with hydrogen
- Increase the production of propionic acid - it is not used for methanogens
- Binding to the cell membrane of methanogens and interrupting
membrane transport
• Defaunation: decrease the number of protozoa by the use of copper, sulphate, acids,
(Hook et al., 2010)
• Vaccines: target methanogens directly (Wedlock et al., 2010)
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Hook et al. (2010)
15. Enteric Fermentation – mitigation strategies (MS) to
methane emission
• Other strategies: selection of high quality grasses, increase grain level and
increasing feed conversion efficiency to produce meat and milk
Researches have shown:
Researches have shown:
••MS are limited by the diet feed, the management conditions, physiological
MS are limited by the diet feed, the management conditions, physiological
condition, use of the animal, and government laws.
condition, use of the animal, and government laws.
••Long-term experiments in vivo need to be done to implement MS
Long-term experiments in vivo need to be done to implement MS
•• Economic viability of the producer needs to be addressed
Economic viability of the producer needs to be addressed
Brazil: diversty of methahogens related with diet – hay proportions ( Neves et al., 2010)
improvement of meat production related with sugarcane feeding in dry season
(Primavesi et al., 2003)
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Hook et al. (2010); Yusuf et al., 2012
16. Rice fields
CH4 is produced by anaerobic
degradation of organic matter
that occurs in soil and also in
roots
CH4 oxidation by
methanotrophic
bacteria
Anaerobic CH4 oxidation
www1.ethz.ch
MS = net methane emission
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Phillipot et al. (2009), Dubey (2005)
17. ••Acetoclastic but mainly hydrogenotrofic methanogens
Acetoclastic but mainly hydrogenotrofic methanogens
Methanolinea Methanobacterium kanagiense Methanoculleus chikugoensis
Sakai et al., 2012 Kitamura et al., 2011 Dianou et al., 2011
••Methanotrophic bacteria
Methanotrophic bacteria
Methylomonas koyamae sp
Adachi et al 2001
Methylosinus
Ogiso et al., 2011 17
18. Mitigation Strategies: Rice field
• Mitigation strategies include:
- reduction of methane production; increasing methane oxidation,
lowering methane transport through the plant
••Selection of cultivars with low exudation rates
Selection of cultivars with low exudation rates
•• To keep the soil as dry as possible in the off- rice season : : adverse environmental
To keep the soil as dry as possible in the off- rice season adverse environmental
condition for methanogenesis
condition for methanogenesis
••Use of fertilizer: ammonium nitrate and sulphate instead of urea
Use of fertilizer: ammonium nitrate and sulphate instead of urea
Current information is insufficient for the development of technology
and strategy for reduction in methane emission
To improve the knowldgement of methanogens and Phillipot et al. (2009),
methanotrophic bacteria in soil and in roots Dubey (2005) 18
19. Mitigation Strategy: anaerobic treatment of manure and vinasse
Aim: to apply anaerobic technology to
Aim: to apply anaerobic technology to
PRODUCE METHANE for BIOENERGY
PRODUCE METHANE for BIOENERGY
PURPOSES
PURPOSES
Land applications
(N, K, P)
pathogenic
microorganisms
Methane has a high energy value (ΔHo= 816 kJ/mol or 102 kJ/e- eq)
that can be captured through combustion and used for space heating or eletricity 19
20. • Studies
have been carried out to better understand the anaerobic
process in order to control the process and achieve optimum biogas yiel
Configuration of reactors Support medium
UASB
Polyhurethane foam
HAIB
• Effect of inhibitory
substances:
ammounium, salt content,
sulphate, temperature
Lettinga (1980)
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Foresti et al. (1995)
21. Microorganisms – biodigestors treating manure slurries
• Methanosarcinaceae and Methanobacteriales are predominant in
anaerobic reactors treating different kinds of manure
• Due to high levels of ammonium, pointig out the importance of
hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis (Netmman et al., 2010)
Methanomicrobium Methanobrevibacter
Methanosarcina
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22. Microorganisms – biodigestors treating vinasse
• Acetoclastic and hydrogenothrophic methanogens
Methanomicrobium sp Methanosaeta
Methanosarcina
microbewiki Araújo et al. (2003)
bacmap.wishartlab.com
••Termophilic process ––vinasse is produced at high temperatures (80-900C)
Termophilic process vinasse is produced at high temperatures (80-900C)
Souza et al. (1992); Viana (2006); Ribas (2006)
Souza et al. (1992); Viana (2006); Ribas (2006)
- sludge stable among harvests
- It is necessary to decrease temperature
- process is faster than mesophilic 22
23. Hydrogen and methane production
Use of two -stage bioreactors to produce hydrogen and methane
Vinasse Acidogenic
Acidogenic Methanogenic
Methanogenic
reactor
reactor reactor
reactor
H2 and acids production Consumption of acids and
production of methane
Peixoto et al. (2012)
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24. Conclusions
Emissions of methane from agriculture activities are a
Emissions of methane from agriculture activities are a
worlwide problem, mainly regarding enteric fermentation, rice
worlwide problem, mainly regarding enteric fermentation, rice
field and manure managment
field and manure managment
In Brazil: contribution of vinasse used as fertilizer
In Brazil: contribution of vinasse used as fertilizer
Studies have shown that there are mitigation strategies,
however a better understanding of the microorganisms, the
factors affecting symbiotic relation with other microbial
population and their environment, also long term expriments
are needed to implement MS
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Methane, together with carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, is a greenhouse gas and its concentration in atmosphere have been increasing since the 19th century due to anthropogenic activities. Methane is of concern since it is a much more powerful greenhouse gas than CO2 with a high global warming potential (GWP) of 21–25timesmorethanCO2 and it accounts for about 20% of global warming. But methane is also a source of energy that can be produced by anaerobic tretament of residues and recovered and used as Clean energery – so here we have methane to market.
So, for mitigation strategies of methane emissions and also strategies that focus on the use of methane as a energy source, we need to know: the sources of methane as well as the microorganisms involved in methanogenesis.
and this biological process occurs under anaerobic condition during the degradation of organic matter Methanogenic archaea depend on bacteria for generation of their substrates. Complex polímeres are hidrolized to mónumers, which are fermented to organic acids and hydrogen, acetate – the substrates of methanogenenic archaea. By removing hydrogen, methanogens allow the microorganisms involved in fermentation to function optimally and support the complete oxidation of substrates - Methanogens are classified according their subtrates for methane production. from the ruminal environment as a terminal step of carbohydrate fermentation Methanogenesis actually refers to a multi-step process that is catalyzed by different groups of prokaryotes: Group 1 (hydrolytic) : breakdown complex polymers into monomers (sugars, amino acids) Group 2 (Fermentative) : breakdown products are converted into organic acids Group 3 (Acidogenic) : converts organic acids into H2, CO2, and Acetate Group 4 (Methanogens) : convert CO2, H2 and acetate to CH4 and sometimes CO2 For the conversion of a typical polysaccharide to methane - as many as 5 major physiological groups of prokaryotes may be involved. As a group, methanogens can convert at least ten substrates to methane. Only two genera of methanogens can convert acetate to methane, and this is a very significant ecological process - high competition between sulfate-reducers and methanogens for acetate.
Including those used for agriculture activitivities.
And this Figure shows that And this activity is the most important contributor to methane emission, accounting for 54%, followed by 29% from energy sector and 18% from waste sector. Regarding sources of methane, this figure shows that agriculture is the most important sector, followed by energy sector and waste. This trend has been observed since 1990. In 2010, emissions of methane from agriculture accounted for 54%, against 29% from energy sector and 18% from waste sector.
Regarding agriculture, enteric fermentation is the major contributor with 53% of methane emission followed by rice cultivation and manure management.This trend has been observed since 1990. Enteric fermentation with contribution of deiri and beed káttle, as well as sheep and goats. Brazil is the second largest contributer, behind China. Ric field: methane emission mainly from flooded rice Dairy – deiri Káttle´sheep – ship, golt - the top emitting countries are the U.S., Germany, India, China, France, Russia, Turkey, and Brazil.
in Brazil, agriculture is also the major source of methane, accounting for 45%. Enteric fermentation is the major contributor, followed by rice cultivation and manure management. Brazil is the largest beef exporter in the world
Another source of greenhouse gas in Brazil is originated by the use of vinasse, the liquid waste of ethanol, as fertilizer to sugar cane fields. This use is responsible for the emission of methane
Mitigation strategies for enteric fermentation are needed, since methane is not only a GHG but also a waste of fed energy for the animal. Large numer of MA are in the ruminal liquid and most of them are hydrogenotrophic methanogens.
by limitation of substrate availability ( mainly H 2 ) – knowledegment of associations with other organisms (rumen protozoa) is important Abatement strategies are often limited by the diet fed, the management conditions, physiological state and use of the animal, as well as government regulations No matter what the lipid form used for supplementation, it is important to consider the ruminant species and the diet being examined, as methane reductions can vary depending on the feed components present (see Table 1) [6]. Further, lipid inclusion can affect palatability, intake, animal performance, and milk components, all of which can have implications for practical on-farm use [57, 67]. Finally, the majority of in vivo experiments conducted to investigate lipids as methane abatement strategies are short-term, making it nearly impossible to draw conclusions about long-term repressive effects. Therefore, long-term supplementation experiments need to be conducted to thoroughly gauge the efficacy of lipid supplementation as an abatement strategy. The search for strategies to reduce methane from enteric fermentation of ruminants is ongoing since quite some time as methane not only represents a greenhouse gas but also a loss of feed energy to the animal. - Strategies to mitigate enteric methanogenesis can be distinguished into direct or indirect effects. While direct strategies affect the methanogenic activity or the proliferation of methanogens, indirect strategies rather limit the supply of substrates for the methanogens often by inhibiting other ruminal microbes and therewith the fermentative activity in the rumen.
Other strategies that focus to increase feed conversion eff to produce meat and milk However, no matter what MS used, researches have shown…
In rice fields is produced... Ant its emission to atmosphere occurs through
Hydrogenotrophic methanogen is the main source of CH4
About structure and function of methanogens and methanotrophic and the mechanisms of methane turnover in rice fields and methanotrophs communities will be beneficial for understanding the microbial ecology of methane to control the methane turnover in rice soils.
Anaerobic reactors are operated to promote methanogenesis
Have been studied
Studies are recent
No matter the configuration of the reactor studied, we can find all the methanogic archaea kinds, not only the hydrogenotrophi ones. There is no input of energy to decrease temperature