2. Function Analysis for call fib(5) fib(5) fib(4) fib(3) fib(3) fib(2) fib(1) fib(0) fib(2) fib(1) fib(0) fib(1) fib(2) fib(1) fib(0) fib(1) public static int fib( int n) if (n == 0 || n == 1) return n else return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2) 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 3 2 5

10. Box trace of writeBackward(“cat”, 3) The initial call is made, and the method begins execution: s = “cat” size = 3 s = “cat” size = 3 s = “cat” size = 2 s = “cat” size = 1 s = “cat” size = 2 s = “cat” size = 3 A A A Outputline: ta Point A is reached, and the recursive call is made. The new invocation begins execution: Outputline: t Point A ( writeBackward(s, size-1)) is reached, and the recursive call is made. The new invocation begins execution:

11. Box trace of writeBackward(“cat”, 3) Output line: tac Point A is reached, and the recursive call is made. The new evocation begins execution: s = “cat” size = 3 s = “cat” size = 2 s = “cat” size = 1 s = “cat” size = 0 s = “cat” size = 0 s = “cat” size = 1 s = “cat” size = 2 s = “cat” size = 3 A A A A A A This is the base case, so this invocation completes. Control returns to the calling box, which continues execution:

12. Box trace of writeBackward(“cat”, 3) This invocation completes. Control returns to the calling box, which continues execution: s = “cat” size = 3 s = “cat” size = 2 s = “cat” size = 1 s = “cat” size = 0 s = “cat” size = 0 s = “cat” size = 1 s = “cat” size = 2 s = “cat” size = 3 A A A A A A This invocation completes. Control returns to the calling box, which continues execution: This invocation completes. Control returns to the statement following the initial call.

14. return 2*fact(1) 2* ? Figure 2.2 fact(3) System.out.println(fact(3)); ? return 3*fact(2) 3*? return 1*fact(0) 1* ? return 1 6 1 1 2

15. Figure 2.3 A box

16. Figure 2.4 The beginning of the box trace

17. Figure 2.5a Box trace of fact(3)

18. Figure 2.5b Box trace of fact(3)

19. Figure 2.5c Box trace of fact(3)