Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
The Annual Agricultural Sample Survey Tabulation, Dissemination & Archiving The experience of Ethiopia
1. Regional Roundtable on
World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020
Nairobi, Kenya, 18-22 September 2017
The Annual Agricultural Sample
Survey
Tabulation, Dissemination &
Archiving
The experience of Ethiopia
Technical Session 17
1
Habekiristos Beyene Haile
Director: Agriculture; Natural Resource & Environment Statistics
Directorate
Central Statistical Agency
E-mail: habekiristosbeyene@gmail.com
2. Outline
1. Introducción
2. An Overview of the Annual Agricultural Sample Survey
3. Modules of the Annual Agricultural Sample Survey
4. Methodology of the Agricultural Sample Survey
Scope and Coverage of the survey
Sample Frame, Design, Size & Sample Selection
Survey Organization & Training of field staff
5. Survey Questionnaires & Field Equipments
Type of questionnaires used
Field Equipments
Method of of data collection
6. Tabulation, Archiving and Dissemination of Survey Data
Tabulation
Dissemination and archiving
7. Major challenges encountered
8. Changes planned to Introduce in the coming year Agricultural
Sample Survey
2
3. 1. Introducción
Ethiopia is a country with agrarian economy, where
Agriculture is the dominant sector of the country’s Economy, as
a matter of this fact,
The sector contributes the lion share (Nearly 45 %) to the country’s
GDP
It employs 82% of the country’s total population, who solely depends
on agriculture for their livelihood
It generates 60% of the country’s foreign earnings
It is the main source Of the domestic food supply and Raw materials
for domestic Agro-Industries
Above all the sector is believed to be the main source of capital
accumulation to be used as a base to undertake the take off
process in establishing the future Industrialized Ethiopia
Due to the facts mentioned, the sector is believed to remain being
the determinant sector of the country’s overall development for
the years to come 3
4. 1. Introduction….Cont’d
In Ethiopia, therefore, continues, comprehensive, reliable and
timely supply of quantitative information regarding the
agricultural sector is a paramount important.
‘‘WHY ???’’
It is because statistical information with regard to agriculture
are indispensable input to
Evaluate and monitor the performance of the sector itself
Formulate promotional agricultural policy and programs
Design, plan and execute developmental agricultural projects,
Monitor and evaluate the ongoing agricultural projects and
programs and …etc
4
5. 2. An Overview of the Annual Agricultural Sample Survey
5
In Ethiopia, the history of generating quantitative agricultural
information through conducting Annual Agricultural Sample
Surveys’ is traced back to the 1980‘s
Nearly four decades earlier, statistical information regarding the
agricultural sector were rarely available in Ethiopia,
Only those statistical information obtained from case studies and
some time from adhoc-surveys conducted here and there in
pocket areas were made available once in a blue moon.
However, due to their limitation both in terms of coverage and
methodology used the information generated during those days
were inadequate and unreliable.
In addressing the problems mentioned, in 1980 “Integrated
System of Food and Agricultural Statistics (ISFAS)’’ the
UNDP/FAO project, was initiated in Ethiopia.
6. 2. An Overview of the Annual …..Cont’d
6
The project major objective was to perform integrated socio-
economic surveys where the AGSS was the one among others.
Thus, from 1980 on wards along with the initiation of the
project, Ethiopia/CSA has been conducting the agricultural
sample survey on annual bases.
The project major objective was to perform integrated socio-
economic surveys where the AGSS was the one among others.
Thus, from 1980 on wards along with the initiation of the
project, Ethiopia/CSA has been conducting the agricultural
sample survey on annual bases.
Starting from 1981 the Ethiopian Government fully sponsored
the all the expenses required for the Annual Agricultural
Sample Survey .
7. 3. Modules of the Annual Agricultural Sample Survey
7
1. Main (Meher) season Pre-harvest Crop Production
Forecast Sample Survey
2. Main (Meher) season Post-harvest agricultural Sample
survey
3. Livestock and poultry Sample enumeration
4. Belg Season Crop production Sample Survey
5. Large and Medium Scale Commercial Farms Sample
Survey
6. Ethiopian Rural Socio-Economic Panel Survey
7. Dry Season Irrigation Farming Practices Sample
Survey
The field data collection with regard to the listed
modules are performed based on pre-scheduled time
table.
During preparing the time table, the following were
8. 4. Survey Methodology
Scope and Contents of the survey
The range of data items that the Annual Agricultural Sample
Survey dealt with, includes
Area under both temporary and permanent crops,
Production of major annual crops Particularly Grain crops i.e.
Cereals, Pulses and Oilseeds,
Land use i.e. total cropland area, fallow land, grazing land, forest
land,
Agricultural practices, such as use of both Natural and commercial
fertilizers, improved seed, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides and
use of irrigation,
Number of livestock and poultry by type , purpose, age and sex,
and Proportion of Animal Feed consumed by type,
8
9. 4. Survey Methodology…. Cont’d
Coverage
The Annual Agricultural Sample Survey covered
The entire rural parts of the country except the
non-sedentary population of Pastoral areas
Both private peasant and large and medium scale
commercial farms agricultural holdings including
Co-operatives’.
9
10. 4. Survey Methodology…. Cont’d
Sample Design, Sample Size and Sample Selection
Sample Design
A stratified two-stage cluster sample design was implemented, where,
Enumeration areas (EAs) were taken to be the primary sampling units (PSUs) and the
secondary sampling units (SSUs) were agricultural households.
Enumeration Area (EA) is a unit of land delineated for the purpose of enumerating population and housing units without omission and duplication. An EA in rural
areas usually consists of 150 – 200 households, and in urban areas an EA constitutes 150 – 200 housing units.
Sa Sample Size
The sample size is determined by taking into account of both the required level
of precision for the most important estimates within each domain and the
amount of resources allocated to the survey.
To reduce non-sampling errors, manageability of the survey in terms of quality
and operational control was also considered.
All the regions of the country which are eleven in number were taken to be the
domain of estimation for which major findings of the survey are reported.
10
11. 4. Survey Methodology…. Cont’d
Sample Selection
First Stage sample selection of EAs was done by probability
proportional to size (PPS).
Size is the total number of households compiled from the 2007 (1999 E.C.)
population and housing census.
In the EAs selected for the survey a fresh listing of households
was prepared at the beginning of the survey’s field work.
This fresh list of households was used as a sampling frame for the
selection of ultimate sampling units.
Second Stage sample (household) selection was done by systematic
random sampling.
Currently 30 agricultural Households were sampled from each EA
selected to be covered by the survey 11
12. 4. Survey Methodology…. Cont’d
Survey Organization:-
In order to systematically and efficiently accomplish the field data
collection activities of the annual agricultural Sample Survey;
Through its 25 Branch offices the CSA has put in place a
comprehensive field organization to follow up and monitor the
survey field work.
Currently, one supervisor is assigned to closely supervise and
follow up the work of 3 - 4 enumerators. Moreover, experts from
the headquarters, randomly supervise the supervisors and
enumerators field work as well.
For conducting the survey, every year field enumerators, are
recruited, trained and assigned in the sampled EAs by each of the
respective Branch Offices.
Thus, during the survey field operation, all the technical
personnel, heads of the 25 Branch Offices as well as field
supervisors and enumerators were fully involved
12
13. 5. Survey Questionnaires & Field Equipments
Survey Questionnaires
The listing forms 2009/0 and 2009/1 used to record all households
in the enumeration area, identify the agricultural households and
select the units to be covered by the census.
Form 2009/2A & 2009/2B used to record data on farm
management practices of the main season subjectively as well as to
record land area data obtained through objective measurement
Forms 2009/3A & 3B developed to collect condition factors on
percentage changes of crop productivity as compared to last year
for use in estimating crop production forecast.
Forms 2009/4 used to list all the fields under crop and select a crop
field for each type of crop randomly for crop cutting exercise
13
Forms and equipment are instrumental in gathering
information from various sources. The Survey forms are the
vehicle and basic document for collecting the desired data.
14. 5. Survey Questionnaires ….(Cont’d)
Form 2009/5 is designed to record crop area data via the
physical / objective measurement of crop fields and crop
cut results
Form 2009/6 used to collect data on crop and livestock
product usage; by interviewing the sample holders
Form 2009/7 used to enumerate livestock, poultry and
beehives data by type, age, sex and purpose including products
through interview.
Forms 2009/8A and 94/8B used to record data on farm
management practices of the Belg season subjectively and
used to record Belg season crop area through objective
measurement and volume of production through interview
14
15. 5. Survey Questionnaires ….(Cont’d)
Survey Field Equipments
Compass with a half degree precision
GPS for area measurment
Measuring tapes 20-50 meters
Metal Pegs
programmable calculators
Balance scales and Cotton bags
Method of data collection
The CSA adopted both subjective and objective method of data collection in its annual
agricultural sample surveys.
However, in relative terms, it is the interviewing method widely used for the survey field data
collection.
The type of data that are collected using interview and objective methods are
a) Agricultural data collected using objective method are:-
Land area under Crop,
Crop Yield through conducting Crop cutting experiment from 4 mts x 4 mts plot of land,
Land Utilization (Area under different land use).
15
16. 5. Survey Questionnaires ….(Cont’d)
b) Data collected through interview method are:-
Data on Demographic characteristics and related issues of the
sampled agricultural households
Data on agricultural practices (such as use fertilizers, local
and improved seeds, use of pesticides, herbicides, and use of
irrigation),
Cost and quantity of agricultural inputs used (Quantity and
cost of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and improved seed used
by type etc.), and
Livestock, poultry and beehives enumeration and their
products by type.
16
17. 6. Survey Tabulation, Archiving & Dissemination
Tabulation
Data collected in an agricultural survey are of statistical
interest if they can be presented in aggregated form, using
statistical table
Hence, the tabulation programme for an agricultural survey is
the set of statistical tables prepared to present the main survey
findings mainly based on the users’ primary needs.
Assessing the data users’ primary needs was among the survey
prioritized preparatory activities accordingly, the CSA had given
enough time to asses the data users’ primary needs, by
organizing a half day long stakeholders & data users’ workshop.
Based, on the results of the data need assessment, the CSA,
senior experts review the results of the assessment and prepare
the survey tabulation programme.
17
18. 6. Census Tabulation, Archiving…Cont’d
Tabulation…Cont’d
Accordingly, the CSA used the survey tabulation programme as a
primary input in designing the survey questionnaires ,so as, ensure
the data collected meet the requirements for the tabulation
programme
Based on the reviewed tabulation programme computer programme
i.e. Tabulation module of CSPro was used to generate required
statistical tables
Statistical tables generated regarding EASE were exported to MS-
Word, MS-Excel, or MS-Word & Adobe PDF Maker mainly used
by the ICT Department for information publishing on the website
and CD-RO Msformat for publication purposes.
18
19. 6. Survey Tabulation, Archiving…Cont’d
List of statistical Bulletins Generated from the Annual Agri. Sample Survey
19
Sr.
No Name of The Bulletin Frequency
1 Report on Area and Crop Production Forecast Forecast Every Year
2
Report on Post- harvest Estimates of Area and Production of Major
Crops (Main Season)
>> >>
3
Report on Post- harvest FarmManagewment ppractices of Private
holdings (Main Season)
>> >>
4
Report on Post- harvest Estimates of Area and Production of Belg
Season Crops (Belg Season)
>> >>
5
Report on Post- harvest Belg Season Farm Management practices of
Private holdings (Belg Season)
>> >>
6 Report on Land use for private Holdings >> >>
7
Report on Area and production of Crops and Farm Management
Practices For Large and Medium Scale Farms (Both Seasons)
>> >>
8 Report on Livestock and Livstock Characterstics Private holdings >> >>
9 Report on Crop and Livestock Products Utilization for Private holdins >>
10 Summary Report on Majory Findings of the Annual Agricultural Sample
Survey
>> >>
20. 6. Survey Tabulation, Archiving…Cont’d
Dissemination
The results of the surveys are relevant to a wide range of data users that include
policy-makers at national level and local authorities and,…. etc.
To this end the CSA used to give press release annually on the major findings of
the annual agricultural sample Survey and then the statistical reports were
disseminated using different media, i.e., distribute hard copies to data users, soft
copy of the survey results are made available on CD and the CSA web site i.e.
www. csa.gov.et ;.
Archiving
Data archiving is a means of ensuring long-term preservation of data and
assists users in understanding & interpreting the data.
Digital data can be vulnerable to obsolescence of enabling technologies, from
hardware and software used to store and access the data to physical damage
However, Survey micro data that were in ASCII format, along with its data
dictionary, & the data file in SPSS format, the CSA used to keep
One copy in Data Processing Department
Another complete copy of the data and system is being handled by the ICT
department for Central Data Bank for achieving and dissemination purposes.
There is a backup on high density magnetic tapes; copies are available in the Data
Documentation office in a different campus 20
21. 7. Changes planned to Introduce in Next Agricultural Survey/Census
Improve / replace the existing information management system
with currently available up to date information System
Update the existing backup strategy, electronic data preservations
and data disaster recovery policies and guidelines as soon as
possible
Build the Capacity of Programmers & ICT staff, introduce newly
available software's, ICT Equipments and etc,.
21
Thank you