Ingles 2

MEDICAL ENGLISH
2011-I

MEDICAL ENGLISH
TYPES OF DRUGS

DR. ROSA GONZALES LLONTOP

UNPRG
FACULTAD MEDICINA HUMANA
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL PEDRO RUIZ GALLO 2011-I 1
Página

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INTEGRANTES:

CALLIRGOS LOZADA CLAUDIA CAROLINA
CARRANZA TORRES YESSICA
HUAMAN SEMINARIO YASMINA DEL PILAR
PALACIOS APAESTEGUI ALBERTO
PEREZ PEREZ SANDRA GUISSELY
ZAMORA TALAVERANO EVA MARIA

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL PEDRO RUIZ GALLO Página 2

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MARIJUANA

1. CONCEPT AND ORIGIN

Marijuana is a psychoactive substance obtained from the cannabis sativa,
a wild bush that grows in temperate and tropical zones, extracting its resin
hashish, and marijuana leaves. His most important psychoactive
component is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), containing more
than sixty plant related components.

2. TYPES

2.1. RAW: This is the type most widely consumed, with 3-22% THC

2.2. PROCESSED FORMS:

QUIFA: The Quifa is a powder that can be sieved from the leaves and
flowers of cannabis plants. It is consumed either as a powder or
compressed form to prepare cakes of hashish.

Hashish, a concentrated resin is produced from the flowers of the cannabis.
It can be eaten or chewed.

Hash oil: This oil is a blend of essential oils and resins extracted from mature
cannabis flowers through the use of different solvents. It has a high ratio of
cannabinoids, between 40-90%, and is used in a variety of foods from
cannabis.

Resin Waste: Waste collected in a pipe. The build has some psychoactive
properties, but it is difficult to use because it causes irritation to the throat
and lungs.


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One suggestion from harm reduction, waste is not to consume any
substance combustion, by the accumulation of carcinogens and
mutagens.

3. MODES OF ADMINISTRATION

Cannabis is consumed in many different ways, most of which involve
inhaling smoke from small pipes, bongs (portable version of the hookah with
water chamber), wrapped in paper or wrapped in leaf snuff dull. Cannabis
has also been used as an active ingredient in tablets, extracts, tinctures and
medicines were formulated compound that professional, manufactured
and sold to doctors and hospitals.

4. MECHANISM OF ACTION

The initial metabolism of cannabinoids in marijuana smoke occurs in the
lungs, while oral cannabinoids are metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract
and liver. More than 30 metabolites of THC and 20 each of cannabinol and
cannabidiol. Many of these metabolites are also psychoactive. One of the
main psychoactive metabolite is 9-carboxy-THC, which crosses the blood
brain barrier more easily than other THC, and therefore may be more active
in the THC, thus the neural level action.

5. TABLE ADDICTIVE

The long-term use of marijuana can lead to
addiction, ie search and compulsive drug use
despite knowing its harmful effects on social
functioning in the family, school, work and
recreation. People who have consumed
marijuana for a long time report irritability,
difficulty sleeping, decreased appetite, anxiety


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and cravings, all of which makes it difficult to stop using it. These withdrawal
symptoms begin about the day after initiating abstinence, reaching a peak
after two or three days, and dim one or two weeks after having used the
drug last.

COCAINE

1. CONCEPT AND ORIGIN

Cocaine is an alkaloid derived from the coca plant. It's a nervous system
stimulant and hunger suppressant, was used in medicine as an anesthetic,
even in children, specifically in eye and nose surgery but is currently
prohibited. A central nervous system, specifically acting as an inhibitor of
the reuptake of serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine, increasing the effect
of these neurotransmitters, causing different actions at the systemic level.

In most countries, cocaine is a prohibited drug.

2. STYLES

There are basically two chemical forms of cocaine salts and crystals of
cocaine (as freebase or crack). Hydrochloride, the most common form of
powder cocaine, dissolves in water, and when abused, can be used
intravenously (into a vein) or intranasally (nose). The free base refers to a
compound that has not been neutralized by acid to produce the
corresponding salt. This form of cocaine can be smoked, and does not
decompose as it does the hydrochloride.

3. EFFECTS AND MEDICAL PURPOSES

Cocaine increases the risk of thrombosis, stroke and myocardial infarction,
accelerates atherosclerosis and causes transient paranoia in most addicts.
Continued use by nasal aspiration of cocaine (snorting) can cause nasal


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congestion, ulceration of the mucous membrane, to even perforation of
the nasal septum. While cocaine produces increased sexual arousal can
also cause sexual impotence or erectile dysfunction. Cocaine can cause
cardiovascular complications in the arteries of the heart and brain, which
can cause heart attack.

Cocaine is the best known local anesthetic. Due to the high danger of
addiction and marked toxicity is not used more. Cocaine serves as a
substance for many local anesthetics such as lidocaine, benzocaine and
escandicaína.

When using the intranasal route the onset of action is within two minutes
(five to ten minutes when using the IV) and the maximum effect occurs
between fifteen and twenty minutes up to an hour. When administration is
oral absorption rate is low and the duration of action is prolonged.

4. ADDICTION

Cocaine is a very potent drug for the brain, people who use it become
addicted.

Some of the most serious common problems caused by large doses and /
or constant consumption are:

• Heart problems, including heart

• Respiratory effects, including respiratory failure

• nervous system problems, including stroke

• Digestive problems including constipation

Withdrawal Syndrome: Caused by the cessation of drug use and has three
phases:


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Crash: severe depression, agitation, anxiety, sleep, hyperphagia and
restless sleep for three or four nights.

Abstinence: anergy, anhedonia, intense need to take drugs, improved
between 16 and 18 weeks.

Extinction: in acutely (suddenly, leaving the drug is abruptly) are seizures,
heart arrhythmia, tremors, irritability, hallucinations, palpitations,
hypertension, sweating, and hyperreflexia.

ALCOHOL AS A DRUG

It is a drug because it can generate at least one of these three
phenomena: dependence, tolerance and / or withdrawal symptoms.
UNIT: The desire of the consumer to "continue consuming a drug" because
he feels pleasure or to reduce tension or avoid an upset.
GRACE: When you need increasing amounts of the drug to feel the same
effect as the previous times. That's why when one is not accustomed to
drinking alcohol is drunk faster and with less.
Withdrawal: Occurs when drinking stops abruptly and is manifested clinically
by tremor, sweating, tachycardia and anxiety.

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL

 Physical Effects
Alcohol is not exposed to any process of digestion so that most of the
small intestine first passes and then be absorbed by the
bloodstream. Only a small portion goes directly into the bloodstream
through the stomach walls. In the blood alcohol is metabolized


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(broken down to be removed or used by the body) through the
process of oxidation. That is, it merges with oxygen and breaks down
so that its basic elements leave the body as carbon dioxide and
water. The first oxidation is the liver, which breaks down
approximately 50% of alcohol consumed in one hour. The rest remains
in the bloodstream to be removed slowly.

 Psychological Effects
Alcohol first affects the central nervous system and excessive and
prolonged interference can cause brain damage. It is popularly
believed that alcohol increases arousal, but many actually depresses
brain centers. The feeling of excitement precisely because the
depressed some brain centers reduce tensions and inhibitions and
the person experiences feelings of sociability expanded or
euphoria. Therefore it is said that alcohol "anesthesia, internal
auditing." However, if the alcohol concentration exceeds certain
levels in the blood interferes with higher mental processes so that
visual perception is distorted, motor coordination, balance, speech
and vision also suffer heavy damage. Heavy amounts of alcohol
reduce body aches and pains and induce sleep. But continuous use
irritates the stomach lining even to develop ulcers.Additionally tends
to accumulate fat in the liver, interfering with its operation. In chronic
alcoholics are raised serious brain disorders, liver (cirrhosis) and
cardiovascular (increased blood pressure and thus the risk of a heart
attack). Even, there is evidence that alcohol increases the level of
triglycerides (saturated fat or vegetable in the arteries) and with it the
risk of a heart attack. Finally, as is well known, alcohol causes physical
addiction and psychological dependence.


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What harm caused by alcohol in the body?
At any given time depend on its concentration in the blood which in turn is
determined by the following factors: amount ingested over a period of
time, presence or absence of food in the stomach to retain the alcohol and
reduce its absorption rate, weight body, liver and efficiency of the person
who eats

HEALTH HAZARDS
Toxic amounts of alcohol has different effects in the body, most of them
negative, because the only thing positive is that it helps to lower blood
cholesterol.
A nervous system: In the acute consumption, depending on the amount
and type of person are altered progressively higher functions, especially the
practice and attention, which is why it is advisable not to drive while
intoxicated, other are alterations in language and memory. In the chronic
consumption: it has been shown that in addition to some alterations in
higher functions already described, there is damage to nerve cells, and
many of them die, this demonstrated that the brain of an alcoholic for
many years weighing less than a non-alcoholic.
In the digestive system: the most affected organ is the liver, about 20% of
alcoholic cirrhosis ends. The liver also can suffer steatosis or alcoholic
hepatitis. Drinkers patients who have hepatitis B, have more risk to lead to
cirrhosis than those who do not drink alcohol and have had a history of
hepatitis B.

It is more likely that smoking next to the cancer occurs in the mouth.

The acute consumption is one of the causes of erosive gastritis, which can
result in gastrointestinal bleeding is an emergency, it is also why a person


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with acid peptic disease (gastritis or peptic ulcer) is prohibited from drinking
alcohol completely.
The pancreas also can be affected, alcohol is the main cause of both
acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis.
In the immune system, are described as an alcoholic has diminished
defenses and is easier to get sick.
In the cardiovascular system have been described cardiomyopathies as a
result of alcohol consumption, and increases in blood pressure after acute
ingestion. Wine consumption (2 glasses per day at most helps to lower
blood cholesterol), knowledgeable about addiction doctors do not
recommend that, until you have exhausted other possibilities to lower
cholesterol and have ruled out any possibility of addiction to alcohol .
In the skeletal system: It is said that favors the development of osteoporosis.
In the endocrine system: Alcohol promotes the secretion of prolactin, which
is why long time in alcohol, the test, we sometimes find little lactea secretion
from the nipples. Gynecomastia is described in some of them.
In the reproductive system: In heavy drinkers have found cases of
impotence in men and infertility in women.
In the pregnant woman: fetal alcohol syndrome, which in a severe form of
their presentation, the newborn presented low weight and craniofacial
malformations. And in a mild form of the fetal alcohol sndrome, can be
perceptible and manifest later with minor learning disorders. So it is
absolutely forbidden to drink alcohol during pregnancy.


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SNUFF

The snuff is a plant product obtained from the leaves of various plants of the
genus Nicotiana, Nicotiana tabacum in particular). Is consumed in various
forms, the main drag. His particular nicotine content makes it addictive.
Lawfully marketed worldwide but has many restrictions to smoke in many
countries because it has adverse effects on public health.

Its composition is formed by the alkaloid nicotine, which is found in the
leaves in variable proportions (from less than 1% to 12%). The rest is called
tar, a dark, resinous substance made up of various chemicals, many of
which are generated as a result of combustion (hydrogen cyanide, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, ammonia, etc.)

EFFECTS OF SNUFF

The snuff is a central nervous system stimulant that, however, produces
relaxation addicts. Smoking increases the tolerance (it holds more), so that
acute effects (dizziness, vomiting, sweating), becoming less noticeable.


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Psychologically, nicotine facilitates concentration, memory and active to
some extent, controlling weight gain by increasing energy expenditure,
reduce the sense of smell and taste, and keep busy in the smoker smoking
instead of eating. Each person also has its special considerations regarding
the snuff feelings attached to them.

On a physical level, nicotine increases heart rate, respiratory rate, blood
pressure and coronary flow. During the combustion of snuff, some of its
elements are transformed into carbon monoxide, poisonous emissions
contributing to the emergence of heart disease. When carbon monoxide
enters the bloodstream, tends to replace the oxygen in red blood cells
forming carboxyhemoglobin. In smokers, up to 10% of the total hemoglobin
can be carboxyhemoglobin, which is to say that their tissues are 10% less
oxygen.

HEALTH HAZARDS

Smoking increases 10 times the chance of developing a myocardial
infarction. 85% of deaths from lung cancer is directly related to smoking.

The consumption of snuff is the leading cause of preventable disease and
preventable mortality in developed countries. Children of smokers are 70%
more likely to be hospitalized for respiratory diseases. Finally, the weight of
newborns whose mothers smoked less compared with those children of
nonsmokers.

It is also the snuff causing 80% mortality from chronic lung processes.

In the snuff found multiple substances that are largely unhealthy. These
include their adverse effects:

Tars (benzopyrene and nitrosamine) accounted for 30% of all cancers
(bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach, etc.) and 90% of lung cancer.


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Carbon monoxide, which is responsible for more than 15% of cardiovascular
disease.

Nicotine produces physical dependence. Some of the diseases produced
are:

 Cardiovascular Disease:

Smoking has an effect on the arteries of medium and small size are
responsible for distributing blood throughout the body, so that the condition
of this system (cardiovascular tree) affects all organs of the body noble, so
arise following cardiovascular disease:

Infarction or angina pectoris: Increased constriction of the arteries (spasms)
and platelet aggregation (accumulation of cells that favor clot formation)
predispose to these problems in the circulation of the coronary arteries. The
release of substances that speed up the heart and pressure in the context
of a diseased heart predisposes to sudden death. For this reason it is not
possible to make a reliable prognosis of those patients who smoke, even if
their laboratory or instrumental tests are normal.

 Cerebrovascular Disease:

It is due to a lack of blood coming temporarily or permanently a portion of
the brain that causes mass known pictures of hemiplegia, stroke,
paraplegia, paresis, and so on. The cause of these conditions is
atherosclerosis, stenosis and thrombosis of arteries supplying the brain,
which undergo the same process described occlusion in the coronary
arteries.

 Sleep Disorders

People who smoke have more sleep problems than nonsmokers. In general,
besides more sleep difficulties also experience more changes during it,
which leads them to sleep worse and less sleep. This causes many smokers


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are drowsy, irritable and tired during the day. To counter this, just more
smoke, which creates a vicious circle that is very difficult to leave if you
continue to smoke.

The origin of these sleep disorders can be diseases or disorders caused by
snuff. But in the very act of smoking, combining multiple factors including
the stimulant effects of nicotine cravings that occurs during sleep, high
blood pressure and pulse rate (typical of the smoker) and as its tendency to
take stimulants such as coffee.

While only one in five non-smokers snore, almost half of those who smoke
regularly do something that keeps going to leave the snuff.

Improved sleep evidently obtained after cutting to snuff, although during
the first days as a result of withdrawal (which disappears soon after
quitting), it is common for these disorders are even more pronounced
during a short time.

 Peripheral vascular disease

Smoking is closely related to the condition known as intermittent
claudication or "glass disease" characterized by pain in one or two of the
legs when walking, forcing you to stop and hide looking glass. The extreme
degree of this disease involves lesions of the foot and limb gangrene
requiring amputation. This disease is mediated by the atherosclerotic lesion
(occlusion by fat and blood clots) of the arteries of the limbs. The regression
results in cessation of symptoms and improvement of the disease when it is
not terminal. The outcome of palliative surgery for this disease is much
better if accompanied by the cessation of snuff.

 Pulmonary Disease:

Smoking has a direct relation with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -
COPD (is reported in 80-90% of patients who suffer from this condition),


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which in advanced stages have high mortality from respiratory failure. Also
the smoker is exposed more to chronic bronchitis by the irritant effect of
snuff components in contact with the bronchial cells. This predisposes to
infection by bacterial and of course, cancer (see later). Also exposed to
greater inflammatory nasal, throat and other respiratory infections.

 Hormonal Problems:

Women who smoke enter menopause about 5 years earlier than
nonsmokers. Smoking and nicotine may alter the amount of hormones
related to reproductive function. Male smokers have reduced the mobility
of their sperm. Women are at higher risk for osteoporosis

 Cancer:

The annual mortality from cancer due to smoking is 30% (of the total of all
deaths from this disease). Lung cancer has increased 250% from 1950 to
1992. There is a causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer. This
relationship was also found for cancer of the mouth, larynx, esophagus,
bladder, kidney, stomach, pancreas, cervix, and blood. Cigarette smoke is
a complex mixture of more than 4000 components, many mutagenic and
carcinogenic.

 Hypertension and Smoking:

Epidemiological studies show that the average blood pressure in smokers is
higher than in non-smokers. It has likewise shown a sharp increase in blood
pressure after smoking a cigarette.

 Impotence and snuff:

Smoking is one of the oldest inhabited implicated as responsible for erectile
dysfunction (difficulty with erection). The effect of nicotine on erectile tissue
constrictor (the arteries close), both corporal smooth muscle with
consequent difficulty to relax during the phase of tumescence, and at the


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level with decreased vascular dilation of the arteries, necessary to increase
blood flow into the corpus cavernosum (muscle of the penis). Studies using
color Doppler evidence allowed the reduction of the caliber of the
cavernous arteries.

Smoking more than 7 cigarettes per day produces vasoconstrictive effects
on the penile arteries, as well as promote atherosclerosis. The impotence
smoking patient has 50% more than non-smokers and 70% of impotent men
are smokers.

the condition of This system (cardiovascular tree) Affects all Organs of the
body noble, so Arise Following cardiovascular disease:

Infarction or angina pectoris: increased constriction of the arteries (Spasms)
and platelet aggregation (Accumulation of cells for clot formation That)
predispose to These Problems in the circulation of the coronary arteries. The
release of Substance That speed up the heart and pressure in the context of
a diseased heart predisposed to sudden death. For This reason it is not
possible to make a reliable prognosis of Those Patients Who Smoke, Even If
Their laboratory or instrumental tests are normal.


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ECSTASY

Ecstasy is a psychoactive drug with stimulant properties and empathogens
bitter taste. today is known XTC, MDMA is also sold under the following
names: In the United States: E, Euphoria or Adam, in Mexico: Cross, in Spain:
Dolphin Pasti, Pajarito, sun, tulip, Star . MDMA is particularized by a sense of
emotional openness and affective identification with the other. This
property would be mediated by increased levels of the neurotransmitter
serotonin in neuronal synapses and other neurotransmitters, especially
norepinephrine and to a lesser extent, dopamine. Serotonin activity is
functionally related to mood and mood.

A.)ORIGIN OF ECSTASY

In 1912 the company accidentally isolated Merck MDMA (3,4-
metilendioximetanfeta-mine), not finding a specific medical application,
abandoned their research labs. Between 1953 and 1954 the U.S. military
took over the investigation. was not until the 80's, when the likes of the
American chemist Alexander Shulguin, he found his MDMA terapéuticos.El
significant benefits achieved great popularity among California
underground culture and nightclubs. The sellers, in a marketing action,
renamed it the ecstasy. In 1985, the U.S. government declared this illegal
substance even though many scientists argue over their properties to bring
out thoughts and repressed memories.

B.) INTAKE FORMS

The most common way of ingesting it orally.
When presented in the form of pills, absorption is
faster and more complete if it is placed under
the tongue, in the case of capsules, regularly


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dissolve in water or fruit juices. An alternative way of taking is through
aspiration, in which case it produces a more immediate effect but its
duration is reduced. The effects becoming apparent between 20 and 60
minutes after ingestion, its peak action occurs between one and two hours
later, after which it gradually decreases until it disappears within four to six
hours. On reaching the brain, MDMA causes the release of dopamine and
norepinephrine. It stimulates the central nervous system causing changes in
the emotional sphere.

C.)THERAPEUTIC USES

Being classified as a entactogens (intersubjective contact generator at
deep levels), several psychologists and psychiatrists included in their
therapy reported excellent results to uncover repressed memories, helps
people to get in touch with feelings not usually available. Dr. Ingrici,
Cambridge professor who used the drug with more than 500 patients, found
very useful to cure fears, increase self-esteem and facilitates
communication, so that one of his best courses of action is in the pairs who
want to know themselves to develop their personalities.

D) EFFECTS OF ECSTASY

o Physical:
Energy, high sensitivity and reduced anxiety to physical contact, greater
tolerance to fatigue, tachycardia, arrhythmia and hypertension, loss of
appetite, dry mouth, sweating, dehydration, hyperthermia, increased
alertness, insomnia. At high doses it produces nausea, vomiting, tremors,
motor hyperactivity, chills and severe dehydration or heart problems may
experience acute renal failure, which could lead to death.


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o Psychological:
Anxiety, irritability, feelings of euphoria, pleasure state, a feeling of empathy
with others, talkativeness, omnipotence. High doses can produce anxiety,
panic, confusion, insomnia, psychosis and severe visual or auditory
hallucinations.
When these sensations fade, comes exhaustion, fatigue, anxiety and
depression, conditions which can last several days. Given the large number
of people who are supposed to have used ecstasy in the last decades, this
drug can lead to abuse and dependence.

E.)HEALTH HAZARDS

High doses can cause agitation, seizures, dehydration, vomiting and
hallucinations. Ecstasy affects the
domestic production of the
neurotransmitter serotonin, one of the
mechanisms through which regulates
body temperature, so when the effects
of ecstasy are combined with physical
activity like dancing, you may
experience a loss of control body
temperature and suffer what is known
by the name of "heat stroke" and
dehydrated.

In order to combat dehydration and re-hydrate the body, people need to
regulate the amount of liquids they consume. However, it is estimated that
ecstasy also has the ability to distort the brain's ability to know when a
person has taken enough fluids. This is why excessive consumption of water
can also cause a distortion in the cellular structure with subsequent cell


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death in some cases. Many vital organs like the liver, heart, lungs and brain
are particularly susceptible to this distortion of cell structure.

Ecstasy can in some cases able to produce a "hangover effect" the day
after having used it. Symptoms may include:

* Muscle aches.
* Loss of appetite.
* Insomnia.
* Loss of concentration.
* Depression

Ecstasy does not produce physical dependence. However, this does not
preclude its use can become problematic for the life of those who take it
regularly and systematically.

HEROIN

Heroin is a highly addictive drug and illegal in
most countries. It belongs to opiates, which is
the most abused and most rapidly acting
and is classified, like them, within the
substances central nervous system
depressants. Heroin is made from morphine,
which is found naturally in the Papaver
somniferum, where leave is taken and latex (opium). Usually sold as white or
brownish powder or as a sticky black substance known on the streets as
"glue" or "black tar".


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In 1883, Heinrich Dreser (chemical), isolated a new opiate morphine
clorhidrato thanks, getting diacetylmorphine, which is the scientific name of
the heroine. was initially thought of heroin as a substitute for morphine,
which produced great addition, and for that reason his name was chosen.
Soon it was shown that this compound addiction was stronger compared
with morphine

Some are natural opiates (morphine, opium and codeine) and others are
synthetic (made in the laboratory from the poppy) Demerol, methadone,
heroin is an opiate etc.La semi - synthetic: it is produced from morphine
through a chemical process and is about 3 times stronger than this.

A.)EFFECTS OF HEROIN

The short-term effects of heroin abuse appear soon after the first dose and
disappear in a few hours. After an injection of the drug, the user says he
feels an outbreak of euphoria ("rush") accompanied by a warm flushing of
the skin, dry mouth and heavy extremities. After this initial euphoria, the user
is "flying" ("on the nod"), a state in wakefulness alternating with drowsiness
and mental faculties are disturbed due to the central nervous system
depression.

Heroin causes the following effects: sedation, euphoria, analgesia,
respiratory depression (major cause of death by overdose of this substance
users), suppression of cough fulminant (Bayer advertising in the 20 highlights
this fact), miosis Nausea and vomiting, gastrointestinal effects,
cardiovascular, kidney, urinary.


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B.)HEALTH HAZARDS

Heroin addiction can have serious health consequences, including fatal
overdose, spontaneous abortion, collapsed veins, and infectious diseases,
including HIV / AIDS and hepatitis.

The effects of long-term heroin appear after the drug has been used
repeatedly for some period of time. The chronic user may suffer collapsed
veins, infection of the endocardium and heart valves, abscesses, cellulitis,
and liver disease. There may be pulmonary complications, including various
types of pneumonia as a result of poor state of health of the abuser, as well
as the heroin's depressing effects on respiration. In addition to the effects of
the drug, heroin sold on the street may have additives that do not dissolve
easily and clog the blood vessels to the lungs, liver, kidneys or brain. This can
cause infection or even death of small patches of cells in these vital organs.

C.) TOLERANCE, ADDICTION AND WITHDRAWAL

The regular heroin use produces tolerance to the drug, which means the
abuser must use more to get the same intensity or effect. This use of higher
doses leads, over time, physical dependence, in which the body, having
adapted to the presence of the drug, withdrawal symptoms may occur if
reduced or abandoned their use.

Abstinence, as in the regular addict can occur as early as several hours
after the last administration of heroin, causes a desire to use the drug,
restlessness, muscle aches and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea and vomiting,
cold flashes with goose bumps ("cold turkey"), in the form of kicking
movements ("kicking the habit") and other symptoms. Among these, the
main peak by 48 hours to 72 hours after the last dose and subside after a
week or so. The sudden withdrawal users who rely heavily on drugs and are


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in poor health sometimes fatal, although it is believed that the suppression
of heroin is much less dangerous than alcohol and barbiturates.

D.) HOW TO TREAT HEROIN ADDICTION?

. Addiction to opiates (drugs related to opium) are brain diseases and
disorders that they can be effectively treated. The first doctors strongly
recommend greater access to maintenance treatment programs on the
basis of painkiller called methadone to people who are addicted to heroin
and other opiate drugs, and second the elimination of federal and state
laws and other barriers, that impede access to these programs. He also
stressed the importance of providing psychological counseling substance
abuse, psychosocial treatment and other services to give support to the
patient, that encourage the continuation and success of treatment
programs for methadone maintenance.

LSD

Lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD or LSD-25 is a semisynthetic psychedelic
drug of the ergoline family. It is one of most psychedelic
substances known and powerful. Induce altered states of
consciousness, sometimes compared with those ofschizophrenia or mystical
experience. Colloquially, itisknown as acid, tripod or gut
(English trip, journey).

Under the influence of hallucinogens, people see images, hear sounds
and feel sensations that seem real but are not. Some hallucinogens also
produce rapid, intense emotional swings. Among the chemicals that
alter mood, LSD is one of the most powerful. Discovered in 1938, is


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manufactured from lysergic acid, found in ergot, a fungus that grows on
rye and other cereals.

The drug was used by scientists and psychiatrists to his experiments
withschizophrenic patients, but soon, in the 50, the drug rapidly into the
public domain.There were three reasons for this success: first, its high activity,
as outlined, the second is the ease of concealing a colorless, odorless and
tasteless, like LSDpreparations, being able to place a few drops on sugar
cubes, water, blotting paper, or other media anodyne going unrecognized,
the third reason is the relative ease of clandestine synthesis, from lysergic
acid in pharmaceutical laboratories.

It is currently one of the psychoactive chemical with the greatest
potential to alterconsciousness. Hallucinogenic drug is par excellence.

INHALANTS

WHAT ARE INHALANTS?

Inhalants are substances
that are used to "get well"
among the most common
are the queues, glues,
paints.... They
release chemicals, altering te
mporarily, but
reversible cerebral performan
ce.


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They are substances of domestic and industrial use, gasoline, glues,
cleaning fluids, aerosols, gas lighters, etc....
They encourage their consumption of readily available, are
sold indiscriminatelyin many shops:

 Low cost
 Sale authorized
 A rapid and intense effect, immediate inhalation
is absorbed through the lungs.

WHAT ARE THE MOTIVES AND FORMS OF USE OF INHALANTS?

Curiosity among teenagers and reality. Integration group, be part
of a group.Peer pressure and
pleasure-seeking.
Consumption alternatives are
usually:

 Soak a cloth
or handkerchief
with gasoline or solvent and inhale deeply.
 Place glue on a plastic bag and inhale through the mouth or
nose.
 Sprays directly through the nose or mouth.

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF INHALANTS?

Similar to drunkenness, feel good, slurred speech, blurred vision,
disorientation, mental dullness, drowsiness....
Like alcohol, inhalants are central nervous system depressants,
general depression that can lead to sleep, stupor or coma.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

Irritation. Conjunctivitis of theeyes and upperrespiratorytract,
lacrimation, cough, gastritis, inhibition of appetite and headache.

WHAT ARE THE RISKS AND HARM ASSOCIATED WITH INHALANT ABUSE?

Gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, vomiting, kidney and
liver disorders)
Arrhythmias.
Disordered breathing (chronic bronchitis, pulmonary edema).
Chronic conjunctivitis. Sudden death fromheartfailure,
deathfrom aspiration of vomit, death from ventricular arrhythmia.
On a psychological level appearance of visual
hallucinations. Irritability,decreased concentration, impaired school
performance, truancy.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

CRACK

The crack is a drug derived from cocaine.
It is made in clandestine laboratories macerating coca leaves with
kerosene. Is added sodium bicarbonate to increase volume and decrease
its cost, and make more manageable the substance. It has a high degree
of impurities, so its usage is pulmonary.

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Because crack is smoked, enter the bloodstream quickly, producing the
individual:
 To be smoked, the alkaloid reaches the brain faster, in larger
quantities and has a synergistic effect with other chemicals that have
been used for processing.
 Produces a feeling of euphoria, central nervous system stimulation
almost immediately.
 Generates panic attacks, insomnia
 A few minutes later the euphoria is replaced by anxiety, fear,
depression or apathy considerable. These psychological effects
unpleasant (dysphoric) can be combated by smoking more.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

 If the individual continues to smoke, can have hallucinations,
delusional perceptions, ideas frankly paranoid or psychotic behavior

Due to the speed of effects, almost immediate, the crack became very
popular in the early 1980s. Another reason for its popularity is that it is
economic.
EFFECTS

 considerable euphoria
 causes numbness,
 dry mouth,
 burning sensation in eyes,
 palpitations,
 headache, muscle twitching,
 increase in reflexes and dilated pupils.
 Chronic use produces
 insomnia, weight loss, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, tremors,
sexual indifference, access chronic cough, paranoia, delusions of
parasitosis, miniaturized visual perceptions and lung infections.
 The biggest problem with this is cocaine derivative that is highly
addictive, although leading to addiction is not physical, but
psychological and strong.
 An overdose can cause cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest caused by
vasoconstriction, so that any suspicion should be considered a
medical emergency. Meanwhile it is kept clear airway and apply
artificial respiration if necessary.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

COCAINE BASE PASTE OR PACO

It's not a drug, it is worse than that: it is the waste of a drug. Arises as waste
from kitchens or laboratories where cocaine is produced, emerges as a
result of an industry that seeks ways to bring to market their waste.

CONSUMPTION

It performs home through pipes where the product is mixed with metal
shavings and snuff cigarette ash.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

EFFECTS OF PACO
The stages through which a consumer passes when paco consume three.
1. Stage of euphoria

 Euphoria.
 sensation of pleasure.
 Ecstasy.
 Enhancing the mood.
 hyperexcitability.
 Feeling very competent and capable.

2. Dysphoria Stage

 Feeling of anxiety, depression and insecurity.
 urge to continue smoking.
 sadness, apathy.
 sexual indifference.

3. Binge

Stage in which the person begins to consume continuously when it still has
the blood dose to avoid dysphoria.

4. Psychosis and hallucinations Stage

PBC consumption can cause psychosis or loss of contact with reality.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

HEALTH HAZARDS

 The sulfuric acid in the compound produces emphysema and lung
cancer in the medium term.
 The kerosene dissolves myelin coating the axons, preventing the
transmission of electrical impulses in
neurons.
 The combustion of kerosene
produces carbon monoxide, which
replaces oxygen in red blood cells
from the blood.
 Their consumption during pregnancy
causes severe mutations in the fetus.
 Progressive degradation of the skin
and muscles.
 Accelerated Reduction of body weight
 Reluctance and insomnia.
 Nausea and vomiting.
 hypertension, tachycardia.

AMPHETAMINES

Amphetamines are substances derived from the "Beta-
phenyl-isopropyl amine." Drug are drugs, addictive
(Moderate-High) and neurotoxic. The most common
are: Benzedrine, Dexedrine and methylamphetamine.
They are a strong stimulant and inappropriate


MEDICAL ENGLISH

relationship with all sports to reduce fatigue. One of its most common
application is to aid in weight reduction.
Amphetamines are a type of drug that stimulates
the central nervous system. They come in tablets or
capsules of different shape and color. May be legal
if they are consumed under strict medical
supervision, however, the abuse occurs when the
same are bought and used unlawfully.

How They're Used: Amphetamines are swallowed,
inhaled or injected.

EFFECTS OF AMPHETAMINES:
 Physical symptoms include:
 Increases alertness.
 Aggressive and violent
behavior.
 Increased energy and
motor activity.
 Feeling of wellbeing.
 Increased security and
confidence.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

 Decreased sleep and fatigue
 Increase the speed of thought
and language.
 It suppresses the appetite.
 Increased blood pressure and
body temperature
 Increased heart rate.
 Stimulation of the cerebral
cortex.
 Electro desynchronization in the
electroencephalogram (EEG)

 Behavioral changes occur in:
 Psychomotor agitation,
 Feelings of grandeur
 Alertness, fights
 Impairment of thought processes.
In normal doses, its effects vary by individual and intake conditions. They
can produce pleasurable effects, hyperactivity and overwhelming sense of
energy, but also cause tremor, anxiety, irritability, anger and sudden
unmotivated, amnesic disorders and incoherence. In the last phase
described depression, paranoid pictures paranoid delusions, hallucinations
and behavioral disorders. Amphetamine use can lead to aggressive
actions, like barbiturates and alcohol, for their great euphoric effect,
coupled with a lack of control in the inhibitory instincts.
Such situations occur when the doses given, usually intravenously over 2 gr.
It has been shown greater potential than amphetamines cocaine, both in
its height and the duration of the effects.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

HOW AMPHETAMINE ACTS IN THE BODY?
Amphetamine is a direct agonist of presynaptic
receptors for noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine
(DA) to central nervous system.

THERAPEUTIC USES:
Amphetamine stimulates the central
nervous system to improve wakefulness
and increasing levels of alertness and
ability to concentrate.
Promotes higher cognitive functions such
as attention and memory (particularly working memory) and shows its
effects on executive functions.
Reinforcing effects produced by associating specific behaviors with
pleasurable emotions (reward).
A behavioral level, reinforces the systems involved
in the regulation of responses to specific
emotions, reduces levels of impulsivity (self), in the
case of obesity, it has been used due to its action
on the hypothalamic centers that regulate
appetite.
Finally, an agent activating the sympathetic nervous system,
peripheral adrenergic effects, resulting in an increase in the level of
motor activity, resistance to fatigue, cardio-respiratory activity,
particularly in the thermogenic metabolic processes of the body,
leading to greater fat burning.


MEDICAL ENGLISH

RISK OF ADDICTION:
The risk of dependence and addiction is as high as that of cocaine, as their
tolerance levels are low, requiring increasingly higher doses to achieve the
same effect. Having started with therapeutic doses of 10 to 30 mg, after
three or four weeks regular users may need up to 500 mg to experience the
same effects, which seriously affects many people without habit. Although it
does not cause physical dependence in the strict sense, the potential for
psychological dependence is high. Withdrawal can last a few weeks. It is
manifested by anxiety, fatigue, sleep disturbance, irritability, intense hunger,
and severe depression, symptoms that can last up to a month.


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