Presentation On
Research Work done on
“energy optimization of the sensor nodes”
Supervisor:-
Dr. Ajay sharma
Department of electronics Engineering
United University , Prayagraj
By
Research Scholar (Ph.D.- 3rd Semester)
Sandeep kanaujia (UU211520023)
Department of electronics Engineering
United University , Prayagraj

Contents
1. Certificates on
• Faculty development program
• As a reviewer
• Key note speaker
• Conference paper
2. Conference communicated
3. Some Matlab coding
4. Introduction
5. Characteristics of Sensor Network
6. Issues and Challenges related to Efficiency of Sensor Network
7. Use of optimization algorithms in improving energy efficiency
8. Modifying hardware to improve efficiency
9. Conclusion

FDP
• NIT HAMIRPUR Five Days’ e-Workshop on Challenges and Opportunities in
Microgrid January 17-21, 2022
Certificate of Participation Sr. No.: NITH/EE/COM/P-49 Organized by Department
of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology Hamirpur (H.P.), India This is
to certify that Sandeep Kanaujia from United University has successfully completed the
Five-Days’ e-Workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Microgrid,” held during
January 17-21, 2022 at the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of
Technology Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India.

• BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Lucknow
(U.P.) India (Affiliated to AKTU Lucknow, Approved by AICTE, Ministry of HRD,
New Delhi) Certificate of Participation One Week Faculty Development
Program On Integration of Renewable Energy and Smart Grids for Smart
Cities ( Organised by Department of Electrical Engineering) 07th March to 12th
March 2022 This is to Certify that from United university has attended as a
Participant in "One Week online Faculty Development Program on Integration
of Renewable Energy and Smart Grids for Smart Cities”

• Department of Electrical Engineering K. K. Wagh Institute of Engineering
Education & Research, Nashik, Maharashtra, India In recognition of attending
the International Faculty Development Program (FDP) on “Advanced Topics in
Control systems” organized by the Department of Electrical Engineering in
Association with IET Nashik Local Network from 22nd to 24th September 2022.

 Participated FDP on merging tech in computer science and engineering(ETICSE -
2022) ,at Ambalika institute of management and technology, Lucknow (India) from
21-26 Feb,2022.
Participated two days workshop on Research Methodology (Tools and Techniques
for Research Aspirants) ,on 23-24 December, 2022 at United Institute of
Technology Naini , Prayagraj.

• NIT JAMSEDPUR, 2nd Electric Power and Renewable Energy Conference
(EPREC-2021) May 28-30, 2021 Department of Electrical Engineering, National
Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, India This certificate is presented to
Prof./Dr./Ms./Mr. Sandeep Kanaujia for his/her valuable service as a reviewer in the
2nd Electric Power and Renewable Energy Conference (EPREC-2021).
As a reviewer

• 3RD Electric Power and Renewable Energy Conference (EPREC-2022) May
27-29, 2022 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of
Technology Jamshedpur, India This certificate is presented to Prof./Dr./Ms./Mr.
Sandeep Kanaujia for his/her valuable service as a reviewer in the 3rd Electric
Power and Renewable Energy Conference (EPREC-2022).

Key note speaker
• International conference on multidisciplinary, approaches and their scope [ICMAS-
2023],certified that Mr sandeep kanaujia has participated as key note speaker in a
technical paper entitled “ Issues and challenges related to efficiency of sensor
network, Art of Review”, 27 -28 January 2023 in Dr K N Modi University, Newai
,Tonk, Rajasthan.

Conference certificate
• International conference on innovative practices in engineering sciences and
management IESM-2022, this is certify that Mr Sandeep kanaujia of United
University Prayagraj presented a paper title of “comprehensive review of the
Literature routing scheme” in international conference on IESM 2022 and Tech
Yatra, organised by Ashoka Institute of Technology and Management ,Varanasi
from 17 to 19 October 2022.
• sandeepkanaujiamnnit@gmail.com
• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9109-5030

Conference communicated
• Submission Summary
• Conference Name
• 2nd edition of DELCON 2023
(An IEEE Delhi section owned
conference)
• Track Name
• Track 3 - Devices, Circuits,
Systems and VLSI
Technologies
• Paper ID 101
• Paper Title
• Literature review on Wireless
Sensor Network Energy-
Efficient Routing Schemes
• Abstract
• A Comprehensive Review of
the Literature on Wireless
Sensor Network Energy-
Efficient Routing Schemes
• Created on 12/7/2022,
1:22:25 PM
• Last Modified 12/7/2022,
1:22:25 PM
• Authors sandeep kanaujia (
united university
sandeepkanaujiamnnit@gm
ail.com>
• rajev kumar sharma ( united university ) <
rajeevk.sharma.railways@gmail.com>
• ajay sharma (
ucerajaysharma@united.ac.in>
• Primary Subject Area
• Sensors
• Submission Files
• literature review on WSN.doc (596 Kb,
12/7/2022, 11:53:35 AM)
• Submission Questions Response1. Details of
Author and Co-Authors
• I have added the details of all the authors of
this paper in the submission form.I am fully
aware that the conference is going to follow
double blind review process. Therefore, I
have not added authors'names and
affiliations in the manuscript/paper.
• Agreement accepted
• 2. Propose Three Prospective Reviewers
• It is a mandatory requirement to propose at-
least three prospective reviewers who can
review your paper.Proposed reviewers
should not be from the same institution as
any of the authors of the 1. Dr arnab hazra2.
BITS pilani3. arnab.hazra@pilani.bits-
pilani.ac.in4. sensors1. radha bhardwaj
• 2. BITS pilani3.
radikabhardwaj.rb@gm
ail.com
• 4. sensors1. U N
thakur2. UEM jaipur3.
unthakur08@gmail.com
4. sensors
• 3. Declaration
• I/We author(s) of this
work declare that I/we
have thoroughly read
the Quality Policies of
the conference as
available onthe
conference website
(https://chitkara.edu.in/
delcon2023/qualities-
policies.php), and I/we
will abide by these
policies.
• Agreement accepted

• Submission Summary
• Conference Name
• 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SMART GRID ENERGY
• SYSTEMS AND CONTROL (SGESC-2023)
• Paper ID 27
• Paper Title WSN based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols: A State-of-Art Review
• Abstract
• The topic of research in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is Routing which is difficult, as packets are routed to the
base station through a number of nodes. It is important to share the network packet in an energy-efficient way so that
the life of the network and battery's remaining power can be extended. We begin by reviewing literature on location
based, data centric and then details in hierarchical base protocols such as LEACH, power efficient PEGASIS,
threshold sensitive TEEN, adaptive periodic threshold sensitive APTEEN and cluster based routing HEED .The output
of the review shows that energy consumption is the most fundamental problem in WSN, despite the fact that it can
contributeto the improvement of energy efficiency.
• Created on 1/30/2023, 2:53:24 PM Last Modified 1/30/2023, 2:53:24 PM
• Authors sandeep kanaujia ( united university ) < sandeepkanaujiamnnit@gmail.com>
• Primary Subject Area
• TRACK-2: DATA DRIVEN ANALYTICS IN ENERGY SYSTEMS -> Energy Efficiency
• Submission Files
• WSN STATE OF ART.doc (122.5 Kb, 1/30/2023, 2:52:46 PM)
Submission Questions Response1. Consent
• By submitting this paper, you agree that all authors are aware of and consent to this submission.
• Agreement accepted 2. Declaration I declare that the work submitted is accurately referenced. The work is not
plagiarized in any form. Agreement accepted 3. Conflicting Interest On behalf of all the authors, I confirm that there
is no conflict of interest between the authors.
• Agreement accepted

Introduction
• Wireless Sensor Networks are highly distributed networks of small light weight
wireless nodes deployed in large numbers .
• These sensors work with each other to sense some physical phenomenon and then the
information gathered is processed to generate relevant action.
• Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols and algorithms with self-organizing
capabilities.
• Each Sensor node consists of different sensing devices,processing element, and
communication element. They can communicate and coordinate with each other.

WSN has limited power
1. Once deployed, the sensor node is unattended
2. Distributed communication
3. Processing of data in local level
Characteristics of Sensor Network
1. Densely Deployed
2. Prone to failures
3. Communicates among nodes by broadcast
4. Limited Computational resources, Memory and Power
5. They will have local ID
6. Needs self-organizing capability

Applications of Sensor Networks
1. Environmental Habitat monitoring
2. Acoustic detection
3. Seismic Detection
4. Military surveillance
5. Inventory Tracking
6 Medical monitoring
7. Smart spaces
8. Process Monitoring
9. Visual Surveillance
10. Road Traffic Monitoring

Energy Efficiency can be achieved by
1. Using Clustered networks
2. Balancing load in each node as well as Cluster Heads
3. Optimizing the communication path
4. Optimizing position of sink node
5. Optimal combination of modulation schemes and error correcting codes
6. By modifying architecture of Sensor nodes

Clustered Sensor Networks
• After random deployment ,Cluster Heads (CH) are
identified based on its location and remaining energy
• Each node will communicate to CH
• CH will communicate to Base Station
Identification of shortest path by optimizing location of
cluster heads by minimizing number of hops
• The energy consumed in data propagation is directly
proportional to
1. Distance between sensor node and cluster head
2. Distance between cluster head and sink
3. Number of hops
• In each iteration if we can assign cluster head by
minimizing all the above factors, we can make energy
consumption optimum.

Biogeography Based Optimization
For cluster head
1. BBO is an evolutionary algorithm which depends upon migration of species.
2. The goodness of a habitat is given by its Habitat suitability index (HSI/Fitness
value).
3. Habitats having high HSI value emigrate species to habitat having low HSI value.
Similarly, habitat having low HSI value immigrate species from the habitat having
high HSI value.
4. Immigration and emigration forms the migration step of BBO.
For shortest path
Extended BBO
• In extended BBO, HSI of a habitat does not depend only on immigration and
emigration instead it is a function of varying characteristics of a habitat.
• HSI= func(SIV) SIV = suitabality index of sensor node
• Above equation shows that HSI of ith habitat is a function of various combinations
of its SIVs.
• The SIVs, which are not applicable for a particular habitat are removed in the HSI
calculation by making their coefficient zero.

Extended biogeography Based Optimization (EBBO-CR).
1. EBBO-CR extends the lifetime of the Cluster Head by optimizing the location of it
related to sink and sensor node, along with minimizing the number of hops taken
for transmitting data to the sink.
2. Improves network lifetime by non linear mapping of Cluster Head identification.
Algorithm Description
• The population consist of a large number of Habitats. A habitat is a combination of
Sensor nodes and cluster heads as shown below.
• Let sensor nodes are randomly deployed in the deployment area A. Every sensor
node is assigned a degree of importance vector.

The fitness function
α= 1/β + 1/¥ + 1/ Hget
Where
B = distance of ith sensor node to jth Cluster head
¥= distance of jth Cluster head to the sink
Hget = number of hops taken for transmitting data from Sensor node to sink
• The vector contain the weight assigned to the respective sensor node on the basis of
α.
• Sensor node can be assigned as cluster head based on value of α. It depends on the
distance of sensor nodes to cluster head, distance from cluster head to the sink and
the number of hops taken to reach the sink using dijkasta's algorithm for the
shortest route.

Some matlab coding
• Nodes formation
•
• clc;
•
• no_nodes=input('enter the number of nodes:');
• net_length=input('enter the lenght of network:');
• net_width=input('enter the width of network:');
•
• for i=1:no_nodes
• x_loc(i)=net_length*rand;
• y_loc(i)=net_width*rand;
• node_id(i)=i;
•
• end
•
• figure,
• plot(x_loc,y_loc,'r*','linewidth',3);
• xlabel('network length');
• ylabel('network height');
• grid on;

• Nodes in circle
• clc;
•
• no_nodes=input('enter the number of nodes:');
• net_length=input('enter the lenght of network:');
• net_width=input('enter the width of network:');
•
• for i=1:no_nodes
• x_loc(i)=net_length*rand;
• y_loc(i)=net_width*rand;
• node_id(i)=i;
•
• end
•
•
• plot(x_loc,y_loc,'ro','linewidth',2);
• xlabel('network length');
• ylabel('network height');
• grid on;

• nodes written
• clc;
•
• no_nodes=input('enter the number of nodes:');
• net_length=input('enter the lenght of network:');
• net_width=input('enter the width of network:');
•
• for i=1:no_nodes
• x_loc(i)=net_length*rand;
• y_loc(i)=net_width*rand;
• node_id(i)=i;
•
• end
•
•
• plot(x_loc,y_loc,'ro','linewidth',2);
• text(x_loc+5,y_loc+5,'nodes');
• xlabel('network length');
• ylabel('network height');
• grid on;

Source and destination in nodes
clc;
no_nodes=input('enter the number of nodes:');
net_length=input('enter the lenght of network:');
net_width=input('enter the width of network:');
for i=1:no_nodes
x_loc(i)=net_length*rand;
y_loc(i)=net_width*rand;
node_id(i)=i;
plot (x_loc(i),y_loc(i),'b^','linewidth',2);
text(x_loc(i)+10,y_loc(i)+10,['N',num2str(i)]);
hold on;
xlabel('network length');
ylabel('network width');
grid on;
pause(0.5);
end
% plot(x_loc,y_loc,'ro','linewidth',2);
% text(x_loc+5,y_loc+5,'nodes');
% xlabel('network length');
% ylabel('network height');
% grid on;
source=round(no_nodes*rand);
if source==0
source=5;
end
destination=round(no_nodes*rand);
if destination==0
destination=6;
end
figure(1);
plot(x_loc(source),y_loc(source),'r^','linewidth',3);
text(x_loc(source),y_loc(source),'src');
hold on;
plot(x_loc(destination),y_loc(destination),'m^','linewidth',3);
text(x_loc(destination),y_loc(destination),'dest');

CONCLUSION
• For any Sensor network Energy efficiency is very important.
• Energy Efficiency can be achieved by optimizing data transmission using
optimizing algorithms.
• The processing element architecture can be modified for improving efficiency.