0G-5G

1. Eng Hasan Shamroukh
00962796061387
hasannaim@yahoo.com
0G – 5G

2. Speaker
Eng Hasan Shamroukh
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmH2nKNPphM

4. Seminar Agenda
•Telecom Systems
•0G
•1G
•2G
•3G
•4G
•5G
Comparisons:
Multiplexing
Identities
Handover
Roaming
Mobility Management
Session Management
Capacity per site

5. Telecom Systems

7. MTS: Mobile Telecom System

11. 2G
2G Mobile
CS calls only
SMS messages
2.5G Mobile
CS/PS: Calls/Data
MMS messages
2.75G Mobile
CS/PS: Calls/Data
MMS messages
8PSK

12. 2G/3GPP History
Date Activity
1982  900 MHz band for GSM.
1987
 FDMA/TDMA used
 GSM Name : Global System for Mobile Communications
1991  The GSM 1800 standard was released.
1992
 First commercial GSM operator is Oy Radiolinja Ab in Finland
 First roaming agreement between Telecom Finland & Vodafone UK.
1996
 8K SIM launched
 Pre-Paid GSM SIM Cards launched
 Option International launches world's first GSM/Fixed-line modem
1997  First dual-band GSM 900-1900 phone launched by Bosch
1998
 Vodacom Introduces Free Voice Mail
 GSM SIM Cracked in USA
 125m GSM 900/1800/1900 users worldwide (12/98)
 GSM commercial launch.
1999  2.5G GPRS PS (Data Internet) for the first time on mobile
2003  2.75G EDGE technique uses 8PSK by AT&T

13. 3GPP/ TDMA

14. 3GPP2 / CDMA

16. Segmentation
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Ciphering/Encryption
A/D Conversion
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
Segmentation
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Ciphering/Encryption
A/D Conversion
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
GSM MS & BTS Full Operations
Uplink
downlink

17. Difference between GSM and TETRA
T E T R A G S M
•Designed for professional mobile
radio applications.
•Designed for public cellular
telephony.
•Based on TDMA – Economy on
frequency spectrum.
•Based on FDMA and TDMA.
•Suitable for emergency services due
to very fast call set up time (<300 ms).
•Not suitable for emergency services
(Call set up time ~ a few seconds).
•Maintain privacy and mutual security. •Do not maintain privacy and mutual
security.
•Direct Mode Operation(DMO) is
possible, which supports voice and
data transmission without a Base
Station between Radio Terminals.
•Direct Mode Operation(DMO) is not
possible.
17

18. 3G
3G 3.5G 3.75G

19. History
Date Activity
1999  WCDMA
2005  HSDPA
2006
 HSUPA
 WIMAX IEEE802.16
2007
 HSPA+ (I-HSPA)
 EVO

22. 4G

23. History

27. 5G

28. 5G begins in 2020
•IoT: Internet of Things
•IPv6 support (128 bits)
•Millimeter Wave
•Nano Core (Cloud Computing)
•Phased Array Antennas
•Mobile works as repeaters
•Needles of HO (Mobile connects multi eNB)

29. 5G OSI Layers Change
2G/3G/4G 5G

30. Clustering (2G only)
•2G uses neighboring cells with different frequencies
•we need to reuse frequency to avoid interference
•Clusters is formulated as sites/cells
Number of frequencies
per site
Traffic Channels
C/I Ratio
3/9 High High Low
4/12 Medium Medium Medium
7/21 Low Low High
C/I: Carrier to Interference Ratio
Distance between 2 cells with same frequency

31. A3
A2
A1
C3
C2
C1
D3
D2
D1
B3
B2
B1
E3
E2
E1
F3
F2
F1
G3
G2
G1
A3
A2
A1
C3
C2
C1
D3
D2
D1
B3
B2
B1
E3
E2
E1
F3
F2
F1
G3
G2
G1
A3
A2
A1
C3
C2
C1
D3
D2
D1
B3
B2
B1
E3
E2
E1
F3
F2
F1
G3
G2
G1
A3
A2
A1
C3
C2
C1
D3
D2
D1
B3
B2
B1
E3
E2
E1
F3
F2
F1
G3
G2
G1
A3
A2
A1
C3
C2
C1
D3
D2
D1
B3
B2
B1
E3
E2
E1
F3
F2
F1
G3
G2
G1
7 / 21 cluster in which the available
frequencies are divided into 21 groups and
distributed between 7 sites
7 / 21 Cluster

32. No clustering needed in 3G
•Because of using of scrambling technique
•It uses code/user & code/service in UL
•It uses code/user & code/cell in DL
•So we have intra frequency HO in 3G

33. f2
f1
f3
f1
f1
f1
2G
Clustering
Inter frequency
3G
No Clustering
Intra frequency

34. Sectoring a+b+c
a: #of antennas (channels) in 1st Sector
b: #of antennas (channels) in 2nd Sector
c: #of antennas (channels) in 3rd Sector
In 4G sub-channels (OFDM/OFDMA)
Examples
1+1
2 sectors 1 antenna/sector
1+1+1
3 sectors 1 antenna/sector
MIMO Multi Input Multi Output
Multi antennas/sector
2+2+2
3 sectors 2 antenna/sector

35. Frequency Bands

38. Multiplexing
1G
2G
2G/3G

39. Frequency
Time
OFDM OFDMA
OutputPower
Frequency
OFDM OFDMA
4G
Main Lobe
Secondary Lobe
4G: Carrier divided into multi subcarriers (Sub channels) with
same(OFDM) or different (OFDMA) capacity
5G: Beam Radiation
divided into main lobes
that track users and
secondary lobes to
separate them
(Phased Array Antenna)

40. MS IdentitiesMSISDN: Mobile Call Number
•IMSI: SIM Card Identity used by VLR for Location update
•IMEI: Mobile Identity used by EIR for Security Authentication
•(CLICK *#06# to find it)
•TMSI: Temporary SIM Identity Given by VLR used during Handover
MSRN: Temporary SIM Identity used during Roaming
BSIC: Base Station Identity

41. PS (Data) Identities
•TLLI: Temporary Logical Link Identity
•
•NSAPI: Network Service Access Point Identity
•TEID: Tunnel Endpoint Identity
•APN: Access Point Name
•A Format in Mobile converts to IP in SGSN/GGSN
•(NID, MCC, MNC, gprs) – 192.168.1.1 – 200.1.1.1

42. APN
Internal IP
External IP
TEID = IMSI + NSAPI

43. Packet Switching Path
•2.5G/2.75G/3G
•APN (MS) Internal IP (SGSN) External IP (GGSN)
•3.5G
•APN (MS) IP(RNC) Internal IP (SGSN) External IP (GGSN)
•3.75G
•APN (MS) IP(eNB) Internal IP (SGSN) External IP (GGSN)
•4G
•IP (MS) IP(PGW) (Data Plane)
•IP (eNB) IP (MME) (Control Plane)

44. Protocols
•WAP: Wireless Application Protocol
•CAP: CAMEL Application Part
•MAP: Mobile Application Part
•RANAP: Radio Access Network Application Part
•BSSAP: Base Station Subsystem Application Part
•BSSGP: Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol
•GTP: GPRS Tunnel Protocol

45. Authentication
•Username & Password Verification
•CS Calls
AUC: Authenticator connected with HLR
•PS Data Internet
•RADIUS Server connected with GGSN
•(Remote Access Dial In User Service)
•(Directly Out band) or (Indirectly In band)

46. Mobility Management
•Mobility between One Device States
•2G: Off – Idle – Ready – Active
•2.5G: Off – Idle – Standby – Ready
•3G Known (RRM) Radio Resource Management:
•Off – Idle – Cell DCH – Cell FACH – Cell PCH – URA PCH
The last four considered Connected

47. 4GMM
EMM: EPS Mobility Management
•Registered/Deregistered
•ECM: EPS Connection Management
•Idle/Connected
•RRM: Radio Resource Management
•Idle/Connected

48. Session Management
•Mobility Between devices
•Examples:
•Location Update
•Handover
•Roaming

49. Location Update
•Each country divided into MSC Areas
•(MAN: States/Provinces/Counties)
•Each MSC Area divided into BSC Areas
(Location Areas) Each has LAI
In PS Each Location Area divided into Routing Areas each
has RAI
•Each BSC Area divided into BTS Areas (Cells)

50. Ex: Location Update intra MSC
BSC
.1The Mobile sends an allocation request
message to the BTS
2. The BTS responds with the allocation
message
3. The mobile sends a location update request
message with its IMSI to the MSC/VLR
4
4. The MSC/VLR updates the location
information and sends a Location Update
confirmation message
MSC/VLR
Updates
LA Record

51. Handover
Handover: Mobility within one operator (1 HLR)
•2GHO Types
•1- Intra BSC Inter BTS
•2- Intra MSC Inter BSC
3- Inter MSC
(All are HHO: a discontinuity in call because of Inter
Frequencies)

52. BSC
Serving Cell New Cell
.1The BSC decides from the power measurement reports
that the call must be handed over to another cell
2
2. The BSC checks for an vacant TCH in the
new cell and orders this cell to activate the TCH
3
3. The BSC orders the serving cell to send
a message to the MS telling the information
of new TCH
4. The MS tunes to the new frequency and
Sends handover access burst
4
5. The new cell detects the handover burst
and sends information about the suitable
timing advance to the MS
5
6. The MS sends a HO complete message to the new cell
6
7. The new cell sends a message to the BSC that the handover is successful
7
8. The BSC orders the old Cell to release the TCH
8
Ex: Intra BSC Handover

53. 3G/4G/5GHO
•1- Soft(SHO): Inter BTS Intra Frequency
•2- Softer(SrHO): Inter sectors Intra BTS Intra
Frequency
•3- Hard(HHO): Discontinuity in call/data
•a- Inter BTS Intra Frequency (RNC---RNC)
•b- Inter Frequencies
•c- Inter RAT (Radio Access Technology)
•2G-3G 2G-4G 3G-4G

54. IRAT Ex: LTE to 3G Handover
MME
source
S-GW
SGSN
RNC
PDN-GW
target
S-GW

55. Roaming
•Mobility Inter HLR
•Roaming Types
•1- Intra Country Inter Operators (2HLR)
•Zain Jo – Orange Jo
•2- Intra Operator Inter Countries (2GWMSC)
•Zain Jo – Zain KSA
•3- Inter Operators Inter Countries (2GWMSC/2HLR)
Zain Jo – Jawwal KSA

56. Roaming: Location Update
HLR
Attached
VLR ADD=
Egypt Airport
Roaming & Int.
Allowed
Detached
Roaming & Int.
Allowed
MSC/VLR
Is a roaming agreement present ?IMSI
60202..
IsroamingandInt.
callsallowed?
Attached
VLR ADD=
Stock. Airport
Roaming & Int.
Allowed
Copy of the HLR Profile will
be stored in Stock. VLR

57. HLR
Attached
VLR ADD=
xyz
GWMSC
MSC/VLR
Terminating Leg
Originating Leg
MSISDN
+2010….
Roaming: Call to HPLMN

58. Fall Back
•Since 4G/5G don’t support Circuit Switching
they have to choose one of these:
•1- Fall back to 2G(GSM) or 3G(WCDMA)
•2- use IMS: IP Multimedia Services (VoIP)

59. MSS
MSC-SM-MGw
MGCFIM-MGw
MRFP
Packet Core
GSM / WCDMA RAN
LTE RAN
RC
MME SAE Gw
GGSNSGSN
4. Page over SGs-
interfaceCSFB
Terminal
1. Subscriber registered in
MSC but roam in LTE
3. Incoming call to
subscriber in LTE
CS signaling
2. CS domain updated of subscribers
whereabouts through CS signaling over
MME-MSC (LUP, SMS etc.)
payload
6. Page response and
call setup over
2G/3G radio
CSFB
Terminal
5. RAN triggers an
release with
redirect
CS Fallback
MSS as voice engine for LTE subscribers

60. GWMSC
•Gateway Mobile Switching Center
•Uses
•1- Call between PLMN – PSTN
•2- Call between PLMN – Another PLMN (Roaming)
•3- Fax call between PLMN – PSTN

61. PS Session Management
•Handover = Internal Routing (SGSN)
•Protocols: RIP/EIGRP/OSPF
•Roaming = External Routing (GGSN)
•Protocols: BGP

62. Distinguish between Systems Interfaces
•GSM: A – H
GPRS: G(a – z)
3G: Iu(b, r, CS, PS) only in RAN & GPRS still the same
•WIMAX: R(1- 8)
•4G: S(a – z)

63. FDD/TDD
•FDD: Frequency Division Duplexing
•2 frequency bands UL & DL
•0G/1G/2G mostly for CS
•TDD: Time Division Duplexing
•1 frequency bands UL & DL
•3G/4G/5G mostly for PS

64. L2 Data Link Layer
4G3G2GEthernet
RRCRRC
BMC
PDCPPDCP
LLCLLCLLCLLC
RLCRLCRLC
MACMACMACMAC

65. Link Planning

66. RF Planning Parameters
Reselection
Parameter
Selection
Parameter
System
C2C12G
C32C312.5G
RS3G
S2S14G

67. RF Planning Tools
•Ex: Network Cell Info Lite
•provides cell locations in
the map and separate
network signal strength
gauges for the serving
(registered) cell and the
neighbor cell.
http://telecom-knowledge.blogspot.com/2016/01/11-useful-android-apps-for.html?m=1

68. Adaptive Modulation & Coding
•Changing modulation according to:
•1- weather change
•2- distance apart from eNB.
•This technique began from 3.5G and later

69. AMC according to distance
16QAM QPSK64QAM

70. IBS

72. IBS Design
Example
Splitter
Omni Directional Antenna
Panel Antenna

73. Indoor Radio planning tool
IB Wave _ The most popular in door RF planning tool
iBwave Solutions is a telecom radio planning software provider that develops
solutions for the in-building wireless industry. iBwave is best known for its
software iBwave Design, mostly used by telecom operators, system integrators
and equipment vendors. iBwave is a Canadian-based company that was
founded in 2003 and is headquartered in Montreal.
A privately-held company, iBwave focuses on integrated solutions to automate
and standardize the design of wireless communications inside buildings and
infrastructures.
In 2010,

74. Umbrella Cell
Overlaid &
Underlaid Cells
Normal Cell Normal Cell
Cell Classification
Macrocell
Microcell
Slow moving subscribers
Fast moving subscribers
Picocell
In building
coverage

75. IEEE Wireless Networks
Outdoors
Indoors

77. Full Comparison between systems

78. Capacity/Site = (Data/Site) / (Subscribers/Site)
Ex: Cell capacity is 2.5 Mbps with 80% load has 40 users share peak rate of 1 Mbps
Calculate Capacity per site in 1 month
400/300 = 1.3GB/month

79. HARQ
•(Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest)
–A combination of ARQ and FEC
•Used from 3.5G and later
•Types of ARQ:
–SAW: Stop-and-wait
–GBN: Go-Back-N
SR: Selective Repeat
•Types of HARQ:
–Type I
–Type II(IR)
–Type III

80. •MIMO
•Multiple input and multiple output
•Used from 3.5G (WIMAX only) and later

81. Omni antenna Directional antenna AAS
•AAS
•Adaptive/Advanced Antenna System
•Used from 3.5G (WIMAX only) and later
•Called Beam forming in LTE

82. Transmission Networks
PDH: Digital Signals
SDH: Optical Signals (ITU)
SONET: Optical Signals (US)

88. Digital Signal Hierarchies
Most Common Rates
Asynchronous
SONETVT1.5
(1.7 Mb/s)
STS-3
(156 Mb/s)
STS-12
(622 Mb/s)
STS-48
(2500 Mb/s)
28 84 336 1344
Capacity
(DS-1 Equiv)
DS-1
(1.544 Mb/s)
STS-1
(52 Mb/s)
[Non-Standardized]
STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 SDH
DS-0
(64 Kb/s)
VC-11 VC-3
DS: Digital Signal
SONET: Synchronous Optical NETwork (US)
SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU)
STS: Synchronous Transport Signal
STM: Synchronous Transfer Mode
VC: Virtual Container
VT: Virtual Tributary
DS-3
(45 Mb/s)

89. SDH/SONET Network Layers
DS3
etc
DS3
etc
Path •Map Services & POH Into SPE
•Path Protection/Restoration
•Other Path OA&M Functions
Line •Combine SPE & LOH
•Sync & Mux For Path Layer
•Line Protection/Restoration
•Other Line OA&M Functions
Section •Add SOH & Create STS Signal
•Framing, Scrambling
•Section OA&M Functions
Physical
(Photonic)
•E/O Conversion
•Line Code
•Physical Signal
[No additional overhead]
MUX LTE Regen MUXLTELTERegen
Services
DS3, DS1, etc
SONET ADM
Path
Line Line
SectionSection Section Section

90. SONET Ring
Rings Classification according to these measures:
•Uni-directional / Bi-directional Rings
•Two-Fiber / Four Fiber Rings
•Line Layer Ring / Path Layer Ring
•The possibilities Are 8 rings
•Uni 2-F Line
•Bi 4-F Path

91. MPLS
Multi Protocol Label Switching
A technique of connecting headquarter with branches
through ISP(FSP)
Elements
P: Provider Router (L3 Switch)
PE: Provider Edge Router (L3 Switch)
CE: Customer Edge Router (L3 switch)
Uses VPN for security
L2VPN: CE – CE
L3 VPN: PE – CE

92. Full Service Provider (CS/PS)

93. Telecom Market Companies
Telecom companies are classified into 3 types:
1- Operators
2- Vendors
3- Contractors

94. 1- Operators:
Service Provider for customers
a- (FSP): Full Service Provider also called
TSP (Telecom Service Provider) who
supports both Circuit Switching & Packet
Switching services for the customers.
b- (ISP): Internet Service Provider
Who supports only Packet Switching

95. 2- Vendors:
Manufacturers of the telecom elements
a- Mobiles: like HUAWEI – APPLE – HTC
b- BSS: like HUAWEI – ZTE – ERICSSON
c- IBS Solutions: like Andrew
d- Designing Tools: like ibwave
e- Chips: like intel

96. 3- Contractors:
Small Companies (Third Party) which
build up and install towers in sites
They receive the telecom elements from
vendors to use them in building operator
sites

97. What courses do Telecom trainees need??
1- for RAN work
2G: GSM / GPRS / EDGE
3G: WCDMA – HSPA – HSPA+
4G: LTE
5G: BDMA
RF Planning & Optimization
IBS: In Building Solutions
WIFI: Wireless Fidelity
Fiber Optics: Welding / Tx / Rings

98. 2- for Core work (Packet Switching)
CCNA: Basic Networking & IP Addressing
CCNP: External Routing BGP (Roaming / GGSN)
CCDA: Basic Design
CCDP: Advanced Design
MPLS: connecting headquarter with branches
through an ISP or FSP