Pip! Pip! Meaning Beyond Noise

Running head: PIP! PIP: MEANING BEYOND NOISE 1
Pip! Pip: Meaning Beyond Noise
Bayogo, Janine
Gemino, Alvin
Masayao, Analiza
Ondiano, Christie Kaye
Ruiz, Elvin
Cebu Normal University

PIP! PIP: MEANING BEYOND NOISE 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List Of Figures
List Of Tables
The Problem And Its Scope
Rationale
Theoretical Background
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Research Methodologies
Definition of Terms
Data Analysis
Results And Recommendations
Findings
Summary
Limitations
Recommendations
Works Cited
Appendices
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List Of Figures
Figure 1. Theoretical Framework
Figure 2. Venn Diagram
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List Of Tables
Table 1. Registers of Liloan Jeep Drivers
Table 2. Registers of Metro Cebu Jeep Drivers
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The Problem And Its Scope
Rationale
Language is varied and ‘registers’ are good examples of such. ‘Register’ is a
variation of language and is exclusive only to a specific group of individuals sharing
specific similarities – such as work, age, location, gender, et cetera (Wikipedia, 2012).
Thus, understanding their ‘register’ would impose much difficulty on the people who are
not members of the so-called ‘specific group of individuals’. The researchers found it
necessary to study ‘registers’ for such noteworthy relevance on the part not only of the
researchers but also of the society where the researchers belong. The researchers,
being students, come across jeep drivers and their assistants in their day to day life as
they travel from home to school and vice versa. They have seen how lack of knowledge
about ‘registers’ could cause misunderstandings between the drivers or their assistants
and the passengers. When the driver’s assistant doing his/her daily routine – using
his/her daily language (register), passengers might misunderstand the expressions
uttered by the driver’s assistant and they, more often than not, end up fighting – chaos!
This is a common picture in public utility jeeps – a good example of the aforementioned
“misunderstanding.”
The researchers consider the great significance of studying the registers of jeep
drivers and/or their assistants and its indispensable role in the continuity of the
harmonious interrelationship and interdependence of the drivers and/or their assistants
and the passengers.

Hence, after mentioning for a couple of times or more, the title “Pip! Pip! Meaning
Beyond Noise” is a perfect embodiment of the sole goal of this research which is to let
afloat, brought upon by digging – not just scratching, the significance of “meaning in
context.” “Pip! Pip” are onomatopoeic words used to signify not only the noise produced
by the vehicles pointed out at the last morpheme of the title but also the main subjects
of this journey often referred to by the researchers as “joyride:” the jeeps – their drivers
and the drivers’ assistants. “Meaning Beyond Noise” means only one thing; and that is
to highlight the focal point of this study, not on the sounds produced by the jeeps but
rather on the registers used by the main subjects of this research. This research has no
other aim but to articulate the dimensions of the register of jeep drivers and their
assistants. Hence, only by listening beyond what can be heard – the honk of vehicles –
could one’s ears be able to hear and make-meaning to understand the register of jeep
drivers and their assistants.
Theoretical Background
“Making sense” has always been man’s main aim of existing in this world: his
main objective of living – to make meaning and in order to make sense; to make sense
and in order to be understood. However, understanding would be difficult to achieve
without a universal meaning identical to all. Thus, this research on the register of jeep
drivers and their assistants was conceived to rise up to the challenge of “meaning-
making.” Hence, this research is anchored on the Register Theory and the Social
Semiotics.

Register Theory is a theory of language variation according to situational context
(Wikipedia, 2012). It focuses on the systematic relation between a context of situation
and the language variety used in that context register. As Halliday puts it: “register is a
variety of language, corresponding to a variety of situation with situations interpreted by
means of a conceptual framework using the terms ‘field’, ‘tenor’, and ‘mode’.” ‘Field’
refers to what language is being used – that is, whether terms used are technical or just
the ‘everyday’ terms. It includes the topic – what is being talked about – and the
interactants. ‘Tenor’ describes the role relationship between the interactants. It
encompasses the social or economic status, the age gap – if there is, the affective
involvement (may ‘they’ be friends, family members, and so on), and the contact – it
could be seldom, occasional, frequent and so on. ‘Mode’ refers to the role language is
playing in the interaction. It could be ‘written or spoken’ or ‘spontaneous or planned’. It
could also have the ‘level of interactiveness’ – it could have the possibility of rapid
feedback, delayed feedback or immediate feedback (Wikipedia, 2012).
Social Semiotics – one of the Semiotic Theories – examines semiotic practices,
specific to a culture and community, for the making of various kinds of texts and
meanings in various ‘situational contexts’ and ‘contexts of culturally meaningful activity’.
It also investigates human signifying practices in specific social and cultural
circumstances and which tries to explain ‘meaning-making’ as a social practice. It is
divided into three branches, namely: ‘semantics’, ‘syntactics’, and ‘pragmatics’.
‘Semantics’ examines the relation between signs and the things to which they refer to.
‘Syntactics’ examines the relation among signs in formal structure. ‘Pragmatics’

Social
Semiotics
Semantics
Syntactics
Pragmatics
Register of Jeepney Drivers
and Their Assistants in
Metro Cebu and Liloan
Register
Theory
Field
Tenor
Mode
examines the relation between signs and the effect they have on the people who
use them (Wikipedia, 2012).
Through the use of these two theories, the researchers will be able to “dissect”
the jeep drivers’ and their assistants’ register through certain parameters such as:
social, economic and linguistic aspects affecting usage. This could be considered as
“meaning-making” through understanding by means of thorough examination on the
relevance of the language used on a particular context - register – towards the
situational context. Thus, this theoretical framework shows
Figure 1.TheoreticalFramework (Register Theory and Social Semiotics)
how the three branches of both theories singularly and wholly contribute to the
‘meaning-making’ process which is the primary business of both theories which stands
as the core of this academic endeavor.

Statement of the Problem
This paper aims to understand and analyze the registers used by the jeep drivers
and their assistants to communicate with their passengers. This research on the
register of jeep drivers and their assistants in Liloan and Metro Cebu aims to answer
these questions:
1. What are the registers of jeep drivers and/or their assistants in Metro Cebu? In
Liloan?
 words used (their registers)
 meaning
2. Are there differences in (the use of) their registers?
 according to age
 according to economic/social status
 according to profession/educational attainment
3. How do people – passengers – react and respond to their (driver and/or
assistant) registers?
Significance of the Study
The results of this research study categorically benefited some sectors of the
society by providing information on the results of the register analysis of jeep drivers
and assistants of Liloan and Metro Cebu, whether it is a boon or a bane to the society
for better communication. Among the people who will be directly or indirectly benefited
are the following:

Passengers. The results of this research study will give insights and first-hand
knowledge on how the drivers and assistants interact with people especially the
passengers. By the time they hear the register they will not be left dumbfounded even if
some words are unfamiliar which sometimes sounds malicious. Furthermore, it is for
them to be able to understand the registers of the jeep drivers and their assistants to
avoid misunderstandings and instead, promote harmonious relationships between
passengers and drivers and/or assistants.
Students. The result of this study can give them the authentic knowledge of the
registers which is of significant use in there socialization and daily routine. This research
can give them information through their perusal of the researchers’ output.
English Teachers. This study will integrate their knowledge in teaching and start
their own pursuit related to this study. This can also be another source of information in
the aspect of register analysis which is quite useful, especially for English majors.
Future Researchers. The output of this study will benefit and help the future
researchers. This can serve as their guide and a building block for their own study.
Further study can also help in the development of this research.
Interested Readers. This study will help them learn a handful of new things and
may motivate them to explore more and discover further relevant and interesting
information in this field of study.

Research Methodologies
In every situation, people will shift into different registers, the idea which has
been believed since the 1960’s (Vlack, 2012). An individual in the course of the day
would change the way they speak in many different times (Vlack, 2012). Now, in
relevance to the study, the researchers, as passengers, found it interesting and
momentous to investigate. With their daily activities, it will also enhance their
understanding of the meaning of every word in the uttered expressions. After doing the
research, the reader will realize the significance of the study just as the researchers
expected.
The varieties of expressions and utterances in different communities bring the
researchers the essence of the study. When passengers speak in jeeps, other
commuters may stare at them or give them a puzzled look. Others, however, have
different reactions. When the speaker talks about funny things with his/her comrades,
the other observers seem to be confused and others laugh with the speaker as a sign of
understanding. There are also a lot of reasons why observers tend to have that
behavior. Personality could be one of them.
The researchers found it very reasonable to have this study because of their day
to day activities as mentioned above. The cogency of the research, as the researchers
know it, depends upon the validity of the measures taken to amass the data, as well as
the time taken to conduct the analysis.

In order to realize this research, the researchers will use three research methods,
namely: ethnographic method, comparative and discourse analysis.
Ethnographic method will be used in the data gathering stage. The researchers
will immerse themselves in the context of the respondents and gather the data –
registers – through observation. They will also do video and sound recordings to
produce authentic research data. The researchers will also conduct an interview to
provide concrete and reliable data and also to verify the data gathered through
observation.
Comparative analysis will be used in analyzing the data gathered in the data
analysis stage. This method will be used to analyze the similarities and differences in
the jeep drivers’ and/or their assistants use of their registers considering the age, the
economic status and the profession/educational attainment of the passengers.
Discourse analysis will be used to furthermore analyze the data gathered. This
time, the jeep drivers and/or their assistants will be considered alongside with the
registers.
Hence, with these three methods, the researchers aim to lay solid grounds and
concrete evidences for their assertions.

Definition of Terms
Field refers to the type of language being used - that is, whether the terms used
are technical or just the ‘everyday’ terms. In this research, this refers to the registers of
jeep drivers and their assistants.
Tenor refers to the relationship between the interactants. It encompasses the
social or economic status, the age gap – if there is, the affective involvement and the
contact. In this research, this refers to the driver and/or their assistants and the
passengers.
Mode refers to the means by which language is used in an interaction. It could
be ‘written or spoken’ or ‘spontaneous or planned’. In this research, this refers to the
drivers’ and/or their assistants’ spoken manner of relating their registers.
Semantics examines the relation between signs and the things to which they
refer to. In this research, this refers to the registers and their corresponding meaning.
Syntactics examines the relation among signs in formal structure. In this
research, this refers to the register and their usage. This has something to do with the
appropriateness of registers according to the situational context.

Pragmatics examines the relation between signs and the effect they have on the
people who use them. In this research, this refers to the reactions of the passengers
with the registers that the jeep drivers and/or their assistants.
Liloan Jeep Drivers refers to jeep drivers who operate jeeps having the route
Liloan-Cebu and the number at the rear ends of their jeeps “25.”
Metro Cebu Jeep Drivers refers to jeep drivers who operate jeeps having their
routes just within the metro. For the purpose of this research, the researchers chose to
have the jeeps with the number at the rear ends of their jeeps “01K.”

Data Analysis
REGISTER MEANING
1. kinsa ni’ng pliti? Passenger’s identity/owner of the money; Scope
of destination (from and to)
2. aginud To remind the driver to make a stop ahead
3. asa ni? The place where the passenger disembarks
4. lingkuri ug balig singku Move closer to one another/compress
5. bangku Small wooden chairs as seat extensions put in the
middle of the jeep to accommodate passengers
more than the seating capacity of the jeep
6. asa gikan? The place where the passenger rode on the jeep
7. di’ makuut Passengers’ pockets
8. gahi Vertical metal bar attached onto the ceiling of the
jeep
9. gawas To go back on the track
10.kubra daan Pay the fare before the said destination; pay
ahead of the time when the passenger disembarks
11.lugar Stop!/A passenger is going to get off
12.mas daku pa Coins
13.naa pa Vacant seats are still available
14.‘number’ + na lang Number of passenger/passengers yet to be
accommodated
15.Papa A traffic enforcer
16.pusing/posing Sit properly
17.sigi/gi Signals the driver to resume driving after
unloading a passenger/passengers
18.sikatsikat Big, fully accessorized (with flashy lights and
groovy music) and beautifully decorated jeeps
19.tagak na Go! The passenger already got off
20.wala na The jeep is fully accommodated already (including
the ‘bangku’, if there is)
Table 1. Registers of Liloan Jeep Drivers
The words that appear in the table above are the registers that Liloan jeep
drivers use. The words enlisted above were gathered through the observations of the
researchers in their daily encounter with jeep drivers and their assistants as the
researchers rode on jeeps on their way to school. These words are not the only
registers the drivers use but are the most common. To confirm the meaning of the

words, the researchers have interviewed some drivers. The researchers found these
words significant because they are quite confusing when one has his first exposure to
such words.
WORDS MEANING
1. aginud Reminds the driver to drive slow for a passenger to
get off safely
2. asa gikan? The place where the passenger rode on the jeep
3. asa ni? Passenger’s destination
4. ayaw pugsa kay magdugu Hard-headed passengers who insist to get on a
jeep that is already full
5. buak Coins for fare
6. buaya Selfish jeep drivers
7. galakaw sa panganud Passenger who walks really slow
8. gahi The bar attached to the ceiling of the jeep
9. hupia Stop
10.irugi Move closer
11.kapyut To hang onto a bar at the rear portion of the jeep
12.kuput Hold firmly on the vertical bar attached onto the
jeep’s ceiling
13.lahus To continue the travel after slowing down or a stop
14.lahus sa kusina/second
floor
To let the passenger move straight towards the
back of the driver’s seat
15.larga na To remind the driver to resume driving after
unloading a passenger
16.naa pa Some passengers can still be accommodated
17.palingkura ang bisita To let the other passenger have a seat
18.pila ni? The number of passengers to be paid for by the
fare
19.sikiti bahala’g di’ mu uyab To maximize the available space
20.tuyuk Roundtrip
Table 2. Registers of Metro Cebu Jeep Drivers
The words that appear in the table above are the registers that Metro Cebu jeep
drivers use. Some of the words enlisted above were gathered by means of an interview
(Appendix A) conducted by the researchers. Nevertheless, most were gathered through
the observations of the researchers in their daily encounter with jeep drivers and their
assistants as the researchers rode on jeeps on their way to school. These words are

- kinsa ni'ng pliti?
- lingkuri ug balig singku
- bangku
- di' makuut
- gawas
- kubra daan
- lugar
- mas daku pa
- 'number' + na lang
- papa
- pusing
- sigi/gi
- sikatsikat
- tagak na
- wala na
- ayaw pugsa kay magdugu
- buak
- buaya
- galakaw sa panganud
- hupia
- irugi
- kapyut
- kuput
- lahus
- lahus sa kusina/second floor
- larga na
- palingkura ang bisita
- pila ni?
- sikiti bahala'g di' mu uyab
- tuyuk
not the only registers the drivers use but are the most common in occurrence. To
confirm the meaning of the words, the researchers have interviewed some drivers. The
researchers found these words significant because they are quite confusing when one
has his first exposure to such words.
Figure 2. Venn Diagram for the Registers of Liloan and Metro Cebu
The fifteen words on the left oval are the distinct registers used by jeep drivers in
Liloan, and the other fifteen words on the right oval are the unique registers used by
- aginud
- asa ni?
- asa gikan?
- gahi
- naa pa
LILOAN METRO CEBU

jeep drivers in Metro Cebu. The five words found on the overlap of the two ovals are the
words that are used by both Liloan and Metro Cebu jeep drivers.
In the course of performing this study, the researchers found out, with the help of
the jeep drivers and/or their assistants, that there were, indeed, similarities and
differences in the jeep drivers’ and/or their assistants’ use of registers. The researchers
considered three parameters or factors in analyzing the registers of the jeep drivers
and/or their assistants. The parameters are as follows:
Considering the age of the passengers, the researchers found out that most
young passengers (aged 13-20 years old) understood the words better than the older
passengers (aged 21 years and older) do. One reason, according to the drivers, could
be because older passengers do not travel often, unlike the younger ones; and that
most of the more mature passengers are not socially updated, too. So, most of the time,
they don’t really listen or engage in conversations in the jeep. This is one factor which
tailors the jeep drivers’ and/or their assistants’ usage of their registers.
Considering the passengers’ economic status, the researchers found out that most rich
passengers do not understand the jeep drivers’ and/or their assistants’ registers. They
oftentimes use the normal Cebuano-Visayan language for conversations, technical or
interactional, inside the jeep. On the other hand, the poor passengers understand the
jeep drivers’ and/or their assistants’ registers quite well (Appendix B);

they could even use them everywhere they go. This is another factor which
tailors the jeep drivers’ and/or their assistants’ usage of their registers.
Considering the educational attainment of the passengers, the researchers found
out that whereas some professionals – such as teachers, engineers and nurses –
understand the jeep drivers’ and/or their assistants’ register, there are also some
professionals who don’t get the meaning of the jeep drivers’ and/or their assistants’
register. The passengers who were not able to study for higher education, especially
those who just loiter around Cebu and Liloan, are the ones who understand better these
varying registers of the jeep drivers and/or their assistants. This is also another factor
which tailors the jeep drivers’ and/or their assistants’ usage of their registers.
The aforementioned are all factors which affect, or even tailor to some extent,
jeep drivers’ and/or their assistants’ use of their registers. As service providers, the
drivers and/or their assistants would always seek ways to please their passengers; thus,
they are compelled to adjust their language – registers – depending on who they are
talking to in order to avoid misunderstandings and the air of being disrespectful.
With those several conditions mentioned and the premise established, it would
be predictable enough that the passengers’ reactions would be varied, one from the
other, and, of course, variable to the context.

As what the researchers found out, and what the jeep drivers and/or their
assistants confirmed, there are a handful of different reactions – positive, neutral, and
even negative – the passengers have whenever the drivers and/or their assistants use
their registers. They said that the effect of the registers to the passengers and the
passengers’ reactions are as varied as the timing of its usage.
Sometimes, the registers would sound humorous, sometimes it would sound
disrespectful. As the researchers have observed, there are some passengers who
would laugh or smile whenever they hear such registers like aginud, lingkuri ug balig
singku, tagak na and lahus sa kusina/second floor. This is so if the passengers
understood or if they took the word positively. However, some passengers would get
angry (Appendix A) or insulted and would, in some cases, find the jeep drivers and/or
their assistants disrespectful and smirk when they hear registers such as ayaw pugsa
kay magdugu, galakaw sa panganud, gahi, palingkura ang bisita, di’ makuut and sikiti
bahala’g di’ mu uyab. This is usually the case if the passengers mistook the registers, if
they don’t understand at all or if they just took the registers negatively. Nevertheless,
the most common reaction the jeep drivers and/or their assistants get from their
passenger is a poker face or a look that tells the drivers or their assistants that the
passengers felt dumbfounded because they didn’t understand the word and they would
not dare to ask for its meaning for fear of seeming dumb – neutral reaction. However,
there are some, like the researchers, who took bold steps and asked the meaning of the
jeep drivers’ and/or their assistants’ registers.

Regardless of the similarities and difference in the registers of jeep drivers in
Liloan and in Metro Cebu, the researchers discovered that the reactions of passengers,
may they be in Liloan or in Metro Cebu, are more or less the same.
After comparing and identifying the similarities and differences in the registers
used by jeep drivers in Liloan and Metro Cebu, the researchers will now examine the
underlying theories that govern the drivers’ and their assistants’ usage of their registers
with respect to the context of situation including their passengers.
When the driver or his/her assistant uses his/her register, he/she takes into
consideration his audience: the passengers. The passengers are limiting factors, so to
speak, that determine, in one way or the other, the words that the driver or his/her
assistant uses. This is explained by Register Theory which basically asserts that
registers are language variations which are variable to situational context. When viewed
parallel with the Register Theory, it could then be understood why drivers and/or their
assistants sometimes opt to or not to use their registers. If the terms under Register
Theory would be considered, it could also be understood how the registers, its speakers
and the listeners interplay in a certain situational contexts. The registers of jeep drivers
and/or their assistants are the fields; the drivers and/or their assistants, who act as
speakers, and the passengers, who act as listener, are the interactants of the situational
context which is inside the jeep and their interaction is the tenor; and the spoken words
– registers – are the modes of the language.

The events in the jeep – the identified situational context – can also be examined
through the use of Social Semiotics which examines the semiotic practices – usage of
register – specific to a culture – culture of Metro Cebu and Liloan, particularly the
drivers’ and/or the assistants’, for the making of various kinds of meanings – associated
to registers – in various situational contexts. It could also be furthermore examined
through the use of its three branches: semantics, examines the relation between the
signs – registers – and the things to which they refer to – parts of the jeep, actions and
daily practices of passengers and the drivers and/or their assistants, including the
instructions and requests which are usually done through a conversation; syntactics,
examines the relation among signs – registers – and their usage; and pragmatics,
examines the relation between signs – registers – and the effect – reactions of
passengers – they have on the people who use them – the drivers and/or their
assistants and the passengers.
To furthermore support their assertions, the researchers took into account one
unpublished research of the undergraduate studies of Cebu Normal University-College
of Arts and Sciences. It is a research entitled “The Gayspeak: The Language of Style”
by Añonuevo, John Carlo, Jumao-as , Rowena, Malunjao, Daniel and Siroy, Lyn
Michelle – BA-English Language III students. Their research is on register analysis and
they focused on the registers of gays in Cebu. The contents of their paper aimed to give
examples and cite similarities and differences within the usage of gay language among
its native speakers in Cebu. It also described the nature of the “language” and how
expressions were coined. In addition, it also explained how the gay language spreads.

Specifically, it identified the common vocabulary of local gays and the
corresponding meanings through a self-administered questionnaire and an informal
conversation. Thus, the researchers could say that they are not alone in their assertions
about the significance of studying registers.

Results And Recommendations
Findings
After analyzing the data gathered, the researchers have reached these findings:
1. The registers of jeep drivers and/or their assistants in Liloan and Metro Cebu are
varied enough despite the relative proximity of their location. Such is proven by
the fact derived from the figures. Out of the twenty registers in both Liloan and
Metro Cebu, which are most commonly used by the jeep drivers and/or their
assistants, fifteen registers on both locations were proven to be distinct to each
location while five registers of jeep drivers and/or their assistants in Liloan and
Metro Cebu were found co-occurring in both locations: aginud, asa ni?, asa
gikan?, gahi, naa pa.
2. There are similarities and differences in the jeep drivers’ and/or their assistants’
use of their registers: young passengers understand their registers better
compared to older passengers; poor passengers understand better the registers
compared to rich passengers; and professionals such as teachers, engineers
and nurses understand the registers while there are also some professionals who
do not and passengers who did not have higher education understand better.
3. The common reactions that the drivers and/or their assistants get are: positive –
laugh or smile; neutral – poker face or dumbfounded look; and negative – smirk.
Summary
The research conducted has been into jeep drivers’ and their assistants’
registers. The researcher has done enough effort to come out with a certain result. The

researcher used few authors namely: Halliday, Vlack and several sites to produce a
credible research output. The terms used by the researchers are registers which were
successfully explained in a chapter of this research. Thus, the researchers successfully
found out the differences and similarities of the registers which can prevent
misunderstanding between the drivers and/or their assistants and the passengers.
The researcher’s topic is about the meaning of the words and utterances used by
the jeep drivers and their assistants in Liloan and Metro Cebu. Indeed there are
differences and similarities in their registers but what the researchers wanted to
emphasize to the reader is a deeper understanding and a deeper meaning-making
which adds sense to these words. These words produced or spoken by these people
are not just noise around but they are meaningful utterances which can make a reader
or a person ignorant if not exposed to these level of word usage.
The researchers gathered information through the use of ethnographic method.
The researchers also did interviews and recordings to support their assertions. The data
gathered were analyzed through the use of comparative delete and discourse analysis.
The data gathered were presented through listing the words with the corresponding
meaning to instruct the unknowledgeable of these words. The researchers found out
that there are a handful different reactions – positive, neutral, and even negative – the
passengers have whenever the driver and their assistants use their registers. The
researchers then realized that though the passengers have those reactions, there are
also times that they have almost all positive and seldom negative reactions. The

researchers took into account one unpublished research of the undergraduate studies
of Cebu Normal University-College of Arts and Sciences to further support the study.
Their research focused more on the registers of gays in Cebu. The overall presentation
of their research shares a similar goal this study has presented.
Upon their perusal of this research, the readers, will know the registers and their
corresponding meaning and understand the language that the jeep drivers and their
assistants use. The readers will also be able to interact without the feeling of nuisance
to the jeep drivers and their assistants.
Limitations
Although this research has, indeed, reached its aims and fulfilled its goals, there
were limitations which the researchers encountered in the course of performing this
research. The researchers found it noteworthy to enumerate such limitations in order for
the future researchers to avoid the same difficulty the researchers had with these
limitations and also for the future researchers to think in advance ways on how to go
through the whole research process even with the presence of these limitations. The
limitations are as follows:
First in hand would be the short time frame for this research. This research is
very much a variable to the time factor because it determines, in one way or the other,
the probable data that could be collected and the expected results of this research.

Second, would be the limited sources. Back-up information is very much needed
in a research paper and because such resource is limited, the researchers found it hard
to realize this research especially that their assertions must be supported by previous
researches.
Third limitation is the availability of the respondents. Had more drivers been
available, then the researchers would have opted to have survey method for the data
gathering procedures; but since the drivers are always on the go, the researchers chose
to have the ethnographic method. The availability of the respondents also determines
the possible data to be gathered.
Fourth limitation is the scope or the location of the research. The researchers
chose the places Liloan and Metro Cebu because these two are the most preferable
and most available. The researchers are in Metro Cebu in most days of the week, and
two of the researchers are living near Liloan while the other three takes permanent
residence in Metro Cebu. The two places, for the purpose of comparison, are not too far
to be different and not too near to be the same.
Fifth limitation is the financial requirements of this research. Having jeep drivers
as our respondents and two quite distant places for our location, money would always
be a requirement, and the limited financial resources the researchers have are what
helped them choose the location of their respondents. That way, they would not find the
research too financially demanding and, also, to be able to give justice to this research.

Recommendations
Upon identifying the limitations of this research, the following recommendations
are drafted to counterbalance the limitations and achieve the expected outcome of this
research.
Careful planning must be performed and flexible alternatives must be prepared to
counter “what if” emergencies that may occur. The activities that the research work
entails must be scheduled rigidly and carefully so that complications in the course of the
research writing process would be addressed and delays would be avoided.
Data sources must be widened and the scope of the data banks must not be
confined to Internet sources. Books, journals, periodicals, articles, and other previously
done, published or unpublished works, should be considered.
Respondents must be identified and classified beforehand to avoid hassle and
delay. Should the researcher decide to have interviews as part of the data gathering
process, interviews must be assigned to a schedule feasible to both parties so as not to
cause delay and waste of time to both parties.
The location of focus of this research could be extended to other neighboring
places (municipalities) to elaborate furthermore the scope of this research and to

provide more concrete evidences to support the researchers’ assertions. Perhaps, five
municipalities would be sufficient and doable.
For the limitation on financial resource, the researchers could have activities
which require travel scheduled within the same day so as to avoid excessive spending
and to save time as well.

Works Cited
Baum, Josh. (2013). How to Write a Research Methodology. Retrieved from
http://www.ehow.com/how_4597601_write-research-methodology.html
Holmes, Vance. (2011). Style, Context and Register [Modules]. Retrieved from
http://linguisticswiki.blogspot.com/2011/09/12-style-context-and-register.html
Vlack, Stephen van. (Spring 2009). Introduction to Linguistics. Retrieved from
http://www.udveksling.com/EdLing/EdLingWeek5Ans
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (2012, October 28). Social Semiotics. Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_semiotics
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (2013, February 21). Register (sociolinguistics). Retrieved
from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_%28sociolinguistics%29
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (2013, February 28). Interlanguage. Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlanguage
YouTube PH. (2012). Registers of Jeepney Drivers. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qe3dqdtXKeM

APPENDICES
Appendix A
Transcript of Video Interview with a 01K Jeep Driver
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qe3dqdtXKeM)
Analiza: Maayu’ng hapun sa atu’ng tanan. Naa ta’y intirbyuhun karun nga usa ka
jeep driver. Maayu’ng hapun Kuya. Ahh… Unsa’y panga’n nimu kuya?
Driver: Jurik Etanis
Analiza: Ahh… Unsa nga jeep imu’ng ginadrayban?
Driver: 01K
Analiza: Naa ta’y mga pangutana Kuya. Sa kana’ng adlawadlaw nimu nga pag-
drive, unsa’y mga pinulungan ninyu nga mga driver nga kami’ng mga tawu
di’ kasabut?
Driver: Kana’ng muingun mu nga “gunit sa gahi”. Ang uban nga pasahiru masuku.
‘Nya “lahus lang sa kusina”; ang uban masuku sad.
Analiza: Unsa ma’y pasabut anang “gunit sa gahi”?
Driver: Para di’ mahu’g, pagunitun sa tubu.
Analiza: Ahh…Kani siya nga tubu? ‘Nya kadtung “lahus lang sa kusina” unsa mana
siya Kuya?
Driver: Para mudiritsu didtu ang mga pasahiru sa tumuy.
Analiza: Ahh… Unsa pa ma’y lain Kuya?
Driver: Kuan… kana’ng masuku sila nga mu abanti mi, ‘nya naa ma’y dakup.
Analiza: Unsa nang “lahus”? Unsa na siya?

Driver: Kanang padiritsuun sila sa tumuy.
Analiza: Kana’ng “bungkag lang sa buntag”?
Driver: Sinsilyu.
Analiza: Ahh… Sinsilyu diay na siya. (Unsa pa’y lain’g word?) ‘Nya unsa pa ma’y
lain Kuya nga mga… mga pinulungan nga di’ mi kasabut.
Driver: Kana’ng palihug mi ana’ng mga sinsilyu, niya ang uban hatag kay hatag
gyud ug tibu-uk ba.
Analiza: Ahh... (laugh)
Driver: Dili sila kasakup, kasabut namu.
Analiza: Ahh… ‘Nya kanang inyuha’ng mga kuan, kana’ng “gunit sa gahi”, naa pu’y
uba’ng taw nga makasabut?
Driver: Ang uban makasabut, ang uban di’; masuku.
Analiza: Ahh… so, para nimu Kuya nganu’ng di’ man sila kasabut?
Driver: Para nila, mura’g sayup siguru na nila.
Analiza: Ahh…
Driver: Sa ila’ng pagpaminaw ba sayup (dirty-minded).
Analiza: Daghan’g salamat Kuya ug mau na tu siya para sa amung research.

Appendix B
Transcript of Voice Record Interview with a Liloan Jeep Driver
Alvin: Maayu’ng hapun. Aku si Alvin Gemino. ‘Nia ku karun sa Liloan mag-
interview kung unsa’y mga reaction sa mga tawu kung makadungug sila
sa mga pinulungan sa driver ug kunduktur.
Unsa’y panga’n nimu Manung?
Driver: Diego Ysolana.
Alvin: Pila imu’ng idad?
Driver: 38 aku’ng idad.
Alvin: Unsa’y imu’ng economic status?
Driver: Wa lagi. Wa g’yud ku’y trabahu lagi; ‘ngita ku ug trabahu lagi. Murag dili
g’yud siya stable ba.
Alvin: Unsa man, di’ba kunduktur man ka?
Driver: Uu, kunduktur ku.
Alvin: Mau ni pangutana naku. Unsa may mga, unsa’y reaction ninyu kung
makadungug ka or unsa ang reaction sa mga pasahiru kung makadungug
sila sa inyu’ng mga pinulungan nga murag bag-u ra nila ba?
Driver: Aw, kanang mga ingun ana ba? Dipindi. Naa man sa’y mga taw’ng mga
datu nga di’ kasabut kanang nabag-uhan nga sakay ug jeep ba ‘xample
kanang mura’g matinga’ na sila ba kung unsa’y pasabut namu isip mga
tambay-tambay, mga higala namu. Kana makasabut na ang uban. M’u na

nga di’ na mi mahibu’ng kung kasabut na sila. Kana ra amu’ng
kahibulungan kanang mga nabag-uhan ra’g sakay ug sakyanan ba.

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