Waste Management Hierarchy by Dr. Prasad Modak

1. Table of Contents
 Trends in Waste Generation
 Impact of waste – poor waste management
 Waste Management Hierarchy
 Integrated Solid Waste Management
 Towards Circular Economy

2. What is Waste?

3. Typical Contribution of Waste streams in Urban Areas
Source: EMC Master database , 2014

4. Waste Treatment Infrastructure
Treatment Storage DisposalCollection
Landfill
Incineration
Treatment
Recycling
Waste to Energy
Segregation

5. Waste Generation Across Various Regions of the World
Total waste currently generated is approx. 3532 tons/day in which OECD
countries generate maximum waste. By 2025 in which East Asia could make
major contribution.
Source: What a Waste, World Bank:

6. Waste Generation is Linked to Per Capita Income
Source: Economic Times
Source: EMC’s Master Country Database (n.p., 2014) using primarily
data from the EU, OECD and World Bank; Lawless (2014), Waste
Atlas: Recycling and resource recovery around the world (Unpublished
master’s thesis). University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.

7.  Organic waste
enjoys maximum
fraction of the
waste generated
across all income
level while paper
waste is high in
upper-middle and
high income
countries.
Waste characteristics by Income Levels
Source: EMC’s Master Country Database (n.p., 2014) using primarily data from the UN and World Bank and Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata (2012)

8. Cost of inaction
In Asia 50-70%
of revenues are
spent on waste
management
and the cost of
inaction eats
away 5% of the
GDP

9. World’s 50 Biggest Waste Dumpsites
 Largest number of dump sites are found in African countries followed by Asia
Source: Waste Atlas Partnership (2014).
Waste Atlas: The World’s 50 Biggest Dumpsites, 2014 Report.

10. .
GHG emissions at various stages of waste disposal and
management
Greenhouse Gases (GHG) are gases
that trap heat in the atmosphere. The primary
GHG water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane,
Nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide and ozone.
Different stages of Waste Management
contribute to GHG emissions.
The yellow lines depicts the emissions
from different process and the green
lines shows the remediation technique
or the methods to avoid GHG
emissions.

11. Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Priority Adoption
Long Term
?

14.  Phasing out open dumping &
controlling disposal is an
important first step

15. Waste streams that can be recycled to recover
valuable secondary resources
SCRAP METALS
• Aluminium
• Ferrous (Steel)
• Lead
• Zinc
• Copper
15

16. MSW
• Paper
• Plastic
• Glass
Waste streams that can be recycled to recover
valuable secondary resources
16

17.  Waste is a resource and should be recognized as such
In fact the whole waste management system should be
designed around recycling and resource recovery.
Decentralized solutions are effective

18.  The private sector (both formal
and informal) is a key player in
solid waste management. They
can support the local authority
and innovate in recycling

19. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC WASTE
• PCB with valuable metals
• Copper
• Gold
• Palladium
• Silver
• Plastic
Waste streams that can be recycled to recover
valuable secondary resources
19

20. CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE
• Asphalt
• Concrete
• Rock
• Sand
• Wood
Waste streams that can be recycled to recover
valuable secondary resources
10-15% of total waste in
developed countries is C&D waste
20

21. •One ton of electronic scrap from PCs contains more gold
than that recovered from 17 tons of gold ore and 40 times
more concentration of copper than that in copper
•Recycling 1 ton of aluminium saves,
 1.3 metric tonne of bauxite residues
 15 m3of cooling water
 0.86 m3 of process water
 2TCO2 avoided
 11 kg of SO2 avoided
• Recycling 1 ton of paper will save up to 17 trees and 50 %
water
Benefits of recycling – some facts and figures
21

22. Benefits of recycling waste streams - Example
Recovery of Obsolete Mobiles - Japan
Recycling campaign launched in
Nov 2009 involving 1886 stores
and super markets selling mobiles
•People who return mobiles had a
chance to enter a lottery to win 12
– 600 dollars
•569,464 mobiles collected
•22 kg gold, 140 mg silver, 10 g
copper, 4 mg palladium recovered
in 4 months
22

23. PPP Model for Centralized Community
Based Composting in Dhaka by Waste Concern (WC)
Communities
Private Fertilizer
Companies.
Waste Concern
DCC & PWD
MoEF
Providing Seed
Money
Coordinating the
Program
Communities
participate in door-to-
door waste collection
program & contribute
towards its cost.
PUBLIC PRIVATE COMMUNITY
Providing
Land and
other
logistics
WC
ensures the
quality of
compost
WC provides technical
support and facilitation
for community based
SWM and composting
Fertilizer
companies buy
all the
compost
PPP MODEL: CASE FOR COMMUNITY BASED COMPOSTING IN BANGLADESH
Donor

24. Wongpanich Private Waste Recycling,
Thailand
● Recognized as a model for recycling business in
Thailand and neighboring countries
● Provides important benefits such as
− poverty reduction
− create job opportunities
− market value for waste
− educate people
− and increase awareness within community
Wongpanich Waste Recycling
Factory, Thailand
Factory Building
Storage of Separated &
Cleaned Plastic Containers
Recyclable transportation

25. Case study: Credai Clean City Movement, Kerala,
2007
 The Confederation of Real Estate Developer's
Associations of India (CREDAI)
 Launched a corporate social responsibility (CSR)
project
 Aim: spreading awareness to help citizens
implement self-contained solid waste management
systems in their communities
 Technology: Decentralized systems applicable to
different conditions – such as bio digester bins for
apartments and bio digester pots for individual
homes
Achievements
 Processed 72 tonnes of biodegradable waste from
48000 apartments in the city
 It has created jobs for people below the poverty line
for the last three years
 Saved Rs. 8.91 Crores (@ Rs. 3391 per tonne) for
the government.
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26. Case study - The Clean City Championship – A
Participatory Approach for Improved Solid Waste
Management in Warangal, 2012
 Low cost participatory approach
 Strong leadership from the administrators
and politicians
 Financial grants for the championship were
first secured from different departments at
State level
 Intensive pre-championship activities were
carried out
 Transportation plan and rationalization of
vehicles
 Route and loading plans for entire city on
GIS maps
 Tie-ups
 Stakeholder involvement
 Training and capacity building
 Championship spread over 7 days
Achievements
 WMC was able to reduce 30 to 40% of
waste going to the dumpsite.
 Solid waste management wing was
established
 Data updated on real-time basis
 There has been a reduction in O&M costs
by 30%
 This model of championship has been
replicated in Guntur and Visakhapatnam in
Andhra Pradesh and many more have
showed interest
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Source: http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/municipal%20solid%20waste%20management.pdf

27. Quezon City, Philippines

Started with ‘Linis Ganda’
Linkages across supply chain
Recognition & respectability
 uniforms, ID, access
 politically connected
Organise co-operatives
Facilitate affordable credit
Photo credits: Embassy of Japan in the
Philippines;
Government of the Philippines, 2006
Year Total IWBs
1997 6% 4%
2006 25% 16%
2009 37% 24%
10 year increase in recycling

28. Weigh bridge
Sorting
Inert Storage
Organic
storage
Bio-
methanation or
Composting
plants
Material
Recovery
Centre
Innovation centre
Street
lights
Waste Sorting Centres
Gardens
Methane gas for street lights
and to fuel transport vehicles
Processed materials for users
Compost to gardens
Waste Sorting
Centre
Waste
Generators/
Decentralized Integrated Eco-system

29. Sudokwon Eco-Energy Complex Town
Sludge-to-Solid Fuel
(2,700ton/day)
Organic Waste-to-Biogas
(1,500ton/day)
Construction Waste-to-Fuel
(4,000ton/day) Testing complex
Other energy plants
Combustible WtE plant
(2,000ton/day)
RDF plant
(200ton/day, Apr. 2010)
Sludge solidification plant
(1,000ton/day, Dec. 2008)
RDF-dedicated Boiler
(600ton/day)
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30. Wastes Not Being Viewed as “Resources”
Need for fundamental change in our mindset and attitudes
Resource efficiency and circular economy
The Closed Loop Economy
By reducing production of wastes, and by maximising the use of reusable and recyclable
materials, a city can achieve greater resource efficiency
Source: ADB and IGES (2008). Toward Resource-Efficient Economics in Asia and the Pacific: Reduce Reuse Recycle. Asian Development Bank, Manila
• Closed-Loop Economy
• Recycle Based Society
• Sound Material-Cycle
Society
• Green Growth and
Circular Economy

31. Moving from Negative
Loop to Positive
*
Depletion,
Degradation,
Deterioration,
Deforestation,
Desertification

32. Linear to Circular
Economy
Linear and Circular Economy

33. Regulations on recycling of waste
• Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Regulations
Sets targets for recycling e-waste in EU, China, California
(USA), Saskatchewan (Canada) and Ireland.
• Voluntary criteria for recycled paper
 Standard for recycled paper products GECA 11-200
under the Australian Ecolabel Program
 Blue Angel Basic Criteria for Award of the
Environmental Label for Recycled Paper (RAL-UZ 14)
in Germany
 Hong Kong Green Label Scheme (HKGLS) Product
Environmental Criteria for Paper Folders with
Recycled Content (GL-001-004)
 Ecomark criteria for recycled paper in India
• Regulation for recycling batteries
 EU, USA, Japan, India, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey
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34. Schemes to stimulate recycling - Examples
TAKE BACK PROGRAMS
• German Packaging Ordinance 1991 -
Packaging waste recycled through
Duales System Deutschland (DSD)
• British Columbia Recycling Regulation
2004 -
Left over paint returned at 100 depots
operated by Product Care.
Eco-fees or eco-taxes collected
DEPOSIT REFUND SYSTEMS
• South Korea –
Food containers, tires,
batteries, lubricants,
pesticide containers, and
plastics
• Bottle bills in U.S
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35. 환경부 자원순환국
Online waste disposal verification system
(Allbaro)
Asbestos disposal measures
Follow-up management performance
deposit for waste disposal facility
Volume based waste fee system
Reduce the use of disposable items
and packaging
Waste charge system
Promote the recycling of construction
wastes and used metal scrap
EPR system(24 items)
Eco-Assurance system for WEEE and
vehicles
Nature
Materials
Natural Resources
Recyclable
Resources
WtE and biomass
Eco-energy complex towns
Low-carbon green villages
①Energy-efficient
Production, Distribution, Consumption
④Advanced treatment
for pollution prevention
③Energy recovery
from waste resources
②Material recycling
to reduce raw materials
Waste
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36. Sound Material Society