pengantar teknik lingkungan

1. Pengantar Teknik Lingkungan
TM1: Pengertian Teknik & Hukum Lingkungan
Bintang Ekananda
Teknik Lingkungan Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong
15 Oktober 2022

2. Apa itu
Lingkungan?

3. Lingkungan
(environment)
Kesatuan ruang dengan semua
benda, daya, keadaan, dan
makhluk hidup, termasuk
manusia dan perilakunya, yang
mempengaruhi alam itu sendiri,
kelangsungan perikehidupan,
dan kesejahteraan manusia
serta makhluk hidup lain (UU
No 32 Tahun 2009).

4. Teknik/rekayasa
(engineering)
Penerapan ilmu sains, ekonomi,
sosial dan praktis untuk
menemukan, merancang,
membangun, memelihara dan
meningkatkan struktur, mesin,
perangkat, sistem, bahan, dan
proses.

5. Teknik Lingkungan (environmental
engineering)
• Integrasi prinsip-prinsip sains dan rekayasa untuk
mengembangkan proses-proses yang bisa
memperbaiki lingkungan.
• Bidang multidisiplin, termasuk komponen teknik
tradisional seperti matematika, fisika, kimia, dan
desain dengan disiplin ilmu, seperti biologi,
mikrobiologi, ekologi, kesehatan masyarakat,
geologi, meteorologi, ekonomi, ilmu politik, dan ilmu
komputer.
Tugas utama dapat mencakup:
1. Pengelolaan dan pengolahan limbah padat dan
cair
2. Pasokan dan pengolahan air bersih
3. Pengkajian dan mitigasi dampak lingkungan
4. Manajemen polusi udara
5. Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan
6. K3L

6. Perkembangan Teknik Lingkungan
• 10,000 BC - masyarakat agraris mulai
membangun desa/kota, membutuhkan
pasokan air yang lebih, mempraktikkan
Teknik lingkungan
• 2000 BC – Mesir kuno mengembangkan
praktik pengolahan air (radiasi UV, filtrasi
karbon)
• Bangsa Romawi dan Yunani Kuno
mengembangkan sistem air dan saluran
pembuangan yang lebih canggih
• 1900 MIT mencetuskan Teknik Sanitasi
(sanitation engineering)
• 1962 Rachel Carson mempopulerkan
“Silent Spring” – gerakan lingkungan
modern

7. Teknik Lingkungan
menghadapi
tantangan-tantangan
• Energi bebas polusi?
• Pertanian sebagai pencemar?
• Pertambangan sebagai
penghasil limbah?
• Penyimpanan nuklir?
• Air dalam kemasan?
• Bahan kimia rumah tangga?
• Pertumbuhan populasi tidak
terkontrol?
• Kemiskinan?

8. Bencana
lingkungan
• Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill BP
• Chernobyl
• Bhopal
• The Exxon Valdez
• Tokaimura Nuclear Plant
• Minamata Disease
• Three Mile Island
• Bencana lingkungan di
Indonesia?

9. K3L
• Berurusan dengan langkah-
langkah keselamatan &
keamanan di industri. Studi
kasus kecelakaan yang
pernah terjadi.
• Dari sudut pandang teknik
lingkungan, penyebab,
kemungkinan pencegahan &
penghindaran terulangnya
kecelakaan tersebut.

10. Energi baru dan
terbarukan
• Energi Baru adalah semua jenis Energi yang
berasal dari atau dihasilkan dari teknologi baru
pengolahan sumber Energi tidak terbarukan dan
sumber Energi terbarukan.
• Energi Terbarukan adalah energi yang berasal
atau dihasilkan dari sumber energi terbarukan.
• Energi baru: nuklir, gasifikasi, hydrogen
• Energi terbarukan: a. panas bumi; b. angin; c.
biomassa; d. sinar matahari; e. aliran dan
terjunan air; f. sampah; g. limbah produk
pertanian; h. limbah atau kotoran hewan ternak;

11. Ketersediaan Air Bersih

12. Rekayasa Kualitas Air
• Rekayasa kualitas air
membahas sumber,
transportasi, dan pengolahan
kontaminan kimia dan
mikrobiologis air.
• Pengolahan air bersih dan
pengolahan limbah cair

13. Manajemen limbah padat
• timbulan sampah secara nasional sebesar 175.000 ton
per hari atau setara 64 juta ton per tahun
• kota metropolitan (jumlah penduduk lebih dari 1 juta jiwa)
dan kota besar (jumlah penduduk 500 ribu-1 juta jiwa)
masing-masing adalah 1.300 ton dan 480 ton.
organik [sisa makanan dan sisa tumbuhan] sebesar 50%,
plastik sebesar 15%, dan kertas sebesar 10%
diangkut dan ditimbun di TPA (69%), dikubur (10%),
dikompos dan daur ulang (7%), dibakar (5%), dibuang ke
sungai (3%), dan sisanya tidak terkelola (7%).
• komposisi sampah khusus plastik di Indonesia saat ini
sekitar 15% dari total timbulan sampah, terutama di
daerah perkotaan.

14. Limbah B3
• Bahan Beracun dan Berbahaya yang
menurut PP No. 101 tahun 2014,
definisinya adalah sisa usaha atau
kegiatan yang mengandung zat atau
komponen yang secara langsung
maupun tidak dapat mencemarkan,
merusak, atau membahayakan
lingkungan hidup, kesehatan, serta
kelangsungan hidup manusia dan
makhluk hidup lain.
• mudah meledak, pengoksidasi,
sangat mudah sekali menyala,
beracun, berbahaya, korosif,
bersifat iritasi, berbahaya bagi
lingkungan dan karsinogenik.

15. Pengendalian pencemaran udara

16. Perubahan Iklim dan Pemanasan
Global
Pemanasan global hanya mengacu pada
suhu permukaan bumi yang meningkat,
sementara perubahan iklim mencakup
pemanasan dan “efek samping”
pemanasan—seperti gletser yang
mencair, badai hujan yang lebih deras,
atau kekeringan yang lebih sering terjadi.
Dengan kata lain, pemanasan global
adalah salah satu gejala dari masalah
yang jauh lebih besar dari perubahan iklim
yang disebabkan oleh manusia.

17. Hukum & Standar Lingkungan
• Hukum lingkungan adalah istilah kolektif yang mencakup aspek hukum yang memberikan
perlindungan terhadap lingkungan. Berfokus pada pengelolaan sumber daya alam
tertentu, seperti hutan, mineral, atau perikanan.
• Hukum lingkungan di Indonesia diatur dalam Undang-Undang No 32 tahun
2009penguatan terhadap intrumen pemerintah dalam pencegahan pencemaran dan/atau
kerusakan lingkungan sebagaimana disebut dalam Pasal 14 Undang-undang No. 32
Tahun 2009 yang terdiri atas :
1. Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis;
2. tata ruang;
3. baku mutu lingkungan hidup;
4. kriteria baku kerusakan lingkungan hidup;
5. Analisis mengenai dampak lingkungan;
6. UKL-UPL (Upaya Pengelolaan Dan Upaya Pemantauan Terhadap Lingkungan
Hidup);
7. perizinan;.
8. instrumen ekonomi lingkungan hidup;
9. peraturan perundang-undangan berbasis lingkungan hidup;
10.anggaran berbasis lingkungan hidup;
11.analisis risiko lingkungan hidup;
12.audit lingkungan hidup; dan
13.instrumen lain sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan/atau perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan.

19. Etika & Hukum
Lingkungan
Bintang Ekananda, S.T., M.Sc.
Prodi Teknik Lingkungan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong
24 Oktober 2022

20. Memahami Etika & Hukum
Etis Legal
Etis = legal Utopia
Etika
Hukum
disiplin yang
berurusan dengan apa
yang baik dan buruk
dan dengan kewajiban
moral
sistem aturan yang diakui oleh suatu
negara atau komunitas tertentu yang
mengatur tindakan para anggotanya
dan yang dapat ditegakkan dengan
pengenaan hukuman.

21. Definisi
• Etika lingkungan adalah disiplin
dalam filsafat yang mempelajari
hubungan moral manusia dengan,
dan juga nilai dan status moral,
lingkungan dan isi non-manusianya
(Brennan, 2002).
• Hukum Lingkungan menurut
Soedjono adalah hukum yang
mengatur tatanan lingkungan hidup,
dimana lingkungan mencakup
semua benda dan kondisi, termasuk
di dalamnya manusia berada dan
mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup
serta kesejahteraan manusia dan
jasadjasad hidup lainnya.

22. Permasalahan Lingkungan
• Richard Stewart dan James E Krier
mengelompokkan masalah lingkungan dalam tiga
hal: pertama, pencemaran lingkungan (pollution);
kedua, penggunaan atau pemanfaatan lahan
yang salah (land misuse); dan ketiga, pengerukan
secara berlebihan yang menyebabkan habisnya
sumber daya alam (natural resource depletion)
• tidak terlepas dari pemanfaatan sumber daya
alam yang serampangan dan berlebihan (over
exploitation of natural resources).
• menurut Takdir Rahmadi, penyebab terjadinya
permasalahan lingkungan yakni: teknologi,
pertumbuhan penduduk, ekonomi, politik dan tata
nilai.
• permasalahan lingkungan hanya dibedakan dalam
dua hal yakni “kerusakan” dan “pencemaran”.
• Indonesia belum memasukkan kerusakan atas
warisan budaya (cultural heritage) sebagai bagian
dari ‘kerusakan lingkungan’

23. Kondisi Permasalahan Lingkungan
Nasional
1. Sektor Kehutanan
2. Sektor Pertambangan
3. Pencemaran Industri dan
Transportasi
• Dua akar masalah yakni:
(i) kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat,
dan
(ii) semrawutnya tata kelola
(governance) lingkungan dan sumber
daya alam di Indonesia.

24. Perkembangan Hukum Lingkungan
• hukum lingkungan internasional awalnya masih bersifat spesifik atau sectoral
karena diarahkan hanya untuk mengatur satu permasalahan khusus.
• Peristiwa Torrey Canyon, mempercepat pembahasan aturan-aturan
internasional di bidang tumpahan minyak dari tanker serta standar-standar
keselamatan dari tanker besar.
• Perkembangan hukum internasional selanjutnya banyak dipengaruhi beberapa
penelitian ilmiah seperti buku Rachel Carson, The Silent Spring (1962) dan
Meadows and Meadows, The Limits to Growth (1972). melahirkan dua kategori
besar: (i) Instrumen hukum lingkungan international lunak (soft law international
instruments), dan (ii) Instrumen hukum lingkungan yang keras/mengikat (hard
law international instrument
• Soft law instrument menurut Alan Boyle, memiliki tiga karakteristik berikut: (1)
soft law is not binding (hukum lunak tidak mengikat), (2) soft law consists of
general norms or principles, not rules (hukum lunak memuat norma-norma
umum atau prinsip/asas, bukan aturan), (3) soft law is law that is not readily
enforceable through binding dispute resolution (hukum lunak adalah hukum
yang tidak siap untuk ditegakkan melalui penyelesaian sengketa yang
mengikat).
• Ciri-ciri lain: namanya yang selalu menggunakan declaration, resolution, accord,
charter, dan tidak pernah menamakan diri dengan convention, treaty,
agreement, dan protocol yang telah menjadi ciri-ciri khas international hard law
instrument.

25. Prinsip-prinsip Hukum Lingkungan
• Pembangunan Berkelanjutan
(Sustainable Development)
• Intergenerational Equity and
Intragenerational Equity
• Prinsip Pencemar Membayar (Polluter-
Pay Principle)
• Principle of Preventive Action
• Sovereign Rights and Environmental
Responsibility
• Access to Environmental Information,
Public Participation in Environmental
Decisions, Equal Access and Non-
discrimination

26. Integrasi Prinsip-prinsip Lingkungan Global
dalam Hukum Nasional Indonesia
• Di antaranya dapat kita lihat pada sejumlah ‘UU Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia’ berikut:
• Undang-Undang No. 4 Tahun 1982 tentang Pokok-pokok Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup,
(tidak berlaku lagi)
• Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (tidak berlaku
lagi),
• Undang-Undang No. 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan
Hidup (selanjutnya disingkat UUPPLH).
• UU No. 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya,
• UU No. 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan,
• Undang-Undang No. 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air,
• Undang-Undang No. 31 Tahun 2004 tentang Perikanan, yang kemudian diubah dengan
Undang-Undang No. 45 Tahun 2009 tentang Perikanan,
• Undang-Undang No. 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang,
• Undang-Undang No. 27 Tahun 2007 tentang Pesisir dan Perlindungan Pulau-pulau Terluar,
dan
• Undang-Undang No. 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batu bara.
• PP Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaran dan Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup

27. Instrumen Hukum Lingkungan Nasional:
Perencanaan, Dokumen Lingkungan dan
Perizinan
• Undang Dasar Negara RI Tahun 1945 dan
Undang-Undang No. 32 Tahun 2009 tentang
Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan
Hidup, yang selanjutnya disebut dengan UU
PPLH. Atas dasar pengaturan tersebut, maka
hak warga negara untuk memperoleh lingkungan
hidup yang baik dan sehat merupakan salah satu
bentuk hak sosial dalam fundamental rights.
• tindakan pemerintahan yang diperlukan untuk
mencapai tujuan perlindungan dan pengelolaan
lingkungan: 1. pembentukan peraturan
perundang-undangan, 2. melakukan kerja sama
(kontrak), 3. melakukan tindakan nyata, 4.
membentuk peraturan bersama, 5. menetapkan
keputusan, khususnya perizinan, dan/atau 6.
melakukan pengawasan dan penegakan hukum

28. Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis
• Rangkaian analisis yang sistematis, menyeluruh, dan
partisipatif untuk memastikan prinsip pembangunan
berkelanjutan telah menjadi dasar dan terintegrasi dalam
pembangunan suatu wilayah dan/atau kebijakan,
rencana, dan/atau program
• Instansi yang berwenang: Pemerintah, Pemerintah
Provinsi dan Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota sesuai dengan
wilayah administratifnya.
• berisi tentang: 1. kapasitas daya dukung dan daya
tampung lingkungan hidup untuk pembangunan, 2.
perkiraan mengenai dampak dan risiko lingkungan hidup,
3. kinerja layanan/jasa ekosistem, 4. efisiensi
pemanfaatan sumber daya alam, 5. tingkat kerentanan
dan kapasitas adaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim, dan 6.
tingkat ketahanan dan potensi keanekaragaman hayati.
• disusun sebagai dasar bagi pemerintah dan/atau
pemerintah daerah dalam menyusun program
pembangunan. Jika berdasarkan hasil KLHS dinyatakan
bahwa daya dukung dan daya tampung sudah terlampaui,
maka pemerintah wajib memperbaiki sesuai dengan
rekomendasi KLHS dan menghentikan segala usaha
kegiatan yang telah melampaui daya dukung dan daya
tampung.

29. Baku Mutu Lingkungan Hidup (Sebab atau
Effluent dan Akibat atau Ambient)
• BMLH adalah ukuran batas atau kadar makhluk hidup, zat, energi,
atau komponen yang ada atau harus ada dan/atau unsur pencemar
yang ditenggang keberadaannya dalam suatu sumber daya tertentu
sebagai unsur suatu lingkungan hidup.
• ambang batas adalah batas tertinggi dan terendah dari kandungan
zat-zat, makhluk hidup atau komponen-komponen lain dalam setiap
interaksi dalam lingkungan, khususnya yang mempengaruhi mutu
lingkungan.
• BMLH memiliki karakter diwajibkan, Pasal 20 Ayat 3 bahwa “setiap
orang diperbolehkan untuk membuang limbah ke media lingkungan
hidup dengan memenuhi persyaratan: memenuhi BMLH dan
mendapat izin dari pejabat yang berwenang.
• BMLH selalu merupakan nilai ambang batas, tetapi tidak semua
nilai ambang batas merupakan BMLH selama tidak diwajibkan
berdasarkan peraturan hukum.
• BMLH berfungsi untuk menentukan terjadinya pencemaran.
meliputi: a. Baku Mutu Air, b. Baku Mutu Air Limbah, c. Baku Mutu
Air Laut, d. Baku Mutu Udara Ambien, e. Baku Mutu Udara Emisi, f.
Baku Mutu Gangguan, dan g. Baku Mutu lain sesuai dengan
perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi.
• baku mutu effluent standard (baku mutu air limbah, baku mutu
emisi dan baku mutu gangguan) dan stream standard (baku mutu
air, baku mutu air laut dan baku mutu ambien).

30. AMDAL, UKL/UPL & SPPL
• Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Hidup yang
selanjutnya disebut Amdal adalah Kajian dampak
penting pada Lingkungan Hidup dari suatu usaha
dan/atau kegiatan yailg direncanakan, untuk
digunakan sebagai prasyarat pengambilan keputusan
tentang penyelenggaraan usaha dan/atau kegiatan
serta termuat dalam Perizinan Berusaha, atau
persetujuan Pemerintah Pusat atau Pemerintah
Daerah.
• Upaya Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dan Upaya
Pemantauan Lingkungan Hidup yang selanjutnya
disebut UKL-UPL adalah rangkaian proses
pengelolaan dan pemantauan Lingkungan Hidup yang
dituangkan dalam bentuk standar untuk digunakan
sebagai prasyarat pengambilan keputusan serta
termuat dalam perizinan Berusaha, atau persetujuan
Pemerintah Pusat atau Pemerintah Daerah.
• Surat Pernyataan Kesanggupan pengelolaan dan
Pemantauan Lingkungan Hidup yang selanjutnya
disebut SPPL adalah pernyataan kesanggupan dari
penanggung jawab Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan untuk
melakukan pengelolaan dan pemantauan Lingkungan
Hidup atas Dampak Lingkungan Hidup dari Usaha
dan/atau Kegiatannya di luar Usaha danlatau Kegiatan
yang wajib Amdal atau UKL-UPL.
• Setiap rencana Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan yang
berdampak terhadap Lingkungan Hidup wajib memiliki:
a. Amdal; b. UKL-UPL; atau c. SPPL.

31. Perizinan Lingkungan

32. Solid Waste
Management
Bintang Ekananda, S.T., M.Sc.
Prodi Teknik Lingkungan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong

33. Sampah
• Menurut Undang-Undang RI No. 18 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pengelolaan Sampah
dan Undang-Undang RI No. 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan Dan
Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
• Sampah adalah sisa kegiatan sehari-hari manusia dan/atau proses
alam yang berbentuk PADAT. Sampah di bagi menjadi 3 jenis :
1. Sampah rumah tangga adalah sampah yang berasal dari kegiatan sehari-hari
dalam rumah tangga yang tidak termasuk tinja dan sampah spesifik.
2. Sampah sejenis sampah rumah tangga adalah Sampah Rumah Tangga yang
berasal dari kawasan komersial, kawasan industri, kawasan khusus, fasilitas
sosial, fasilitas umum, dan/atau fasilitas lainnya.
3. Sampah spesifik adalah sampah yang mengandung bahan berbahaya dan
beracun (B3); sampah yang mengandung limbah bahan berbahaya dan
Beracun (LB3); sampah yang timbul akibat bencana; puing bongkaran
bangunan; sampah yang secara teknologi belum dapat diolah; dan/atau
sampah yang timbul secara tidak periodik.
• Penghasil sampah adalah setiap orang dan/atau akibat proses alam yang
menghasilkan timbulan sampah.

34. Garbage, Trash &
Rubbish
• Garbage is the animal and vegetable waste resulting from
the handling, preparation, cooking, and serving of food.
• The term does not include food processing wastes from
canneries, slaughterhouses, packing plants, and similar
facilities, or large quantities of condemned food products.
• Garbage originates primarily in home kitchens, stores,
markets, restaurants, and other places where food is stored,
prepared, or served. Garbage decomposes rapidly,
particularly in warm weather, and may quickly produce
disagreeable odors.
• Rubbish consists of a variety of both combustible and
noncombustible solid wastes from homes, stores, and
institutions, but does not include garbage.
• Trash is synonymous with rubbish in some parts of the
country, but trash is technically a subcomponent of rubbish.
Combustible rubbish (the “trash” component of rubbish)
consists of paper, rags, cartons, boxes, wood, furniture, tree
branches, yard trimmings, and so on.

35. Limbah
• Sedangkan Limbah adalah sisa suatu Usaha dan/atau
kegiatan. Limbah dapat berbentuk padat, cair dan
ataupun Gas yang kadang dalam hal pembuangan
membutuhkan Izin dari Pemerintah Kabupaten
dan/atau Pemerintah Pusat. Seperti Pembuangan Air
Limbah ke air yang memerlukan izin tertulis dari
Bupati/walikota (PP No. 82/2001). Apabila limbah
terdapat kandungan Bahan Berbahaya dan beracun
maka perlu penanganan yang lebih spesifik sesuai PP
101/2014. Limbah padat adalah hasil buangan industri
berupa padatan, lumpur atau bubur yang berasal dari
suatu proses pengolahan (Daryanto, 1995).
• Sehingga Sampah identik dengan kegiatan hidup
sehari-hari manusia secara individu maupun
berkelompok (Tidak termasuk tinja)
sedangkan Limbah lebih identik dengan suatu usaha
dan/atau kegiatan yang memiliki proses seperti yang
ada di lingkungan industri.

36. Kondisi persampahan
di Indonesia: Darurat!
• Berdasarkan data Indonesia National Plastic Action
Partneship yang dirilis April 2020, sebanyak 67,2 juta
ton sampah Indonesia masih menumpuk setiap
tahunnya, dan 9 persennya atau sekitar 620 ribu ton
masuk ke sungai, danau dan laut.
• Di Indonesia diperkirakan sebanyak 85.000 ton sampah
dihasilkan per harinya, dengan perkiraan kenaikan
jumlah mencapai 150.000 ton per hari pada tahun
2025.
• Jumlah ini didominasi oleh sampah yang berasal dari
rumah tangga, yang berkisar antara 60 hingga 75
persen.
• Ironisnya, penumpukan ini diperkirakan akan
bertambah dua kali lipat pada tahun 2050.
• Kenaikan dua kali lipat ini sangat mungkin terjadi
apabila tidak ada kebijakan tegas untuk sampah plastik
yang berakibat pada pencemaran ekosistem dan
lingkungan.

37. TPA (Tempat Pembuangan
Akhir) kita semakin penuh


38. Solid Waste
Management
Overview
• The first objective of solid waste
management is to remove
discarded materials from inhabited
places in a timely manner to
prevent the spread of disease, to
minimize the likelihood of fires, and
to reduce aesthetic insults arising
from putrefying organic matter.
• The second objective, which is
equally important, is to dispose of
the discarded materials in a
manner that is environmentally
responsible

39. Policy making
• Solid waste system policy making is
primarily a function of the public sector
rather than the private sector.
• The goal of a private firm is to minimize a
well-defined cost function or to maximize
profits. These are generally not the only,
or even the primary, constraints of the
public sector.
• The public objective function is more
vague and difficult to express formally.
• Constraints on the public sector,
especially those of a political or a social
nature, are difficult to measure, and
criteria of effectiveness may not exist in
units that can be quantified.
• Criteria of effectiveness against which
public efficiency might be measured
include such things as the frequency of
collection, types of waste collected,
location from which waste is collected,
method of disposal, location of disposal
site, environmental acceptability of
disposal system, and the level of
satisfaction of the customers.
• Decisions in solid waste management
policy formulation must be made in four
basic areas: collection, transport,
processing, and disposal.
Solid waste management decision alternatives

40. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
• The selection of a combination of
techniques, technologies, and
management programs to achieve
waste management objectives is
called integrated solid waste
management (ISWM).
• The most obvious effect of the
integrated approach is to reduce the
size of the incineration facility.
• This reduces the capital cost of the
incineration facility. Although the
energy output is also reduced, the
waste that remains has a higher
energy content so that the reduction
in energy output is less than the
reduction in plant size.
• Recycling also reduces waste
elements that can damage the boilers
and removes those components that
slag in the furnace and foul it
(Shortsleeve and Roche, 1990).

41. Collection
• The solid waste collection policies of a city begin with decisions made by
elected representatives about whether collection is to be made by: (1) city
employees (municipal collection), (2) private firms that contract with city
government (contract collection), or (3) private firms that contract with private
residents (private collection).
• Elected officials may also determine what type of solid wastes are to be
collected and from whom. Hazardous wastes are generally excluded from
regular collections because of disposal and collection dangers.
• The nature of the service may be governed by limitations of disposal facilities
or the contract with a private company. A private company may decide to only
accept recyclables for which they can sell at a profit.
• The final decision concerning collection, which is made by the elected officials,
is the frequency of collection. The proper frequency for the most satisfactory
and economical service is governed by the amount of solid waste that must be
collected and by climate, cost, and public requests.
• Once policy has been set, the actual method of collection is determined by
engineers or managers. Major considerations include how the solid waste will
be collected, how the crews will be managed, how the trucks will be routed,
and the type of equipment to be used.

42. Waste Collection System Design Calculations
Table 11.2 - Typical properties of uncompacted solid
waste as discarded in Davis, California

43. Waste Collection System Design Calculations

44. Waste Collection System Design Calculations

45. Landfills
45
Bintang Ekananda, S.T, M.Sc
Prodi Teknik Lingkungan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong

46. Contents
1. Concept
2. How can Landfills optimise SSWM
3. Design Principles
4. Treatment Efficiency
5. Operation and Maintenance
6. Applicability
7. Pros and Cons
8. References
46

47. Sustainability of Landfills
47
1. Concept
Source: WASTE INCINERATION (2010) and AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (2002)
Source: SUSANA on Flickr 2009

48. Sustainability of Landfills
48
1. Concept
Source: WASTE INCINERATION (2010) and AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (2002)
Source: SUSANA on Flickr 2009
Landfilling is the least
preferred method in the
hierarchy of integrated
solid waste management.

49. Is a Landfill an Open Dump?
49
1. Concept
Source: SUSANA on Flickr 2009

50. Is a Landfill an Open Dump?
50
1. Concept
Source: SUSANA on Flickr 2009
It is not an open dump, it is an
engineered facility in order to
protect the environment and
human health!
Source: LATROBE CITY COUNCIL (2005)

51. Types of Landfills
• Open Dump:
• Waste is discharge open without any management
• Basic Landfill:
• Waste is discharged in a pit and covered every day
• Engineered Landfill:
• Liner, cover, leachate treatment and gas extraction (energy
production or flared)
• Bioreactor Landfill:
• Acceleration of decomposition and creation of a conditions for
microbiological activities -> produced gas is used for energy
production.
51
1. Concept

52. Engineered Landfills in Contrast to Open Dumps
52
2. How it can optimise SSWM
Source: LATROBE CITY COUNCIL (2005)
Cover layer⭢ avoids spreading of
waste, pathogens, odour
Gas extraction well ⭢ control and
reuse of biogas (mainly CO2 and
CH4) for energy production
Liner system ⭢ avoids a
contamination of ground water
Leachate system ⭢ collection and
treatment of fluid effluent
Groundwater monitoring ⭢ on-
going information about the
groundwater quality

53. Basic Landfill (Emergency Landfill) (HARVEY et al. 2002)
• Pit should be backfilled with
excavated soil every day.
• Site should be agreed with
local population and
authorities.
• Site should be fenced.
• At least 1 km downwind from
the nearest dwellings.
53
3. Design Principles
Source: HARVEY et al. (2002)

54. Engineered Landfill (UNEP 2002)
• The capacity is planned and the site is chosen based on an
environmental risk assessment study.
• Gas is flared or used for energy production.
54
3. Design Principles
Source: UNEP (2002)

55. Landfill Structure
Disposal and Processing

56. Leachate collection conduits
Photo: www.gin.hr/ project_jak.htm

57. Leachate retention pond
Culvert
Photo: David T. Brown

58. Access well in new section
Liner
Access well
Photo: David T. Brown

59. Bioreactor Landfill (WM 2004)
59
3. Design Principles
• Acceleration of biologic decomposition (organic fraction).
• Promoting conditions necessary for the microorganisms (moisture
content).
• Liquids must be added (leachate, stormwater, sewerage sludge).
• Gas is collected to produce
electrical energy.
• Design includes liner, cover,
leachate system, groundwater
monitoring.
• Systems: aerobic, anaerobic,
aerobic-anaerobic, facultative
(to control high ammonia
concentration).
Source: WM (2004)

60. Landfill gas
combustion stack
Landfill gas
liquification facility
Photo: David T. Brown

61. Treatment of Leachate (SA’AT 2006)
61
3. Design Principles
Without proper cleaning, leachate will cause environmental problems.
Potential methods for treatment:
•Recirculation of leachate through the landfill
•Disposal off-site to sewer for treatment as an admixture with domestic
sewage
•Physical-chemical treatment
•Membrane filtration
•Reverse osmosis
•Anaerobic biological treatment
•Aerobic biological treatment
•Constructed wetlands
Design of a vertical flow constructed wetland. Source: MOREL &
DIENER (2006)

62. Treatment and Health Aspect
62
4. Treatment Efficiency
Open Dump
Basic Landfill
Engineered Landfill
Bioreactor Landfill
health
and
environmental
protection

63. Treatment and Health Aspect
63
4. Treatment Efficiency
Open Dump slow decomposition; spreading of waste,
pathogens and odour; no liner, no cover
Basic Landfill better decomposition; cover avoids
spreading of waste and breeding of insects;
leaching may occur
Engineered Landfill advanced decomposition; cover; liner;
leachate, stormwater and gas management
Bioreactor Landfill acceleration of decomposition; cover;
liner; leachate and stormwater
management; energy production

64. 64
5. Operation and Maintenance (UNEP 2002; GROSS n.y.; ITRC 2006)
• Requires dedicated operators.
• Waste has to be covered each day.
• Proper leachate management.
• Cover must be resistant to erosion.
• Once capacity is reached, the bottom (cover layer) has to be
controlled regularly to avoid toxic effluents/emissions.
• Bioreactor landfills require a more complex set of O&M.

65. Landfilling is one of the most widely employed methods for the
disposal of municipal solid waste. (SA’AT 2006)
• Depending on the community/city (financial, knowledge, interests)
• Enough land must be available.
• Compared to other discharge possibilities costs are lower.
• Landfill should always be lined, correctly covered and maintained to
avoid a contamination of the environment and to minimise health
risks for locals.
Don’t forget:
The best discharge possibility is to produce less waste and to
reuse/recycle as much as possible!
65
6. Applicability

66. Advantages:
• An effective disposal method
if well-managed.
• A sanitary disposal method if
managed effectively.
• Energy production and fast
degradation if designed as a
bioreactor landfill.
Disadvantages:
•Fills up quickly if waste is not reduced
and reusable waste is not collected
separately and recycled.
•A reasonable large area required.
•Risk of groundwater contamination if
not sealed correctly or the liner system
is damaged.
•High costs for high-tech landfills.
•If the management is bad, there is a
risk that the landfill degenerates into
an open dump.
•After the end of disposal the landfill
needs still O&M and monitoring for the
next 50 to 100 years.
66
7. Pros and Cons

67. 67
8. References
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (Editor) (2002): Study on Solid Waste Management Options for Africa. Abidjan: African Development
Bank. URL: http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d1354356/SOLID%2520WASTE%2520MANAGEMENT%2520STUDY.pdf
[13.03.2012]
GROSS, B.A. (n.y.): Landfill Cover, Design and Operation. Pdf Presentation. U.S.A.: GeoSyntec Consultants. URL:
http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/landfill/bio-work/gross.pdf [Accessed: 16.11.2011]
HARVEY, P.; BAGHRI, S.; REED, B. (2002): Emergency Sanitation: Assessment and Programme Design. Loughborough: Water,
Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). URL: http://www.who.or.id/eng/contents/aceh/wsh/books/es/es.htm [Accessed:
21.02.2011]
ITRC (Editor) (2006): Characterisation, Design, Construction, and Monitoring of Bioreactor Landfills. Technical/Regulatory
Guideline. Washington, DC: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council. URL: http://www.itrcweb.org/Documents/ALT-3.pdf
[Accessed: 16.11.2011]
LATROBE CITY COUNCIL (Editor) (2005): Latrobe City Landfill. Morwell: Latrobe City Council. URL:
http://www.latrobe.vic.gov.au/Services/Waste/Landfill/ [Accessed: 27.03.2012]
UNEP (Editor) (2002): A Directory of Environmentally Sound Technologies for the Integrated Management of Solid, Liquid and
Hazardous Waste for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Pacific Region. The Hague: United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP). URL: http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/3181/reports/a-directory-of-environmentally-sound-technologies-for-
the-integrated-management-of-solid-liquid-and-hazardous-waste-for-small-island-developing-states-sids-in-the-pacific-
region/view [Accessed: 28.03.2012]
WASTEWATER SYSTEM (n.y): Wastewater Sludge Incineration Technologies. WasteWater System. URL:
http://www.wastewatersystem.net/2011/02/wastewater-sludge-incineration.html [Accessed: 14.03.2012]
WM (Editor) (2004): The Bioreactor Landfill. Cincinnati: Waste Management (WM) Bioreactor Programm. URL:
http://www.wm.com/sustainability/pdfs/bioreactorbrochure.pdf [Accessed: 16.11.2011]

68. Introduction to
Wastewater Treatment
Bintang Ekananda, S.T., M.Sc.
Prodi Teknik Lingkungan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong

69. Overvie
w
1. Introduction to wastewater management
2. Types of wastewater
3. Sources of wastewater
4. Characteristics of wastewater
5. Wastewater treatment methods
6. Primary treatment of wastewater
7. Secondary treatment of wastewater
8. Tertiary treatment of wastewater
9. Sludge treatment and disposal
10. Reuse and recycling of treated wastewater
11. Water quality regulations and standards
12. Environmental impacts of wastewater
management
13. Case studies in wastewater management
14. Emerging technologies in wastewater
management

70. Introduction
• According to the MOEF, wastewater is defined as "water
that has been used or discharged from homes,
businesses, and industries, and contains dissolved or
suspended pollutants.“
• Definition: "Wastewater management is the process of
treating and disposing of the water that is used in homes,
businesses, and industries, to protect public health and the
environment.“
• Goals: Protect public health and the environment, preserve
water resources, reduce pollution
• Importance: Protect human health, preserve natural
ecosystems, reduce strain on water resources

71. Type of
wastewater
• Domestic wastewater: Water from
households (e.g. sink, shower, toilet)
• Industrial wastewater: Water from
manufacturing, processing, and other
industrial activities
• Stormwater: Water from rain and
snowmelt that flows over the surface of
the land

72. Sources of wastewater
Households
• Domestic wastewater: Water from sinks, showers, toilets, and laundry facilities in homes. This
wastewater typically contains a wide range of pollutants, including soaps, detergents, food waste, and
human waste.
• Greywater: Wastewater from sinks, showers, and laundry facilities that does not contain human waste.
Business
• Food processing plants: Wastewater from food processing plants can contain high levels of organic
matter, fats, oils, and grease, as well as cleaning chemicals used to sanitize equipment.
• Textile mills: Wastewater from textile mills can contain high levels of dyes, pigments, and chemicals
used in the manufacturing process.
• Small-scale manufacturers: Wastewater from small-scale manufacturers can contain a wide range of
pollutants, depending on the type of products being produced, such as heavy metals and toxic
chemicals.
Industries (e.g., manufacturing, food processing, mining)
• Mining: Wastewater from mining operations can contain high levels of heavy metals, minerals, and
other pollutants associated with mining activities.
• Oil and Gas: Wastewater from oil and gas operations can contain high levels of oil, grease, and
chemicals used in the drilling and production processes.
• Chemical manufacturing: Wastewater from chemical manufacturing plants can contain high levels of
toxic chemicals and other pollutants associated with the production of chemicals.
• Agricultural: This wastewater can contain nutrient, pesticide and herbicides.

73. Characteristi
cs of
wastewater
Physical characteristics: pH,
temperature, turbidity, color
Chemical characteristics: Dissolved
solids, nutrients (e.g. nitrogen,
phosphorus), heavy metals
Biological characteristics:
Pathogens (e.g. bacteria, viruses),
organic matter

74. Wastewater Treatment
Methods
Physical processes: These methods involve the use of physical forces or properties to remove
pollutants from wastewater.
• Sedimentation: The process of allowing suspended solids to settle to the bottom of a tank, where they can be removed.
• Filtration: The process of removing suspended particles from water by passing it through a filter medium.
• Screening: The process of removing large debris from wastewater by passing it through a screen.
Chemical processes: These methods involve the use of chemicals to alter the physical or
chemical properties of pollutants in wastewater.
• Coagulation: The process of adding chemicals to wastewater to form large, flocculent particles that can be removed by
sedimentation or filtration.
• Flocculation: The process of forming flocs (aggregates of small particles) by mixing wastewater with chemicals or polymers.
• Disinfection: The process of killing or inactivating pathogens in wastewater using chemicals or physical methods (e.g. heat,
ultraviolet light).
Biological processes: These methods involve the use of microorganisms to break down organic
matter and remove nutrients from wastewater. Activated sludge process: A process in which
wastewater is mixed with a culture of microorganisms (activated sludge) to remove organic
matter and nutrients.
• Trickling filters: A process in which wastewater is trickled over a bed of media (e.g. rocks, plastic) and is decomposed by a
thin film of microorganisms.
• Rotating biological contractors: A process in which wastewater is treated by microorganisms attached to rotating disks or
drums.

75. Primary
treatment
of
wastewat
er
Definition: First step in
wastewater treatment,
removes suspended solids
and large debris
Methods: Screening,
sedimentation, grit removal

76. Secondary
treatment of
wastewater
Definition: Second step in
wastewater treatment,
removes dissolved and
colloidal substances
Methods: Activated sludge
process, trickling filters,
rotating biological contractors

77. Tertiary
treatment of
wastewater
Definition: Third and final
step in wastewater treatment,
removes nutrients and other
contaminants
Methods: Sand filtration,
activated carbon adsorption,
reverse osmosis

78. Sludge
treatment and
disposal
• Definition: Solid byproduct
of wastewater treatment,
contains organic matter
and nutrients
• Treatment methods:
Dewatering, drying,
composting, incineration
• Disposal options:
Landfilling, agricultural
use, ocean dumping
(banned in many
countries)

79. Reuse and
recycling of treated
wastewater
• Definition: Using treated
wastewater for beneficial
purposes, instead of
discharging it into the
environment
• Examples: Irrigation,
toilet flushing, industrial
processes

80. Water
quality of
regulations
and
standards
• Definition: Legal limits on the amount and types of
pollutants that can be present in treated wastewater
• In Indonesia, the management of wastewater is
regulated by the Ministry of Environment and
Forestry (MOEF).
• The MOEF has issued regulations on the
management of wastewater, including the discharge
of wastewater into the environment and the
treatment and disposal of wastewater.
• This treatment must meet the standards set by the
MOEF for various parameters such as pH, BOD
(biochemical oxygen demand), COD (chemical
oxygen demand), TSS (total suspended solids) and
total coliforms before they can release it into water
bodies.

81. Regulation in Indonesia
• Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of
Indonesia Number: P.48/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/3/2018 on the Quality
Standards of Wastewater Discharge into the Waters. This regulation sets the
standards for the discharge of wastewater into the environment, including
limits on the amount and types of pollutants that can be present in the
discharged wastewater. It also sets guidelines for the monitoring and reporting
of discharged wastewater.
• Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of
Indonesia Number: P.02/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/4/2019 on Guidelines for
the Management of Industrial Waste Water. This regulation sets guidelines for
the management of industrial wastewater, including the treatment and disposal
of industrial wastewater. It also stipulates that industries are responsible for
treating their own wastewater before discharging it into the environment.
• Law No.32/2009 on Environmental Protection and Management This law sets
out the overarching framework for environmental protection and management
in Indonesia, including the management of wastewater. It stipulates that
activities that may cause negative impacts on the environment, including the
discharge of untreated or poorly treated wastewater, are prohibited, and it
gives authorities the power to take enforcement actions against violators.
• Government Regulation No.101/2014 on Environmental Impact Analysis. This
regulation requires industries and businesses to conduct an environmental
impact analysis (EIA) before they are allowed to start their operation. This
includes a wastewater management plan that details the design, construction,
operation, and maintenance of the wastewater treatment facility, and any steps
taken to minimize and mitigate the negative impacts of the wastewater
discharge on the environment.

82. Environmental impacts of
wastewater management
• Water pollution: Discharge of untreated or
poorly treated wastewater can
contaminate surface and ground water
• Greenhouse gas emissions: Wastewater
treatment plants can produce methane, a
potent greenhouse gas

83. Case studies in wastewater
management
• Example 1: City of San Diego, California -
implemented a "toilet-to-tap" program to recycle
treated wastewater for irrigation and industrial use
• Example 2: Tianjin, China - constructed the world's
largest wastewater treatment plant to serve the
city's growing population

84. Emerging technologies in
wastewater management
• Advanced treatment processes: Membrane
filtration, advanced oxidation, nutrient recovery
• Decentralized systems: Onsite wastewater
treatment systems for small communities and
individual buildings
• Water reuse and recycling: Increasing use of
treated wastewater for non-potable purposes

85. Renewable Energy
Basics
Bintang Ekananda, S.T., M.Sc
Prodi Teknik Lingkungan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong

86. Energy Basics
• Energy sources are
either renewable, meaning
they can easily be
replenished,
• or nonrenewable, meaning
they draw on finite resources.
• Learn about renewable
energy resources and how we
can use nonrenewable energy
sources more efficiently.

88. Renewable energy types

89. Despite decreases in price, renewables
still make up a tiny fraction of our total
energy…

90. Renewable energy
got cheap. So why
aren’t we using it
more?
• Energy storage
• Economic and financial
challenges
• Political challenges
• Infrastructure challenges
• Land use
• Technical challenges

91. Solar PV
• Solar PV (Solar Photovoltaics) is the generation of
electricity using energy from the sun.
• Photovoltaics (often shortened as PV) gets its name from
the process of converting light (photons) to electricity
(voltage), which is called the photovoltaic effect.
• In Greek, ‘photo’ means light, and a photovoltaic device
converts light (photo) energy into electrical voltage. Such
conversion is achieved through a unique physical
property known as photoconductivity, an essential
property of solar cell materials. In a solar photovoltaic
device, photons are absorbed in a ‘Photoconducting cell’
device, producing a voltage across its two ends.

92. The photovoltaic effect explained: how
solar cells produce electricity
Thus, when p and layers are connected
to external circuit, electrons flow from
n-layer to p-layer, and hence current is
generated.
The electrons that leave the solar cell
as current give up their energy to
whatever is connected to the solar cell,
and then re-enter the solar cell. Once
back in the solar cell, the process
begins again.

93. Three main solar panel types

94. Solar PV System
Sizing
• Example: A house has the following electrical appliance usage:
• One 18 Watt fluorescent lamp with electronic ballast used 4 hours per day.
• One 60 Watt fan used for 2 hours per day.
• One 75 Watt refrigerator that runs 24 hours per day with compressor run 12 hours and off 12 hours.
• The system will be powered by 12 Vdc, 110 Wp PV module.
Angka 3,4 itu adalah rata-rata
matahari bersinar optimal dalam
satu hari . Gunakan angka ini
jika menemui soal sejenis,
kecuali diinformasikan lain.

95. Biomass sources for
energy
• Biomass contains stored chemical energy from the sun.
Plants produce biomass through photosynthesis.
Biomass can be burned directly for heat or converted to
renewable liquid and gaseous fuels through various
processes.
Biomass sources for energy include
• wood and wood processing wastes—firewood, wood
pellets, and wood chips, lumber and furniture mill
sawdust and waste, and black liquor from pulp and
paper mills
• Agricultural crops and waste materials—corn,
soybeans, sugar cane, switchgrass, woody plants, and
algae, and crop and food processing residues
• Biogenic materials in municipal solid waste—paper,
cotton, and wool products, and food, yard, and wood
wastes
• Animal manure and human sewage
Converting biomass to energy
• Biomass is converted to energy through various
processes, including:
• Direct combustion (burning) to produce heat
• Thermochemical conversion to produce solid, gaseous,
and liquid fuels
• Chemical conversion to produce liquid fuels
• Biological conversion to produce liquid and gaseous
fuels

96. Converting biomass to
energy
• Direct combustion is the most common method for converting biomass to useful energy. All biomass can be
burned directly for heating buildings and water, for industrial process heat, and for generating electricity in
steam turbines.
• Thermochemical conversion of biomass includes pyrolysis and gasification. Both are thermal decomposition
processes in which biomass feedstock materials are heated in closed, pressurized vessels called gassifiers at
high temperatures. They mainly differ in the process temperatures and amount of oxygen present during the
conversion process.
• Pyrolysis entails heating organic materials to 800–900oF (400–500 oC) in the near complete absence of free
oxygen. Biomass pyrolysis produces fuels such as charcoal, bio-oil, renewable diesel, methane, and hydrogen.
• Gasification entails heating organic materials to 1,400–1700oF (800–900oC) with injections of controlled
amounts of free oxygen and/or steam into the vessel to produce a carbon monoxide and hydrogen rich gas
called synthesis gas or syngas. Syngas can be used as a fuel for diesel engines, for heating, and for
generating electricity in gas turbines. It can also be treated to separate the hydrogen from the gas, and the
hydrogen can be burned or used in fuel cells. The syngas can be further processed to produce liquid fuels
using the Fischer–Tropsch process.
• A chemical conversion process known as transesterification is used for converting vegetable oils, animal fats,
and greases into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), which are used to produce biodiesel.
• Biological conversion includes fermentation to convert biomass into ethanol and anaerobic digestion to
produce renewable natural gas. Ethanol is used as a vehicle fuel. Renewable natural gas—also
called biogas or biomethane—is produced in anaerobic digesters at sewage treatment plants and at dairy and
livestock operations. It also forms in and may be captured from solid waste landfills. Properly treated
renewable natural gas has the same uses as fossil fuel natural gas.

97. Air
Pollution
Control
Bintang Ekananda, S.T., M.Sc.
Prodi Teknik Lingkungan
Universitas Muhammadiyah
Sorong

98. Introduction
 Definition of air pollution: Air pollution
refers to the presence of harmful
substances in the air that can have
negative effects on human health and
the environment.
 Sources of air pollution: Anthropogenic
sources (e.g. transportation, industry,
power generation) and natural sources
(e.g. wildfires, volcanic eruptions, dust
storms)
 Effects of air pollution on human
health and the environment: Air
pollution can cause respiratory and
cardiovascular disease, lung cancer,
and stroke, as well as damage to
crops and ecosystems, acid rain, and
smog.

99. Types of Air Pollutants
 Particulate matter: Fine particles suspended in the air, such as dust, soot, and
smoke. PM can be either directly emitted into the air or formed by chemical
reactions in the atmosphere. Can cause respiratory and cardiovascular disease,
lung cancer, and stroke.
 Sulfur oxides: Pollutants primarily released by burning fossil fuels, such as
sulfur dioxide (SO2). Can cause respiratory problems and acid rain.
 Nitrogen oxides: Pollutants primarily released by combustion, such as nitrogen
oxides (NOx). Can cause respiratory problems and acid rain, as well as
contribute to smog and ozone depletion.
 Carbon monoxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can cause headaches, nausea,
and death at high concentrations.
 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Organic chemicals that have a high
vapor pressure at room temperature. They are found in many industrial and
consumer products. They can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation,
headaches, and even cancer.
 Lead: A toxic metal that can cause damage to the nervous system, kidney, and
reproductive and developmental systems.

100. Regulations and
Standards
 Clean Air Act: A federal law passed in 1970 that
regulates air emissions from stationary and
mobile sources.
 National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS): Standards set by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) for certain air
pollutants that must be met by states and
localities.
 State Implementation Plans (SIPs): Plans
developed by states and submitted to the EPA
outlining how they will meet the NAAQS.
 New Source Performance Standards (NSPS):
Standards set by the EPA for emissions from
new industrial facilities.

101. Air Pollution Control
Technologies
 Particulate control: Technologies that capture particulate
matter from industrial and power generation emissions,
such as electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters.
 Sulphur dioxide control: Technologies that remove
sulphur dioxide from emissions, such as wet scrubbers
and dry injection systems.
 Nitrogen oxide control: Technologies that remove
nitrogen oxides from emissions, such as selective catalytic
reduction and selective non-catalytic reduction.
 Carbon monoxide control: Technologies that remove
carbon monoxide from emissions, such as catalytic
converters in automobiles.
 Volatile organic compounds control: Technologies that
remove volatile organic compounds from emissions, such
as carbon adsorption and thermal oxidation.

102. Air Quality Monitoring
 Measuring instruments: Devices used to
measure air pollution, such as particulate matter
monitors, sulfur dioxide monitors, and ozone
monitors.
 Sampling methods: Techniques used to collect
air samples for analysis, such as high-volume
samplers and passive samplers.
 Quality assurance and quality control:
Procedures used to ensure the accuracy and
precision of air pollution measurements.

103. Air Quality Modelling
• Dispersion modeling: numerical simulation of how pollutants are dispersed in the
atmosphere
• Chemical transport modeling: simulation of the movement and chemical reactions of
pollutants in the atmosphere
• Integrated assessment modeling: combines dispersion and chemical transport modeling
with data on human exposure and health effects to assess the overall impact of air
pollution

104. Climate Change and
Air Pollution
• Greenhouse gases: gases in the
atmosphere that trap heat and
contribute to climate change, such as
carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous
oxide
• Climate change impacts on air pollution:
air pollution can exacerbate climate
change and vice versa, such as heat
waves increasing ground-level ozone
• Mitigation strategies: reducing
emissions of greenhouse gases and air
pollutants through clean energy
technologies, energy efficiency, and
carbon capture and storage

105. Indoor Air Quality
• Sources of indoor air pollution:
include tobacco smoke, radon,
mold, pesticides, and cleaning
products
• Health effects of indoor air
pollution: can include respiratory
problems, allergies, and cancer
• Control measures for indoor air
pollution: include proper
ventilation, use of low-emitting
building materials and products,
and regular cleaning and
maintenance

106. International Air
Pollution
• Transboundary air pollution: air
pollution that crosses national
boundaries and affects other
countries
• International agreements and
protocols: such as the United
Nations Economic Commission for
Europe (UNECE) Convention on
Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution
• Global initiatives to reduce air
pollution: such as the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC)

107. Study Case: Air
Pollution in Jakarta
• Sources of air pollution in Jakarta: Some of the
main sources of air pollution in Jakarta include
transportation, industrial emissions, and power
generation.
• Effects on human health and environment: Air
pollution in Jakarta has been linked to a range of
health problems, including respiratory problems,
lung cancer, and heart disease. It also
contributes to climate change and acid rain.
• Current air pollution control efforts in Jakarta:
The government of Jakarta has implemented a
number of measures to control air pollution, such
as implementing emissions standards for
vehicles, increasing the use of public
transportation, and promoting the use of electric
bicycles.

108. Air Pollution and Sustainability
Sustainability and air pollution: sustainable
practices can help reduce air pollution and
promote clean air
Strategies for sustainable air pollution
management: such as cleaner production,
green transportation, and sustainable
agriculture
Green technologies for air pollution control:
such as renewable energy, energy efficiency,
and electric vehicles

109. Air
Pollution
and Public
Health
Air pollution health impacts: can
include respiratory problems, heart
disease, and cancer
Health risk assessment: evaluating
the potential health effects of
exposure to air pollution
Health risk management:
implementing strategies to reduce
exposure and mitigate health effects

110. Air Pollution and
Transportation
• Transportation sources of air
pollution: include cars, trucks,
buses, and airplanes
• Strategies for reducing
transportation-related air pollution:
include fuel efficiency standards,
promoting public transportation and
active transportation, and
encouraging carpooling and
telecommuting
• Electric vehicles and alternative
fuels: can help reduce
transportation-related air pollution

111. Air Pollution
and Energy
• Power generation sources of air
pollution: include coal-fired power
plants and natural gas-fired power
plants
• Strategies for reducing power
generation-related air pollution: include
increasing the use of renewable energy
sources, such as solar and wind power,
and implementing carbon capture and
storage technologies
• Renewable energy and clean energy
technologies: such as geothermal,
hydro, and biomass

112. Air Pollution
and
Agriculture
• Agricultural sources of air
pollution: include livestock
operations, fertilizer
application, and pesticide use
• Strategies for reducing
agricultural-related air
pollution: include sustainable
farming practices, such as
integrated pest management
and conservation tillage, and
organic agriculture

113. Conclusion and
future perspectives
• Summary of key points: Air pollution is a
complex issue that affects human health,
the environment, and the planet as a whole.
• Current and future challenges in air
pollution management: such as addressing
emerging pollutants, adapting to the
impacts of climate change, and addressing
global air pollution issues
• Opportunities for research and innovation in
the field: such as developing new
technologies, improving monitoring and
modeling capabilities, and promoting
sustainable practices.