Daimler's Approach to E-Mobility Challenges

Our natural resource oil is not endless

2010-09-23 eMobility Copenhagen.ppt Mercedes-Benz E-Mobility Concept 1

Urbanization is rapidly progressing….

1900 largest city : London 6,5 Million

2015 largest city : Tokyo 36,2 Million


…and urban mobility is leaving it’s mark


… this is leading to more and more restrictions..

London daily congestion charge: $13


… and increased, aggressive regulations…

CO2 Limit 2015 ~ 130 g CO2 /km

Target 2020 ~ 95g CO2 /km


… means that the electrification of the power train is inevitable!


smart Electric Drive

Specification smart ed 2010

Range: 135 km
Top speed: 100 km/h EU
Weight: gasoline vehicle + 80 kg
Packaging: motor/1-speed gear box/power unit in rear
battery below vehicle floor.
E-motor: 30 kW constant, 45 kW Peak (30 s)
Battery: Li-Ion, 17,3 kWh useable,
35 kW constant, 55 kW Peak
Charger: single phase 3 kW onboard 120/230V
Heating/cooling: HV-PTC heater, electric Air Conditioning

Mercedes-Benz E-Mobility Concept 7
27

Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-CELL - The family electric car for
urban areas
• Locally emission-free, exclusively battery-
powered electric vehicle with a range of more
than 200 kilometers NEDC (new European
driving cycle).
• Two liquid-cooled lithium-ion batteries with
36 kWh storage capacity.
• Continuous power rating 50 kW, Peak power
70kW
• Power electronics with integrated DC/DC
converter for 12-volt supply.
• First vehicle in its class to be fitted with an
intelligent charging management system
based on “Smart Charge Communication”
• THERMOTRONIC air-conditioning and pre-
start climate control via charging plug.
• Series production run of 500 units to start in
autumn 2010.


Mercedes-Benz Vito E-CELL: first factory finished van with
battery-electric drive
• Electric motor, a permanent synchronous unit,
continuous output of 60 kW and a peak output of
70 kW. Maximum torque is 280 Nm.
• Battery nominal voltage of 360 volts. Total capacity
36 kWh, 32 kWh are available to power the vehicle
Range 130 km,
• On Board Charger 6.1 kW, charged at 380/400
volt mains.
• Vito E-CELL features a Smart Charge
Communication Unit (SCCU) as standard, making
intelligently controlled charging possible. This
ensures that within the defined period, the van is
charged precisely when the energy providers supply
"green" electrical power at off-peak, overnight
rates. The
• Production of a small series of 100 Vito E-CELL
2010
• 2000 units are planned from 2011

To reach these CO2-Targets all powertrain options to be
realized

NEW Business Models needed


Three main challenges addressed in current EV market
introductions

1. Makes EVs attractive and marketable
2. Design charging system for low cost fast charging everywhere
3. Design system for intelligent smart charging


First Challenge: Price


EVs economical*, when scale effects are achieved, especially
for batteries

… running costs for
EV costs in 2018 are
customer near Consequence
higher, but…
conventional engines
+ ~60%
21.800€
19,3k
Make TCO
13.600€ + ~9% advantage tangible
for EV customers
++ Battery 25 ++ Initial costs 27
+ Charger, E/E - - Elec vs. Gasct/km
- ICE ct/km

ICE 2018 EV 2018 ICE 2018 EV 2018

* Based upon averaged figures from recent studies: Roland Berger, BCG, McKinsey, Credit Suisse and Oliver Wyman


The lower running costs over time need to be tangible for our
customers

conventional EV/PHEV/REX

One time Vehicle
costs without
Battery

Battery + Elec.+ EV-Services
Running
Costs


We are offering our customers premium EV solutions from one
source
• On-board-charger • Advanced
Battery
• On-board- Vehicle Battery Services
communication
technology • …
• Charging cable
• …

• Smart Charge
Communication • Tailored
EV- Electricity charging
• Routing, Services & solutions
Reservation Charging
Billing • Individual
vehicle
• Remote Vehicle electricity
Services management
• …


To offer these solutions, we have developed new cooperation
models

Vehicle Battery

EV- Charging
• Synergies with Services
existing „Telematic“
solutions
• Routing-Services:
„New Partners”


introductions



Challenge #2: Low cost, fast charging everywhere


Not everyone can charge at home and overnight

USA: New family homes without a
Garage, 1971; 20%, 2009; 4%

93% of Berlin residents do not
have a privately owned garage


Different than in the USA, most smart customers in
Germany do not have own private parking space

* 120%
28%48% 56% 70% 53% 83% 100% 96% 100%
*120%
100% 100%
80% 80%
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
smart smart MB A/B MB A/B MB total MB total smart MB total MB total
Primary Second Primary Second Primary Second Second Primary Second
Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car
public parking
Street parking
rented parking space
Rented garage
Own parking space
Own garage


Charging infrastructure must be oriented on regional mobility
norms….
NYC ROME


…. but also needs to be low cost and aesthetically pleasing


Charge times are major draw back for EVs. Intelligent
solutions solve this problem.

6 Stunden
2-3 kW

1 Stunde 22 kW

30 Minuten 43 kW


For high charging power some of the charging components may be
shifted to the infrastructure to contain vehicle cost and weight
Typical block diagram for EV charging (Ubatt < Upeak)

DC DC
DC AC

(PFC)
On-board AC

Interface between
On-board regulated DC
vehicle and
infrastructure
Off-board regulated DC


The need for load management on distribution transformer
level heavily depends on the grid architecture

Type B: 100 – 127 V single phase and 200 to 254 V dual phase (split phase transformers)
Type Y: 220 – 240 V single phase and 380 to 415V three phase (three phase transformers)


While Type Y countries can more easily absorb a growing
number of EVs, Type B countries may have to upgrade
transformers more quickly
Typical transformer Germany Typical transformer Japan
(Type Y) (Type B)

Larger substation Small pole mounted
transformer transformer
660 kW ca. 20 kW
ca. 150 homes ca. 3 - 5 homes
per transformer per transformer

• Transformer can easily absorb some vehicles • Even one or two vehicles with high power
charging at high power levels without overload chargers (>6 kW) can overload a transformer
• As the number of households is high, the risk • As number of households is low, the risk that all
that all households charge at the same time is households charge at the same time is high
low

Grid operators in Type B countries prefer dedicated fast
charging to avoid a need of widespread transformer upgrades

Germany (Type Y) Japan (Type B)

AC up to 43kW DC > 50kW AC up to 6kW DC > 7 – 100 kW

or

On or off-board
regulation of
voltage TBD

• Single/three phase AC charging at home • Single phase AC charging mainly at home
and company parking lots
• Three phase AC charging in public
• Small number of DC charge spots as
• DC charging at filling stations for range safety net (peace of mind for customer)
extension (<5% of total energy demand)

Different solutions for similar use cases on different continents
•1 Phase 3kW (16A) 7kW (32A) 14kW (64A)
High power
•3 Phase 11kw (16A) 22kW (32A) 43kW (63A)

Minimal Standard Opportunity Emergency "Range extension"
•Grandma's house •Own garage •Shopping mall •Curbside •Highway filling stations
•Curbside •Gym
•Employee parking
No better option Over night, at work While shopping Wait at spot Wait at spot
available 95% in 6h 50% in 30 min. 30 km in 10 min. 80% in 10 min.

Two inlets required
DC AC
IEC 62196-2 Type 1 CHAdeMO JP
SAE J1772 Combo AC/DC Type 1 US
IEC 62196-2 Type 2 AC EU/China
IEC 62196-2 Type 2 DC Como AC/DC Type 2

Current Status Charging Connectors
Type1 and Type 2 charging connectors will be offered depending on the
AC situation in the different markets.

1-phase (households):
Type 1 connector preferred

3-phase (households):
Type 2 connector preferred

mixed

Standardization in IEC 62196-2

Type 1: Type 2:
1-phase 1- to
3-phase


Daimler driving standardization
Commitment of OEMs, utilities and
suppliers for one connector standard
• One connector design for world-wide typical
voltage and amp levels
• Charge capability up to 43kW
• Low cost, robust connector design,
with redundant safety levels
• Locking of connector for safety and theft
• Support of digital communication between
vehicle and charging spot

Setting the right standards now creates a benefit for all players and helps optimize our own activities
Mercedes-Benz E-Mobility Concept 31

Low cost, fast charging, intelligent charging system installed in
Berlin
Power
• 1 or 3 phase / 16 to 32A for home charging
(depending on household service connection)
• 3 phase 32 or 63A for public charging Berlin charge station map

Wall mounted charge Protection
spot for home charging
• Fuse
• GFCI (ground fault) IEC618651
• Ground wire detection Mode 3
• PWM max. power signal
Communication
• Powerline communication to vehicle
Pole charge spot • GSM/UMTS communication to infrastructure
for public charging


introductions



Challenge #3: Intelligent communication between the vehicle
and the grid

Hur är vädret?
Es mucho
viento! I’m ready to
charge!?


“Plug and Charge” no coins, no credit cards,
payment and billing is automatic

I have an electricity
Welcome! Battery is full at Standardized
contract.
4.32 p.m. communication


Why global standardization is needed…

All cars can charge at all
charge points worldwide!


Two options for charging: Charge now or
economically optimized charging

Daytime Tariffs Nighttime Tariffs

5:00 p.m. 11:00 p.m.
1. Charge now!

2. End of Charge 6:00 11:00 p.m. 6:00 a.m.
(economically optimized) Wait


Smart Charging connectivity options

3
GS
M M
GS

PLC/DSL Private charging
2
PLC

PLC
/DS
L/G
SM

1 Public charging

PLC


Three primary functionalities of smart charge communication
• Grid and energy mix (green) optimized charging
• Improve battery life through intelligent charging
Optimized • “Plug and charge”
Charging • Customer defined “End of Charge”, to maximize vehicle
availability

• System oriented on well-known mobile phone functionality
Automatic • Simple contract with electricity supplier
Payment • Automatic billing
and Billing • “Roaming”
• Safe and private payment through public/private Key security

• Mobile access to important vehicle parameters (State-of-
Value
Charge, range, charging profile)
Added
• Online tracking of contract/payment information
Services


Communication protocols to be shared freely within
all projects to be further developed and optimized
Vehicle data.:
• contract ID
• private/public key

connect charge cord charging unit utility1 utility2 utility3 …
1
establish network connection (HomePlug, Ethernet, IP)
2
E
3
discover charging unit within network
ID
connect charging unit (TCP) and encrypt connection (SSL/TLS) DW
RL
4

5
charging session initialization (Session-ID) O
W
6
service discovery (billing options, add. services)
Z ED
power discovery (amount of energy, charging time, DI Determine clearing
AR
7
contract id, pricing table) 8 house (billing URI)

ND determine account
TA
lock charging cord 9 provided energy
10
S is charged to
11
B E
transfer initial meter information

T O
power delivery (optimized charging profile)
12
charging

charging

cyclically validate consumed energy
13
finalize charging process, unlock cord
14 send charging bill
15


Application Layer: Message Sequence
Identification Request/Response
Service Discovery Request/Response
Power Discovery Request/Response
Initialization
Line Lock Request/Response
Metering Status Request/Response
Metering Receipt Request/Response
Power Delivery Request/Response
Metering Status Request/Response
Loop: Charge
Metering Receipt Request/Response
Power Delivery Request/Response
End
Line Lock Request/Response

Application Layer: Message Contents
SmartCharge Identification (EVSE, Meter) Electronic Vehicle
Comm. Unit Status (EVSE, Meter) Supply
(SCCU)
Encryption Equipment (EVSE)
Signature (EVSE, Meter)
Line Current
Grid Voltage
Tariff information
Currency
Meter Reading
Additional Services
Time + Time Zone
Departure Time

Protocol version
Session Id
Vehicle Id (Not VIN)
Vehicle status
Signature
Charge Profile (End of Charge,
Energy Amount, Charge
Power)
Contract (id, key, signature)
Energy provider
Selected Tariff
Meter receipt
Encryption


SmartCharge communication pathway for Berlin system

Internet

Power
Data
Ethernet
Power + Data
Interface
OBU
Utility HomePlug
Utility
specific ECU 1.0 + Turbo HomePlug Cluster
FleaBox
Interface Interface 1.0 +Turbo

Utility Ground wire Motor,
RCD Charger Battery, BMS
Meter detection Inverter
+ contactor


Technical concept for first pilot projects in Germany,
Netherlands, Italy, Spain, UK, US …
• HomePlug 1.0 turbo communication interface between vehicle
and charge spot
• 3G connection between vehicle and Daimler
• Same TCP/IP based communication protocol between vehicle and charge
spot / control center for all pilot projects
• Country/utility specific interface between charge spot and utility
(charge spot as gateway)
• Implementation in dedicated ECU
with CAN interface


Automatic payment based on contract ID stored in the vehicle, easiest
customer oriented solution (Mobile Phone concept)
After plug-in at an intelligent charge spot the contract-ID is sent to
the service provider for authentication
Establish network connection
Electricity

service provider
contract

vehicle
Provide contract data

Start charging

Contract data is part of the contract with the service provider.
Vehicle Electricity Contract
All vehicles are delivered with a predefined data set.
Contract data set:
• contract-ID (e.g. DE-AA-12345-P)
• contract public key (e.g. IIDFDCCAn2gAwIB… ca. 90 char.)
• contract private key

Personalized access to vehicle while charging

http://ed.smart.com http://ed.smart.com http://ed.smart.com


Joint ISO/IEC Vehicle2Grid Communication Interface

ISO/IEC agreement concerning the
work of ISO/TC22 „Road Vehicles“ ISO
IEC in the electro technical field TC22
(DocNr. ISO/TC22 N1646/E)

Joint Working Group SC3
„Vehicle to Grid
IEC/TC69
Smart Charge
Communication“ SC21

Steering Committee: Chairmen of IEC/TC69 and SC3/WG1, SC21 of
TC22


Open standards for Smart Charge Communication
Layer Data Communication Requirements Technologies

SmartCharge Communication
• Payment & billing IDs and transactions • Smart Meter Language (SML)
7 Application
• Anti theft, tamper detection • Common Information Model
• Pricing categories (CIM)
• Energy demand & response info (local • Zigbee / HomePlug Smart
6 Presentation limits, optional grid load levels, …) Energy Profile 2.0
• Vehicle charge status & setup • New standard
• Additional provider info (location, etc.)
5 Session • SmartEnergy profile integration

4 Transport • SML transport layer
• Reliable transmission
• Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP &
• Secure & protect customer data
UDP) incl. security protocols
3 Network • Directly send data to customer
• New standard

• Use available industry standards Wired Wireless
2 Data Link • Seamlessly integrate into public charge
spots and SmartHome infrastructure
1 Physical • Grounding circuit continuity monitoring PWM
and diagnostics

E-mobility project in Berlin to prepare the infrastructure
Berlin Highlights

• Daimler and RWE combine capabilities to
push electric mobility and enable emission
free driving especially in urban areas
• Develop and test the interaction of
“electrical driving” and “recharging and
billing” in an intelligent overall system
• 100+ battery electric vehicles from
smart and Mercedes-Benz, including
service; RWE provides an initial 500
public/private recharging stations for
“fueling up” and billing, including an
intelligent infrastructure
• Development started, first common testing
in spring 2009. Customer operation in
Berlin started end of 2009; a further
rollout is planned

E-mobility concept to be repeated in Italy
Italy Highlights

• Leading market presence for smart and A-/B-
Class in Italy drives demand for electric vehicle
versions
• 100+ Mercedes-Benz/smart EVs in Rome, Pisa
and Milan from 2010
• Electricity certified by Renewable Energy
Certificate System (RECS),
Italy
• Enel leading worldwide in the implementation of
“Smart grid” technology, with 32 million installed
digital electric meters
• 90% of Italian households limited to 3kW, making
vehicle-grid intelligence a market prerequisite.
• Technology and standards developed for Berlin
pilot also to be used in Italy


View of entire eco-system needed for successful market
launch
• Vehicle and Battery Diagnostics
• Optimized home recharging • Software update • Charging at work,
• Set charging parameters • Maintenance planning recreation, shopping…
and monitor state of charge (incl. roaming)
• Heat and power cogeneration • Business2Business
(shop & charge)
• Infotainment
• Position Information and
theft protection

• Load leveling
• (Green) Power generation
• Metering, clearing and
billing

• Communication
and control
through internet


Power 392 kW
Torque 880 Nm
0 - 60 mph ≈4s
CO2 0 g/mile

Thank you for your attention !

Daimler's Approach to E-Mobility Challenges

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