Elsa Coupard & Claude Mussou: Curating History with French Audiovisual Archives
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Content in Motion | Curating Europe’s Audiovisual Heritage Conference, December 3-4 2015; www.euscreenxl2015.eu This session presents Jalons (Milestones), an online service aimed at the educational community, created by Ina in partnership with the French Ministry of Education. Ina (Institut national de l’audiovisuel) was created in 1975. It is one of the world's largest broadcast archives, with collections spanning over 60 years for TV and 80 years for radio. As many documents in these collections take part in the narrative of history in the last century and onward, they are indispensable for education and training.
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Elsa Coupard & Claude Mussou: Curating History with French Audiovisual Archives
- 1. Teaching with audiovisual archives Claude Mussou - Elsa Coupard
- 2. National Audiovisual Institute Created in 1975 2006 : Free online access
- 3. Ina.fr General public Freely accessible on the internet 380 000 items 44 000 hours 60 millions viewed videos in 2014
- 6. Topics Culture & Humanities Society and the economy WW I and WW II International relations Science and technology Political life in France
- 7. Continuous enrichment of Jalons Updating every 2 years Focus Topics - Sustainability - Freedom of press - Citizenship - Secularism
- 9. 1940 New means of transportation in Paris
- 12. Interactive map
- 15. 1979 Pope John-Paul II’s visit to Warsaw in june 1979
- 16. Information card
- 18. Full transcription of soundtrack Synchronized with the video
- 19. Learning paths Nearly 100 learning paths Classified by topics Practical material for the classroom
- 20. Planetary contemporary issues : Energies
- 21. Access to Jalons Free online consultation for all Downloading the videos is possible for teachers only, through the educational platform éduthèque
- 22. 2014 5 millions viewed pages 1.5 million visitors
- 23. 18 interactive websites History of regions Brittany, Picardy, Rhône-Alpes, North, Provence… Thematical Charles de Gaulle public speeches Independancies Social Security Performing arts ...
- 24. Broadcast short programs Canal Sat Campus, educational channel
Editor's Notes
- Jalons/Milestones. Teaching with audiovisual archives We will present in this session a instance of curation from Ina’s collections aimed at the educational community and especially history teachers.
- Ina Ina is in France the national Broadcast Archive, with collections spanning over 60 years for TV and 80 years for radio. As of today, it holds 12M hours AV contents, most of these holdings are framed by the Legal deposit regulation and available onsite only. However, as a public entity Ina also holds rights to some of the programs that have been produced by French public broadcasters and these are content that the institute can add value to by curating them. ( following the 3 S’s rule of good curation : seek, select and make sense)
- As Ina started its digitization process in the early 2000s (a few weeks before youtube !), this triggered in 2006 the launch of Ina.fr, Ina’s online platform which is aimed at the general public and offers today curated access to … On Ina.fr you have access to: 380 000 items (radio and video), equivalent to 44 000 hours among Ina’s huge collections for which rights have been cleared for online usage In 2014, Ina.fr is 60 millions viewed videos Here, you can find - televison and radio reports - entertainment shows - fiction - magazines... This indeed is curated content : Every day Ina.fr homepage displays content that is related to hot topics or breaking news. Videos are published online and “curation” is completed with thematic playlists and articles.
- JALONS/Milestones In parallel with the launch of the Ina.fr platform, which is aimed at the general public and has been in constant evolution from the beginning, also considering the needs in education to broaden the scope of sources and material made available for teaching, a dedicated site « Jalons » (Milestones for contemporary history) was developed in close partnership with the French ministry of education to provide specific structured and curated access to a selection, from Ina collections, of over a 1000 videos. These cover major events and topics in the history of the XXth end XXIst century : WWI, WWII, foreign affairs, French political life, economical, social or cultural evolutions. Teaching history with AV media Goal : to provide a tool for teachers that promotes, enables and develops the usage of video content in class. Even though most teachers are still not familiar with AV material for teaching, they have gradually come to consider these sources as legitimate, all the more acknowledging that not only are the archives documenting history but also that they are genuine historical sources and traces . Curation for teaching : Cherry picking the right videos to be used in class adds real value to teaching practices. Finding the most relevant, the one that provides illustration, or food fort thoughts is of course a requirement and teachers appreciate pre-curated selections in so far that they, or their peers, are involved in that process. Because there is a bias in any selection, videos for Jalons are chosen among 100 000’s by a dedicated committee of teachers, historians, and archivists ; this ensures that subjectivity bias, gaps, over-representation, or even irrelevance criteria are well handled and that the selection is most appropriate for teaching. Eventually a legal analysis of selected content ensures that all right issues are being taken care of. It is also a tool for pupils, students which may be used for research, to make a presentation (exposé) or search, browse documents and study before an exam. Let’s enter the website ! Access and navigation among the whole collection of 1600 documents is enabled by several complementary tools that we will quickly present : Timeline access or chronological overview : from 1914 to very recent periods
- Because there is a bias in any selection, videos for Jalons are chosen among Ina’s collections by a dedicated committee of teachers, historians, and archivists. This ensures that subjectivity bias, gaps, over-representation, or even irrelevance criteria are well handled and that the selection is most appropriate for teaching. The archives are reliable, sourced, described and contextualized, which also make them fit for teaching. Eventually a legal analysis of selected content ensure that all right issues are being taken care of.
- Focus on Topics - Culture and Humanities - Society and The Economy - WW I and WW II - International Relations - Science and Technology - Political Life in France Jalons is best used for teaching history and geography. Yet it can also be used for citizenship education, literature, art, philosophy, sciences, or economy. Ever since it was launched in 2003, the site has been revamped and upgraded several times. It is an ongoing collaboration with the ministry of education and the teachers.
- Updating : So as to keep up with current affairs and important issues, every 2 years new videos are selected that best illustrate what has occurred during the past 2 years, along with focus topics that match specific interests. For example, a special selection has recently been included about sustainability, on the occasion of the UN conference on Climate change Also new videos about Freedom of press, in France and in the world, Secularism and citizenship were added after january 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris. In the current situation, teachers are very much in demand of curated material that eventually provides historical context to current events, or that help the enhance values of freedom and citizenship as enscribed in the motto of the French Republic.
- To start, let's watch a video from 1940
- Archive 1 : New means of transportation in Paris Click on a thumbnail : window pops up (summary, date, length)
- Regarder toute la vidéo (1 minute 17s) This video was shown within newsreels in French cinemas during autumn of the year 1940. At the time, there is no gas available because Germans requisitioned it. France had capitulated to the German invaders a few weeks before and Paris is occupied (which of course does not show in the report). The tone of the speaker is humorous, the music cheerful. The report is not informative on the situation and only attempts to show how resourceful and adaptable French people are, which viewers at the time probably did not consider very funny. This newsreel obviously is propaganda. Under the cover of humour, it urges Parisians to save gasoline… and carry on. At this time, newsreels production in France were controlled by Berlin. It is obvious with that example that context information and critical apparatus, as they accompany the video, help avoid any irrelevant or misleading interpretation.
- Back to the HP : Another type of access is Interactive map access for geographic display
- Europe, Poland,
- Poland : 13 documents. Sorted by date. Let’s take the example of a video from 1979 : Pope John-Paul II’s visit to Warsaw
- Archive 2 : Pope John-Paul II’s visit to Warsaw in june 1979 A historical moment : John-Paul II’s first visit to his homeland as a pope. I will rely on this archive to demonstrate the functionalities of the player.
- Information card : summary, date, broadcast channel, personalities, themes of the archive.
- Historical and media context Here the historical context highlights the symbolic value of this visit of the first Polish pope in his homeland. As well as the key part John Paul II played in structuring opposition to the communist party in Poland. The media context provides a shot by shot analysis of the footage, notably showing the crowd attending public mass and zooming on the faces of the people to capture true emotion. When teaching history, it is naturally essential to access to « rough » sources. When applied to videos, and as shown in these two examples, this implies that they are identical (as far as content is concerned) to what they were when initially watched by a public. There is evidently a context discrepancy between both ends of the lapse of time between initial broadcasting and current viewing, this is why intelligibility of the documents is provided both by context information and editorial enrichment. These provide on the one hand precise historical information and on the other hand a media analysis which highlights information on the medias such, on its context of production or on various focus for image analysis. The goals is to provide keys for perfect intelligibility to both to teachers and students who are still not familiar with moving image resources.
- Finally full transcription of the soundtrack is also searchable. And Full text search functionalities apply both to catalogue information and video transcriptions. We all know the specificity of temporal objects and the way they flow with consciousness. These require dedicated access and navigation tools. It is indeed an issue that precise description beyond the catalogue information is provided both for visibility and access. In Jalons the video is synchronized with its text transcription so that is can be searched and precisely accessed within a shot by shot re-editing. Moreover, in a class context, this is very useful ass teachers can precisely access a precise moment in the video they want to refer to. Advanced search functionalites enable the combination of all access criteria. [Other functionalities : Share the video (social networks, email, embedded player)]
- Curation is achieved via another bias to help teachers find their way into a bulk of video archives, these are « learning paths », or tutorial examples of how teachers might use Jalons in class Classified and organized by disciplins and topics and offers ready to use Lesson plans As of today, nearly 100 learning paths are available in jalons, which will be developped and enhanced in the future. Cherry picking the right videos to be used in class adds real value to teaching practices. Finding the most relevant, the one that provides illustration, or food for thoughts is of course a requirement and teachers appreciate pre-curated selections in so far that they, or their peers, are involved in that process.
- For example, the last learning path we put on is about sustainability. We worked with a sciences teacher for this topic. This path can also be used in geography class. In this path about Energies, the teacher studies 6 videos from the website, questioning fossil energies, renewable energies and nuclear energy. So basically in a path there is didactic counselling, and analysis activities for pupils.
- Access to this material : Free online consultation for all. To download the videos : access through Edutheque. Every french teacher has access to this online platform of educational resources. For your information, there are 800 000 teachers in France, for elementary and secondary levels.
- Statistics 2014 5 millions viewed pages 1.5 million visitors
- Jalons is the website dedicated to the educational community, but we have other projects based on the same model that can interest teachers : History of French regions, such as Brittany, Picardy, North of France, Provence… Thematical : Charles de Gaulle public speeches, Independancies (former French colonies) Social Security, Performing arts
- Last example : Another program : CAMPUS, produced with a broadcast channel, CanalSat. This is fresh production, based on archives, with footage. It’s a collection of 60 short programs, 5 minutes each, with a teacher presenting and concluding an archive. An example in Sciences: the volcanic eruption in Iceland in 2010/Greenhouse in Spain/ Claude : Quelques mots de conclusion