This text consists of flower definition, structure, types, classification, functions, and some floral terminologies in plants breeding

1. Pollination and Fertilization in Plant Breeding (AGE6110)
Topic: Flower Types and Structure
By
Eric Kuopuobe NAAWE
ID: 181925901
Agricultural Genetic Engineering
Agricultural Sciences and Technologies
Nigde Omer Halisdemir University; Turkey
Course Advisor: Assoc. Prof Ufuk Demirel

2. Presentation outline
• Introduction to flower
• Functions of flower
• Classification and types of flowers
• Structure and types of flower parts
• Types flower arrangement
• Some floral terminologies

3. Flower
• Flowers are the reproductive organs of a
plant that consists of different floral
whorls, each with a different function. It is
a compressed shoot bearing floral leaves.
• They are the reproductive shoots of
angiosperm sporophytes which forms
fruits and seeds
• The whorls are in concentric form
• The whorls from outside are calyx, corolla,
androecium and gynoecium.
Generalised Structure of a Flower

4. Functions of Flowers
 To attract pollinators with colorful petals, scent, nectar and pollen
 Propagation and perpetuation of angiosperm species
 Bring about genetic variation in plants
 Has recreational function among others

5. Shapes of flower

6. Terminologies of plants types relative to their flowers types
• Bisexual/hermaphrodite plants: if it
bears only bisexual/hermaphrodite
flowers.
• unisexual plants bears unisexual
flowers; It is either monoecious if both
the male and female flowers occur on
the same plant, or dioecious if male
and female flowers occur on different
plants.
• Subdioecy condition; may sometimes
occur under which plants are
andromonoecious, gynomonoecious,
trimonoecious
Pink flower = female flower; Blue flower = male flower; Bicolored flower = bisexual/hermaphrodite flower

7. Types of subdioecy
• Gynomonoecious: hermaphrodite +
female flower
• Andromonoecious: hermaphrodite +
male flower
• Trimonoecious: hermaphrodite +
female flower + male flower

8. Functions of flower parts

9. Reproductive Floral Organs;
The reproductive floral organs is also known as the essential parts of the
flower
Female organs
• Carpel or pistil – female reproductive organs; contains:
• Stigma – is where pollen sticks to
• Style – is the long tube that connects stigma to ovary
• Ovary – enlarged structure at the base of carpel/pistil where the ovules
are located; it will become the fruit.
• Ovules – contains female gametophyte,
becomes the seed
• Plants have style!
carpel
or
pistilovary

10. Reproductive floral organs: male
• Stamen – male floral organ, consists of:
• Anther – part of the stamen that produces pollen
• Filament – stalk-like structure that holds anther
• Pollen – immature male gametophyte

11. Non-reproductive floral organs
• Petals – whorl of flower organs that are
often brightly colored to attract pollinators
• Corolla – whorl of petals
in a flower
• Sepals – whorl of leaf-like organs outside
the corolla; help protect the unopened
flower bud.
• Calyx – whorl of sepals in a flower
• Tepals (perianth) – when sepals and
petals look the same or cannot be
differenciated

12. Classification of flowers
• Complete flower
• Incomplete flower
• Perfect flower
• Imperfect flower
• Regular flower
• Irregular flower
• inflorescence

13. Incomplete flower
• Flower with one or more whorls of
floral leaves missing.
• Eg. squash and rue anemone
Flower with all four whorls of floral
leaves. Eg. hibiscus or gumamela
Complete flower

14. Irregular flower
• Flowers with different shape and
size flower parts. Eg. orchid
• Flowers with all their flower
parts the same in size and shape.
Eg. Buttercup
Regular flowers

15. Imperfect flowers
• A "unisexual" flower in which either the
stamens or the carpels are missing,
vestigial or otherwise non-functional.
Types of imperfect flowers are;
• A. Staminate- having only functional
stamens and thus male. Eg.kiwi
• B. Pistillate- having only functional pistil
and thus female. Eg. melon
• C. Monoecious- staminate and pistillate
flowers on the same plant. Eg. Petunias
• Dioecious- staminate and pistillate
flower on different plants. eg. holly
Perfect flowers
• Perfect flower; a flower that has
functional female and male parts of
the flower which produces,
distribute, receive and fertilises to
form gametes.

16. Structure and Types of flower parts
• Calyx with free sepals • Calyx with connate(united)
sepals
The calyx (K): Totality of sepals in the flower.
Calyx lobes
Calyx tube
Silene spp.Rosa spp.
Stellaria media -chickweed Fabaceae flower

18. Types of Corolla
• Corolla with free petals • Corolla with connate (united) petals
The corolla (C): Totality of petals in the flower
Papaver spp. Ranunculus spp.
Campanula spp.
Corolla tube
Corolla lobes
Digitalis spp

19. Types of corolla with connate petalsFunnel shape
Bell shape
Tubular Helianthus spp.
Salveform
Funnelform
Petunia spp.
Ligulate Helinthus spp.

21. Types of corolla with free petals
Papillonaceaous – Fabaceae (legume family)

22. Inflorescence
• The collective cluster of flowers. Some inflorescences are composed
of many small flowers arranged in a formation that
• resembles a single flower.
• An inflorescence may include specialized stems and modified leaves
known as bracts
• Inflorescence can be Single or compound
• Single - When all the flowers are gathered in the same single pattern.
• Compound inflorescence

23. Main single inflorescence
Racemes- In racemes, florets are
attached along a floral peduncle
with stems similar in length. Young
florets appear above and the old
ones below.
A spike is a raceme, but the flowers
develop directly from the stem and
are not borne on pedicels, as in
barley (Hordeum).

24. • A spadix is a spike of flowers
densely arranged around it,
enclosed or accompanied by a
• highly specialized bract called
a spathe.
• It is characteristic of the
Araceae family.
Corymbs
A flower cluster whose lower stalks are
proportionally longer so that the flowers
form a flat or slightly convex head

25. • An umbel is an inflorescence which
consists of a number of short flower
stalks (called pedicels) which spread
from a common point, somewhat like
umbrella ribs. The arrangement can
vary from being flat topped to almost
spherical. Umbels can be simple or
compound. The secondary umbels of
compound umbels are known as
umbellules.
Umbels
Elongated cluster of single-sex flowers
bearing scaly bracts and usually lacking
petals.
Catkin/Ament

26. MAIN COMPOUND INFLORESCENCES
• Compound inflorescences is when a
complex pattern is made of another
single pattern.
Compound Umbels- Are formed by
several umbels gathered together.
Panicles
• Panicles are formed by several
racemes gathered together.

27. Floral terminologies
• Adnation; is the union of unlike
parts; organically united or fused
with another dissimilar part. Eg.
primrose
• Connation: The fusion of similar
organs. Eg. Gumamela

28. Ovary position and types on flower
• Hypogynous
• Perigynous
• Epigynous

29. • Hypogynous: the sepals, petals,
and stamens are inserted under
the carpel
• Ovary is said to be superior
• In a perigynous flower, the sepal,
petals, and stamens are fused
together to form a cup called the
hypanthium
• The gynoecium sits inside the cup but
is not fused to it
• Ovary is said to be superior

30. • Epigynous flower: In a epigynous
flower, the sepals, petals, and
stamens arise from a point
above the ovary
• Ovary is said to be inferior

31. Floral symmetry
• Actinomorphic (=radial): cutting
the flower in any pane produces
a mirror image
• Zygomorphic (=bilateral): can cut
the flower in only one plane to
get a mirror image

32. References
• Acquaah, G. (2012), Principles of plant genetics and breeding 2nd ed.
ISBN 978-0-470-66476-6
• http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/plants/bio204/13-FloweringPls.ppt
• https://www.slideshare.net/mazaylum/flowering-plants-14358239
• https://www.slideshare.net/hoilettr/flowering-plants-45341621

33. Thanks You