By Shashi Nambisan, Director, CTRE & Professor of Civil Engineering at Iowa State University (Ames, Iowa, USA)

1. Enhancing Pedestrian Safety: From Theory to Practice Shashi Nambisan Director, CTRE & Professor of Civil Engineering Iowa State University (shashi@iastate.edu) Srinivas Pulugurtha, University of North Carolina, Charlotte Mukund Dangeti, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Vinod Vasudevan, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Pedestrian Safety and Security for Vulnerable Populations Eighth Annual Transforming Transportation Workshop The World Bank World Resources Institute/EMBARQ Washington, DC January 15, 2009

4. Pedestrian Crashes (2003 – 2006)

8. Study Locations

11. Advanced Warning Signs / Yield Markings

12. High Visibility Crosswalk Treatment

13. In-Roadway Knockdown Signs

14. Portable Speed Trailer

15. Turning Vehicles Yield to Pedestrians

16. Danish Offset and Median Refuge

17. Pedestrian Activated Flashers

18. Automatic Pedestrian Detection and Smart Lighting

19. Pedestrian Buttons that Confirm Press

20. Pedestrian Channelization

21. ITS No-Turn on Red Blank out Signs

22. Pedestrian Countdown Timers with Animated Eyes

24. Speed Trailer Site Information

25. Speed Trailer and Vehicle Speeds 54.6 kph 50.7 kph 64.3 kph 51.3 kph

26. Speed Trailer: Vehicle Speed Analysis MOE Baseline vs. Stage 1 Baseline vs. Stage 2 Delta Mean Speed P-value H 0 Delta Mean Speed P-value H 0 H 0 : V before = V after vs. H a : V after < V before Eastbound mph (kmph) 5.5 (8.9) <0.001 Reject 8.1 (13.0) <0.001 Reject Westbound mph (kmph) 6.5 (10.5) <0.001 Reject 3.7 (6.0) <0.001 Reject

27. Speed Trailer: Analysis of Pedestrians (Safety) Measures of Effectiveness Baseline Stage 1 Stage 2 Percent Percent Percent % pedestrians who look for vehicles before beginning to cross 80 100 100 % pedestrians who look for vehicles before crossing 2 nd half of street 85 100 100 % pedestrians trapped in the roadway 41 34 37

28. Highly Effective Countermeasures Description Cost Advanced Yield Markings for Motorists Low In-roadway Knockdown Signs Low Pedestrian Countdown Signals with Animated Eyes Medium Danish Offset High Median Refuge High Portable Speed Trailer High Pedestrian Activated Flashing Yellow High

29. Moderately Effective Countermeasures Description Cost Pedestrian Call buttons that Confirm Press (Visible/Audible confirmation) Low Turning Vehicles Yield to Pedestrians Low ITS No-Turn on Red Signs Medium ITS Automatic Pedestrian Detection Devices High

30. Countermeasures with Low Effectiveness Description Cost Warning Signs for Motorists Low High Visibility Crosswalk Treatment Medium Pedestrian Channelization* High Smart Lighting High

32. Comparisons? Opportunities? Constraints?