Sustainable Fuels for Urban Transit Buses - Holger Dalkmann
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Session 1A: Bus Karo Plus
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Sustainable Fuels for Urban Transit Buses - Holger Dalkmann
- 1. Sustainable Fuels for Urban Transit Buses Holger Dalkmann, Director, EMBARQ
- 2. www.embarq.org Sustainable Fuels for Urban Transit Buses | Apr. 15, 2013 Holger Dalkmann, EMBARQ Director
- 3. 2 million of premature deaths from respiratory illnesses caused by air pollution Deaths from Chronic Respiratory Problems per 100,000 Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at University of Washington
- 4. Though some comprehensive resources available, often focused on the US and Europe… A variety of people making vehicle and fuel decisions Information from different studies often appears to conflict Trade-offs between pollutions health impacts, GHG impacts, and air pollution impacts Need for Information on Vehicle Emissions
- 5. Different fuels have different impacts Diesel: Depending on quality, can cause significant emissions of harmful air pollutants Compressed Natural Gas: Fewer, but finer particulate emissions and higher methane emissions
- 6. In 2004, the Supreme Court mandated natural gas (CNG) for all public buses and autorickshaws in a number of cities Are there other fuels that could be as effective at reducing emissions? Is natural gas the right choice to reduce vehicle emissions?
- 7. Improving the ST Research AgendaWhat’s the best choice? Need to understand the full lifecycle impact Operations Fuel Production Raw material production Waste disposal Images from Greenhouse Gas Protocol, World Resources Institute and University of Manchester Bus Logo
- 8. Operations Fuel Production Raw material production Waste disposal Images from Greenhouse Gas Protocol, World Resources Institute and University of Manchester Bus Logo Initial research focused on operation emissions
- 9. CNG has low PM emissions. Do the technologies exist to reduce PM emissions from diesel? Yes, however, the ability to use these technologies depends on the sulfur content of diesel Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel = 10 - 15 ppm (EU/US Standard) CNG vs. Diesel: Common questions Sulfur ppm Location in India 50 Major cities 350 Metropolitan areas 500 Nationwide
- 10. Particulate matter emissions from ULSD with technologies are similar to CNG ULSD + tech Non-ULSD + no filters
- 11. For fuels for India: NOx vs. PM For two very harmful types of emissions: CNG is clearly lower in PM, but has similar NOx emissions to Diesel
- 12. For fuels for India: CO2e vs. PM Comparing GHGs to health impacts: All have high variability, but diesel tends to perform better
- 13. Air pollution key concern for urbanizing India International Approach tailpipe emissions vs Indian on use of fuels No clear winner between fuels – local situation is vital CNG vs Diesel: Similar impact, IF clean technology and low sulfur diesel exist Conclusions
- 14. Move regulation from type of fuel to pollutants content Accelerate introduction of ULSD Support from MOUD and others to better understand trade-offs and provide guidance to decision-makers Recommendations
- 15. Thank you Holger Dalkmann HDalkmann@wri.org www.embarq.org www.thecityfix.com Research paper can be downloaded http://www.embarq.org/sites/default/fi les/EMB12_WorkingPaper_Fuels_0.pdf
Editor's Notes
- In 2006 – WHO estimated that 2 million premature deaths each year were caused by air pollution. Air pollution is related to respiratory and cardiac disease.This graphic shows premature deaths per 100,000 related to chronic respiratory problems (WHO has shown a link between pollution and respiratory deaths)In India from 1990 to 2005, respiratory deaths dropped from 130 to 90 per 100,000. In 2010, respiratory deaths, moving upwards again towards 100 deaths/100,000.Any key studies to read and blogs to read (FedEx logo)
- Purpose of our research is to bring various studies together and focus on the information for India. Provide a background for comparing data from other studies and new research.
- This research looked at 5 most commonly tracked pollutants (because of emissions standards): CO, Hydrocarbons (including methane), Nox, PM, and most recently CO2. There are other emissions as well, such as Black smoke Vocs, less data is available on these topics.Characteristics of CNG: Naturally low particulate matter emissions, Particulates can be toxic, High methane emissionsCharacteristics of diesel: High particulate emissions, lower hydrocarbon emissions, What is bad about these different pollutants?
- The mandate applied to 13 cities: major cities onlyPicture is smog in Mumbai
- Because EMBARQ works with transit systems, we often get asked which buses are the “best.” Though a lot of research is done on light-duty vehicles, there is less information available on buses comparing emissions and costs of different alternatives. As bus use is growing, it is important to consider this from the operators perspective (costs), an air quality perspective (exhaust emissions), and a climate change perspective (lifecycle emissions).This meta-analysis is just one piece of this project. To make this information relevant for bus operators, cost needs to be considered.Also – lifecycle emissions of vehicle can add roughly 20 to 30% to total CO2 emissions, and also has am impact on other air pollutants. Points towards need to reduce VKT, move away from fossil fuels.
- Data was gathered from individual test reports, on the ground in different cities or from test facilities; this report compiles a larger data set over many different countriesCHALLENGE: In-use transit bus tests (rather than engine tests) – in reality, most of the data is US and Europe data, but older data is being used to represent
- High variability in emissions data, but high ppm of sulfur in diesel shows higher PM emissions. Most diesel still showing higher PM emissions than CNG. The number after the D is the sulfur ppm classification
- No clear winner – but technologies are important*I’ll have Umang address this question
- PM emissions are lowest for CNG.Nox emissions are similar for all fuel and technology combinations for India.
- CO2 emissions are lower, in some cases, with higher sulfur diesel. Shows a trade-off between pollution and CO2 emissions.Overall – these are fossil fuels and there are limited returns. *** Need to focus on renewable energy to power electric (zero emissions) vehicles.
- We are currently working on developing a tool to compare lifecycle vehicle costs in India with lifecycle emissions.Current report on exhaust emissions.
- We are currently working on developing a tool to compare lifecycle vehicle costs in India with lifecycle emissions.Current report on exhaust emissions.