2. LECTURE OVERVIEW
1. Water sources
2. Water treatment process
3. External and internal distributions
4. Water supply to residential buildings – direct & indirect
system

3. Water sources
Background: How does drinking water gets to your home?

4. SurfaceSources & UndergroundSources
• Surface: Lakes, rivers, reservoirs, run off from roofs and paved
areas (Fred hall & Roger Greeno, 2004)
• Underground: Shallow wells, deep wells, artesian wells (Fred
hall & Roger Greeno, 2004)

5. Natural Lake
Artesian Well
Deep Well
Reservoir

6. Water Cycle

7. Customer
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Rivers, lakes,
groundwater,
etc.
Water
treatment
plant
Unchlorinated
clean water
Chlorinated clean
water
Dirty water

8. Water Treatment Process

11. Water Treatment Process
(continued)
• Water diverted from the river into treatment plant.
• Coagulation process start with adding Alum and other
chemical. Forming “floc to attract dirt particles.
• Flocculation – Water is stirred to mix with alum
• Sedimentation – Water is allowed to settle.
• Filtration – Water passes through filters that help to remove
smaller particles.
• Disinfection – Water is mixed with chlorine to kill any bacteria
or microorganisms. Fluoride is added for dental health.
• Storage – Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir.

12. • Water is first diverted from the river or lake into the
treatment plant. When the water first comes into the plant it
is screened to remove sticks, trash or other large pieces of
contaminants.
• •Coagulation Alum and other chemicals are added to water to
form tiny sticky particles, called floc, that attract dirt particles.
• •Flocculation The water is stirred slowly with paddles to mix
the alum with the dirty water.

13. • Sedimentation The water is no longer stirred and is allowed to
settle. The heavy particles (floc) settle to the bottom and clear
water moves off the top to the filtration chamber.
• Filtration Water passes through filters that help remove even
smaller particles. Our filters consist of gravel, sand, garnet and
charcoal. Each layer filters out a smaller and smaller particle.
The charcoal not only acts as a filter but neutralizes taste and
odor.

14. • Disinfection After filtration, the water moves into a
disinfection chamber where it is mixed with chlorine. A small
amount of chlorine is added to kill any bacteria or
microorganisms that may be in the water. It is at this step that
we also add a small amount of fluoride for dental health.
• Storage Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir where it
flows through pipes to homes and businesses in the
community.

15. AdditionalInformation– Natural Reservoir
• Setia Eco Park

16. AdditionalInformation– Natural Reservoir
• Putrajaya Lake

17. Water Supply
• Water supply guidelines under local authorities and state
control.
• Each state has different guidelines.
• Reticulation calculation base on "Demand & Supply”.
• Architect and M&E Engineer’s role is to ensure guidelines and
procedures are met.
• Water supply require to meet international standard of quality
(Refer to Jabatan Bekalan Air).

18. Selangor Domestic Water
Supply
Syarikat Bekalan Air
Selangor Sdn. Bhd. (SYABAS)

19. • Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd (SYABAS), a subsidiary of
Puncak Niaga Holdings Berhad (PNHB) was incorporated on 8th July
1996 under the Malaysian Companies Act, 1965 to undertake the
privatisation of water supply services in the State of Selangor and
the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. SYABAS’ key
business is to provide quality services to the consumers. Therefore,
it strives to meet the needs and demands of its consumers in order
to ensure that the services provided are of highest standard.
• •The services include supplying uninterrupted clean water to
consumers and apart from that, SYABAS performs periodical and
regular maintenance of infrastructure and water-related assets,
such as replacing aging pipes and water meters. SYABAS also does
its part in CSR activities through various programmes to create
consumer awareness on water-related issues to ensure the
standard quality of life is sustained.

20. External and Internal Distributions

21. Domestic Water Supply
• Providing the consumers clean cold and hot water.
• Gravity storage tanks on the top floor of the building (old
building).
• Pressurised tanks connected to the supply pumps (new
building).

22. External gravity tank

23. Pressurized tank

24. SERVICE PIPE
DISTRIBUTION PIPE /
SUPPLY PIPE
RISER
FIXTURE BRANCH
FIXTURE SUPPLY PIPE
Water Supply and Distribution
System

25. Connecting pipes:
 Service Pipe
The pipe from the water main or other source of portable water supply to the
water distribution system of the building served.
 Distribution Pipe / Supply Pipe
A pipe within the structure or on the premises which conveys water from the water
service pipe or meter to the point of utilization.
 Riser
A water supply pipe that extends one fully story or more to convey water to
branches or to a group of fixtures.
 Fixture Branch
The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water distributing
pipe.
 Fixture Supply Pipe
A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.

26. Illustration of Incoming Domestic
Water Supply

27. Water Supply to Residential
Buildings
1. Direct System
2. Indirect System

28. Direct System

29. Direct System

30. Definitions:
• Water main - the system of pipework which is to be found
buried beneath the roads and streets which is to convey
water.
• Ferrule - An insertion or connection to a water main is made
by placing a special type of valve directly on top of the main.
• Communication pipe - The short length of buried pipe
connecting the ferrule and the boundary stop valve.

31. Definitions:
• Boundary stop valve - Normally found just at the perimeter of
the property which it feeds.
• Service stop valve - the service pipe terminates inside the
building. A control device at the end of the pipe.

32. Definitions:
• Rising main – pipes that distribute cold water vertically.
• The direct system of cold water supply, all the cold water draw-
off points are connected directly to the rising main.
• Branch pipes - Direct water supply to water supply points,
sanitary appliances.

33. Indirect System

34. Indirect System

35. Direct System & Indirect
System
? System ? System

36. Comparison– DirectSystem& Indirect
System

37. THANK YOU
CHILDREN ARE QUICK AND ALWAYS SPEAK
THEIR MINDS
Teacher: Maria, go to the map and find
North America.
Maria: Here it is.
Teacher: Correct. Now class, who
discovered America?
Class: Maria.