1. The impact of colonialism in India on politics
The political impact of colonialism on India was very much notable. The British arrogated territories and
exercised complete control over India’s government, effectively confiscating India of its sovereignty. They
also divided and operated tribal and cultural groups to maintain their rule.
Loss of Sovereignty
The British noticed that India was a land of multiple provincial kingdoms and gradually started interfering
in Indian politics.
The British political intervention into India’s colonial state started deportment fortunes as one after the
other the British won wars against the Indians, and started to take complete over the politics in India as
well.
It started with the Battle of Buxar which was fought in 1764 between the British forces led by Captain
Hector Munro and the combined forces of Mir Qasim of Bengal, Shujauddaula of Awadh and Mughal
king Shah Alam II. The battle ended in the favour of the colonialists.
Meanwhile, the influence of the East India Company kept growing until its dissolution in 1858. Following
this, the British crown took over and started directly ruling India.
British art of subjugation and division
The British took some amendatory initiatives that seemingly deserve appreciation such as the
development of a predictable legal system, investment in infrastructure development, and education in
the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries. However, most colonial policies and reforms were
against the will and welfare of the people of India. The British took away India’s resources and
introduced the English educational system to create an educated and elite buffer class for its own
interests. It also introduced positivistic and predictable laws and repressive and discriminatory measures,
including force, to control the natives and prevent anti-British agitation, protests, and armed uprisings in
India.
Formation of Indian national Congress
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, control of India was transferred from the East India Company to the
British Empire. British-controlled India, known as the British Raj, or just the Raj, worked to try to support
and justify its governance of India with the aid of English-educated Indians, who tended to be more
familiar with and friendly to British culture and political thinking.During such situation Retired British
Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer Allan Octavian Hume founded the Indian National Congress in order to
form a platform for civil and political dialogue among educated Indians.
Different political movements for independence
The first political nationalistic revolutionary movement for Indian independence emerged from Bengal. It
later took root in the newly formed Indian National Congress with prominent moderate leaders seeking
the right to appear for Indian Civil Service examinations in British India, as well as more economic rights
for natives. The first half of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards self-rule by the Lal Bal
Pal triumvirate, Aurobindo Ghosh and V. O. Chidambaram Pillai.

2. The final stages of the independence struggle in the 1920s were characterized by Congress’ adoption of
Mahatma Gandhi’s policy of non-violence and civil disobedience. Some of the leading followers of
Gandhi’s ideology were Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Maulana Azad, and
others. Intellectuals such as Rabindranath Tagore, Subramania Bharati, and Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay spread patriotic awareness. Female leaders like Sarojini Naidu, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit,
Pritilata Waddedar, and Kasturba Gandhi promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their
participation in the freedom struggle.
Few leaders followed a more violent approach. This became especially popular after the Rowlatt Act,
which permitted indefinite detention. The Act sparked protests across India, especially in the Punjab
province, where they were violently suppressed in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
The Indian independence movement was in constant ideological evolution. Essentially anti-colonial, it
was supplemented by visions of independent, economic development with a secular, democratic,
republican, and civil-libertarian political structure. After the 1930s, the movement took on a strong
socialist orientation. It culminated in the Indian Independence Act 1947, which ended Crown suzerainty
and partitioned British Raj into Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan.
India remained a Crown Dominion until 26 January 1950, when the Constitution of India established the
Republic of India. Pakistan remained a dominion until 1956 when it adopted its first constitution. In
1971, East Pakistan declared its own independence as Bangladesh