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Packaging and Handling of Fruits &
Vegetables to Reduce Losses and
Enhance the Profit of Producer
S. K. Goyal, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor in Farm Engineering,
Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
Banaras Hindu University,
Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Barkachha,
Mirzapur – 231 001 (U.P.)
Source: ICAR, New Delhi
2
Present Scenario
Horticulture sector
Provides a dynamic tool for
enhancing economic returns,
attaining nutrition security,
creating employment avenues and
ensuring ecological sustainability
Broad spectrum of activities are:
Production of Fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices
and plantation crops
Value addition through PHM (includes Packaging
and Handling)
Value addition through processing
Post Harvest Losses- current scenario
Alarming situation when the world is reeling under
severe food crisis
 India loses Rs.55,600 crores worth agril. produce every
year (equivalent to approx. 50% India’s Defense budget)
 10% of the food grain
 15% of the pulse crop
30% per cent of all fruits & Vegetables
4
5
Perishability Factors of Fresh
Horticultural commodities
Living tissues – even after harvest!!
High water content
Diverse morphology & composition
Subject to pathological breakdown
6
Major causes of PH losses of
Horticultural crops
Physical – causes
e.g. wt. loss, bruise injury during PH handling
Physiological and biochemical– causes
e.g. Over-ripe, senescence, off-flavour
Poor texture, uneven ripening, Yellowing etc. etc.
Pathological / microbiological – causes
e.g. Dry or wet rotting
Presentation 3.2
Avoid the negative effect
of external factors
To reduce and delay the action
of the internal factors that are
responsible for product
deterioration
ROLE OF PACKAGING……..
Physical Protection
Barrier Protection
Containment or Agglomeration
Marketing
ROLE OF PACKAGING
Convenience
Security
Portion Control
Purpose of Packaging
• Protect from bacterial damage
• Protect from physical damage
• Contains the food product
• Preserves the product to extend shelf life
• Informs the consumer about the product–
labelling
• Attracts consumers to buy the product
• Easy in handling & storage
• Helps in transportation
11
Use of Low Temperature
12
Storage Temperature vs metabolic activity
of harvested produce
Presentation 3.2
Objective: to remove the field heat.
Movement of the caloric energy from the
product to the cooling substance.
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
Presentation 3.2
Variable Ice Hydro Vacuum
Forced-
air
Room
Cooling times (h) 0.1-0.3 0.1-1.0 0.3-2.0 1.0-10.0 20-100
Water contact with
the product yes yes no no no
Product moisture loss
(%) 0-0.5 0-0.5 2.0-4.0 0.1-2.0 0.1-2.0
Capital cost high low medium low low
Energy efficiency low high high low low
Cooling method
Comparison among cooling methods
Source: Kader & Rolle (2003)
Forced air cooling
16
At Harvest (Samastipur)
After transport (Delhi)
Effect of biologically active cushioning on
packaging of litchi
Basic concepts of MA and CA
• Regular Atmosphere
O2= 21%
N2= 78%
CO2=0.03%
• Any deviation from regular atmosphere is known as
Modified Atmosphere (MA)
• MA could be achieved in packaging by using
polymeric films or membranes having differential
permeability to CO2, O2,N2 and water vapour
• Used to extend the postharvest life and retain quality
during handling and storage of fruits, vegetables and
flowers
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
18
Modified Atmosphere Packaging of
bittergourds
Control MAP-1 MAP-2
PUSA VISHESH
Control MAP-1 MAP-2
PUSA DOMOSOMI
Control MAP-1 MAP-2
PUSA HYBID-1
Control MAP-1 MAP-2
PUSA HYBRID-2
MAP-1= Active ( CO2/O2= 4.5/7.5) & MAP-2= Passive ( CO2/O2= 0-10/21-1.5)
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
19
Effect of MAP on storage of bitter
gourd
10.5
18.5
15
0
5
10
15
20
Storagelife(Days
CONTROL MAP-1 MAP-2
MAP-1= Active ( CO2/O2= 4.5/7.5)
MAP-2= Passive ( CO2/O2= 0-10/21-1.5)
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
20
MA storage of Cauliflower at ambient
• Harvesting
• Trimming of leaves
• Wrap the edible curd using
suitable LLDPE film
• Prevents loosening of curd
• Better marketability by MAP
upto 15 days as against only
3-4 days in control at
ambient
•
At Harvest
After 15 days
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
21
Post harvest handling of banana
(In collaboration with SAFAL)
• Existing method of
transport as bunch
– Loss due to bruise
– Loss due to cracking
– Unwanted material
• Improved method
– Separate into hands
– Use of disinfectant
+ High Modulus film bagging
– Transport in crates
– Very little bruise
– Better quality on ripening
Before
transport
After
Transport
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
22
Postharvest handling of banana
(In collaboration with SAFAL)
• Bruise damage leads to
black spots due to oxidation
of polyphenols which
becomes clearly visible on
ripening
• Bruise damage could be
significantly minimized-
better marketability on
ripening
• Technology presently used
by NDDB’s F&V unit Transported as hand
Before
Ripening
After
Ripening
Transported as bunch
Presentation 3.2
Modified and controlled atmosphere storage
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
Range of storage
duration (months)
Commodity
More than 12 Almond, Brazil nut, cashew, filbert, macadamia, pecan, pistachio, walnut, dried fruits and
vegetables
6-12 Some cultivars of apples and European pears
3-6 Cabbage, Chinese cabbage, kiwifruit, persimmon, pomegranate, some cultivars of Asian
pears
1-3 Avocado, banana, cherry, grape (no SO2), mango, olive, onion (sweet cultivars), some
cultivars of nectarine, peach and plum, tomato (mature-green)
<1 Asparagus, broccoli, cane berries, fig, lettuce, muskmelons, papaya, pineapple, strawberry,
sweet corn; fresh-cut fruits and vegetables; some cut flowers
Classification of horticultural crops according to their controlled atmosphere storage potential at optimum
temperatures and relative humidifies
• Modify the concentration
of gases in the produce
packing.
• Reduce respiration rate.
• Reduce ethylene action.
• Delay ripening &
senescence.
• Increase product’s shelf
life.
O2
CO2
O2 CO2
21% O2 0.035% CO2
21% Oxigene
0.35% CO2
2% O2
1% CO2
Filters
Cold room
0ºC
Apples, as any living entities..breath
Presentation 3.2
• Use of MAP during packing is highly
increasing.
• Usually designed to maintain 2% - 5% of O2
and 8% - 12% of CO2, extend shelf life of fresh-
cut fruits and vegetables.
Packaging and Handling of Fruits & Vegetables to Reduce Losses and Enhance the Profit of Producer
Plastic or cardboard
box
Polymeric film-
perforated one
Apples
Storage temperature-0.5oC
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
30
MAP of mango cv. Mallika
• MAP using 9µ LLDPE cling
film
• Primarily retards the
ripening
• Shelf life at ambient could
be extended up to 15 days
as against only 8-10 days in
control
• No adverse effect of
flavours on ripening
• Less development of
carotenoids
Control MAP
Mallika
Why Controlled Atmosphere (CA)?
• Supplementary practice to Refrigeration
• Reduced level of O2
• Elevated level of CO2
• Retain better quality attributes in many fruits and
vegetables
Better Colour
Better Firmness
Better Flavour
• Check microbial attack
Delayed ripening due to CA
treatment in cv. Baneshan
33
30 days in CA +
4 days at ambient
30 days in CA +
4 days at 20oC
Chilling Injury
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
34
Retention of curd whiteness
Unscrupulous practice:
Use of Malathion for Retention of curd whiteness!!!!!
Alternative:
10% CO2 treatment, using simple technology
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
35
Whiteness index of cauliflower curds at
0 day and 28 days after harvest
36
Commercial CA storage Facilities in India
Location: Rai, Sonepat Haryana, Capacity: 12,000 MT, Apples
37
Inside view of CA store
Puff panels
Plastic pallet bins
38
Blowers of Refrigeration system
inside CA store
39
Activated carbon CO2 Scrubbing device
Inlet
Outlet
40
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) system
for N2 Generation in CA-store
N2 Generator
N2 line for CA store
41
Low cost Technologies
42
Low sugar accumulation in stored potatoes
Initial
After 3 months in Pusa Cool Chamber
Treatment
Thermofogging of CIPC
(Chlorpropham – isopropyl-N-(3-
chlorophenyl) carbamate)
Result:
No Sprouting/ Rooting
No Rotting
No Sugar accumulation
Pusa Cool Chamber
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
43
white button mushroom
• Major problems:
– Browning
– Gill opening
– Stem elongation
– Spoilage
– Very poor marketability
• CaCl2 treatment by
vacuum infiltration
technique is very
effective
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
44
Extending the marketability of white
button mushroom
• Control i.e. untreated
ones- unmarketable within
2 days
• CaCl2 treatment (0.2%) by
vacuum infiltration
• Gill opening
CaCl2 CaCl2 +MAP
5th day after harvest
(18oC, 70-75% RH)
Control
Restricted
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
45
ConventionalIn-package1-MCP
Withnewspaper
shreds
KMnO4treated
shreds
Packaging of Mango cv. Langra for
distant marketing
methylcyclopropene
ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra
46
Weight loss and spoilage of mango cv Langra after
Long distant transport
Economic analysis
Saving from
a) weight loss (@7%
/truck
= 420kg @ `30/Kg
Rs. 12,600/-
b) Spoilage @ 5%/Truck
=300 Kg @ ` 30/Kg
`Rs. 9,000/-
Total Saving per truck=
Rs. 21,600/-
Cost of treatment =
Rs. 12,000 (approx)
Net saving
Rs. 9600/ truck
47
Conclusion
 Establishment of facilities for hands on training and demonstration
with incubation centres
 Installation of template pack-house for training and demonstration
activities
 On farm value addition
 Use of safe chemical preservatives
 Inter-linking markets
 Green Cargo- concept
 Proper product handling during the post-harvest operation
Packaging and Handling of Fruits & Vegetables to Reduce Losses and Enhance the Profit of Producer

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Packaging and Handling of Fruits & Vegetables to Reduce Losses and Enhance the Profit of Producer

  • 1. Packaging and Handling of Fruits & Vegetables to Reduce Losses and Enhance the Profit of Producer S. K. Goyal, Ph.D. Assistant Professor in Farm Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Barkachha, Mirzapur – 231 001 (U.P.) Source: ICAR, New Delhi
  • 2. 2 Present Scenario Horticulture sector Provides a dynamic tool for enhancing economic returns, attaining nutrition security, creating employment avenues and ensuring ecological sustainability Broad spectrum of activities are: Production of Fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices and plantation crops Value addition through PHM (includes Packaging and Handling) Value addition through processing
  • 3. Post Harvest Losses- current scenario Alarming situation when the world is reeling under severe food crisis  India loses Rs.55,600 crores worth agril. produce every year (equivalent to approx. 50% India’s Defense budget)  10% of the food grain  15% of the pulse crop 30% per cent of all fruits & Vegetables
  • 4. 4
  • 5. 5 Perishability Factors of Fresh Horticultural commodities Living tissues – even after harvest!! High water content Diverse morphology & composition Subject to pathological breakdown
  • 6. 6 Major causes of PH losses of Horticultural crops Physical – causes e.g. wt. loss, bruise injury during PH handling Physiological and biochemical– causes e.g. Over-ripe, senescence, off-flavour Poor texture, uneven ripening, Yellowing etc. etc. Pathological / microbiological – causes e.g. Dry or wet rotting
  • 7. Presentation 3.2 Avoid the negative effect of external factors To reduce and delay the action of the internal factors that are responsible for product deterioration
  • 8. ROLE OF PACKAGING…….. Physical Protection Barrier Protection Containment or Agglomeration Marketing
  • 10. Purpose of Packaging • Protect from bacterial damage • Protect from physical damage • Contains the food product • Preserves the product to extend shelf life • Informs the consumer about the product– labelling • Attracts consumers to buy the product • Easy in handling & storage • Helps in transportation
  • 11. 11 Use of Low Temperature
  • 12. 12 Storage Temperature vs metabolic activity of harvested produce
  • 13. Presentation 3.2 Objective: to remove the field heat. Movement of the caloric energy from the product to the cooling substance.
  • 14. ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra Presentation 3.2 Variable Ice Hydro Vacuum Forced- air Room Cooling times (h) 0.1-0.3 0.1-1.0 0.3-2.0 1.0-10.0 20-100 Water contact with the product yes yes no no no Product moisture loss (%) 0-0.5 0-0.5 2.0-4.0 0.1-2.0 0.1-2.0 Capital cost high low medium low low Energy efficiency low high high low low Cooling method Comparison among cooling methods Source: Kader & Rolle (2003)
  • 16. 16 At Harvest (Samastipur) After transport (Delhi) Effect of biologically active cushioning on packaging of litchi
  • 17. Basic concepts of MA and CA • Regular Atmosphere O2= 21% N2= 78% CO2=0.03% • Any deviation from regular atmosphere is known as Modified Atmosphere (MA) • MA could be achieved in packaging by using polymeric films or membranes having differential permeability to CO2, O2,N2 and water vapour • Used to extend the postharvest life and retain quality during handling and storage of fruits, vegetables and flowers
  • 18. ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra 18 Modified Atmosphere Packaging of bittergourds Control MAP-1 MAP-2 PUSA VISHESH Control MAP-1 MAP-2 PUSA DOMOSOMI Control MAP-1 MAP-2 PUSA HYBID-1 Control MAP-1 MAP-2 PUSA HYBRID-2 MAP-1= Active ( CO2/O2= 4.5/7.5) & MAP-2= Passive ( CO2/O2= 0-10/21-1.5)
  • 19. ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra 19 Effect of MAP on storage of bitter gourd 10.5 18.5 15 0 5 10 15 20 Storagelife(Days CONTROL MAP-1 MAP-2 MAP-1= Active ( CO2/O2= 4.5/7.5) MAP-2= Passive ( CO2/O2= 0-10/21-1.5)
  • 20. ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra 20 MA storage of Cauliflower at ambient • Harvesting • Trimming of leaves • Wrap the edible curd using suitable LLDPE film • Prevents loosening of curd • Better marketability by MAP upto 15 days as against only 3-4 days in control at ambient • At Harvest After 15 days
  • 21. ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra 21 Post harvest handling of banana (In collaboration with SAFAL) • Existing method of transport as bunch – Loss due to bruise – Loss due to cracking – Unwanted material • Improved method – Separate into hands – Use of disinfectant + High Modulus film bagging – Transport in crates – Very little bruise – Better quality on ripening Before transport After Transport
  • 22. ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra 22 Postharvest handling of banana (In collaboration with SAFAL) • Bruise damage leads to black spots due to oxidation of polyphenols which becomes clearly visible on ripening • Bruise damage could be significantly minimized- better marketability on ripening • Technology presently used by NDDB’s F&V unit Transported as hand Before Ripening After Ripening Transported as bunch
  • 23. Presentation 3.2 Modified and controlled atmosphere storage
  • 24. ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra Range of storage duration (months) Commodity More than 12 Almond, Brazil nut, cashew, filbert, macadamia, pecan, pistachio, walnut, dried fruits and vegetables 6-12 Some cultivars of apples and European pears 3-6 Cabbage, Chinese cabbage, kiwifruit, persimmon, pomegranate, some cultivars of Asian pears 1-3 Avocado, banana, cherry, grape (no SO2), mango, olive, onion (sweet cultivars), some cultivars of nectarine, peach and plum, tomato (mature-green) <1 Asparagus, broccoli, cane berries, fig, lettuce, muskmelons, papaya, pineapple, strawberry, sweet corn; fresh-cut fruits and vegetables; some cut flowers Classification of horticultural crops according to their controlled atmosphere storage potential at optimum temperatures and relative humidifies
  • 25. • Modify the concentration of gases in the produce packing. • Reduce respiration rate. • Reduce ethylene action. • Delay ripening & senescence. • Increase product’s shelf life. O2 CO2 O2 CO2 21% O2 0.035% CO2
  • 26. 21% Oxigene 0.35% CO2 2% O2 1% CO2 Filters Cold room 0ºC Apples, as any living entities..breath
  • 27. Presentation 3.2 • Use of MAP during packing is highly increasing. • Usually designed to maintain 2% - 5% of O2 and 8% - 12% of CO2, extend shelf life of fresh- cut fruits and vegetables.
  • 29. Plastic or cardboard box Polymeric film- perforated one Apples Storage temperature-0.5oC
  • 30. ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra 30 MAP of mango cv. Mallika • MAP using 9µ LLDPE cling film • Primarily retards the ripening • Shelf life at ambient could be extended up to 15 days as against only 8-10 days in control • No adverse effect of flavours on ripening • Less development of carotenoids Control MAP Mallika
  • 31. Why Controlled Atmosphere (CA)? • Supplementary practice to Refrigeration • Reduced level of O2 • Elevated level of CO2 • Retain better quality attributes in many fruits and vegetables Better Colour Better Firmness Better Flavour • Check microbial attack
  • 32. Delayed ripening due to CA treatment in cv. Baneshan
  • 33. 33 30 days in CA + 4 days at ambient 30 days in CA + 4 days at 20oC Chilling Injury
  • 34. ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra 34 Retention of curd whiteness Unscrupulous practice: Use of Malathion for Retention of curd whiteness!!!!! Alternative: 10% CO2 treatment, using simple technology
  • 35. ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra 35 Whiteness index of cauliflower curds at 0 day and 28 days after harvest
  • 36. 36 Commercial CA storage Facilities in India Location: Rai, Sonepat Haryana, Capacity: 12,000 MT, Apples
  • 37. 37 Inside view of CA store Puff panels Plastic pallet bins
  • 38. 38 Blowers of Refrigeration system inside CA store
  • 39. 39 Activated carbon CO2 Scrubbing device Inlet Outlet
  • 40. 40 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) system for N2 Generation in CA-store N2 Generator N2 line for CA store
  • 42. 42 Low sugar accumulation in stored potatoes Initial After 3 months in Pusa Cool Chamber Treatment Thermofogging of CIPC (Chlorpropham – isopropyl-N-(3- chlorophenyl) carbamate) Result: No Sprouting/ Rooting No Rotting No Sugar accumulation Pusa Cool Chamber
  • 43. ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra 43 white button mushroom • Major problems: – Browning – Gill opening – Stem elongation – Spoilage – Very poor marketability • CaCl2 treatment by vacuum infiltration technique is very effective
  • 44. ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra 44 Extending the marketability of white button mushroom • Control i.e. untreated ones- unmarketable within 2 days • CaCl2 treatment (0.2%) by vacuum infiltration • Gill opening CaCl2 CaCl2 +MAP 5th day after harvest (18oC, 70-75% RH) Control Restricted
  • 46. ICAR-NRConPomegranate,Solapur,Maharashtra 46 Weight loss and spoilage of mango cv Langra after Long distant transport Economic analysis Saving from a) weight loss (@7% /truck = 420kg @ `30/Kg Rs. 12,600/- b) Spoilage @ 5%/Truck =300 Kg @ ` 30/Kg `Rs. 9,000/- Total Saving per truck= Rs. 21,600/- Cost of treatment = Rs. 12,000 (approx) Net saving Rs. 9600/ truck
  • 47. 47 Conclusion  Establishment of facilities for hands on training and demonstration with incubation centres  Installation of template pack-house for training and demonstration activities  On farm value addition  Use of safe chemical preservatives  Inter-linking markets  Green Cargo- concept  Proper product handling during the post-harvest operation