introduction to practical pharmacology, various experimental animal uses, CPCSEA guidelines, different phases of clinical trial, pre-clinical trial, important pharmacological definition
2. Table of Contents
Definitions
Metrology
New drug Discovery
Animals used in experimental pharmacology
Different phases of Clinical trial
3. Pharmacology
o Derived from pharmacon (an active principle) and logos (a
discourse)
o It is the science that deals with drugs
o Objective : To provide a scientific data to choose a drug treatment of
proven efficacy and safety .
4. Some important definitions
Pharmacokinetics: Study of absorption,distribution,metabolism and
excretion of drugs and their relationship to pharmacological response.
(What does the body do to the drugs?)
Pharmacodynamics: Quantitative study of effects of the drugs. (What
does the drug do to the body? )
Efficacy: The maximum response that can be elicited by the drug
Therapeutic dose : The amount of the drug required to effect the cure
of a disease or to correct the manifestations of a deficiency of a
particular factor in the diet
5. The practical aspects of pharmacology can be considered
under
Pharmacy
Experimental Pharmacology
Clinical Pharmacology
6. Pharmacy
The science of Identification
selection
preservation
standardisation
compounding and dispensing of medicine for easy, effective and palatable
administration.
7. Clinical Pharmacy
The science of drug formulations
their stability
shelf life
handling and also education of the patient about the compliance
9. Metrology
The scientific study of measurements
Prescription orders should always be written in the metric system (In mg
or ml)
For convenience domestic measures like teaspoon, table spoon is used –
Domestic System
Weight – kilogram
Capacity- litres
10. 1 Kilogram 1000 g
1 gram 1000 mg
1 milligram 1000 µg
1 microgram 1000 ng
1 litre 1000 ml
1 cup 5-6 ounces
1 glass 8 ounces
1 wine glass 2 ounces
65 ml 4 dessert spoon
30 ml 2 table spoons
0.05 ml 1 drop
4 ml 1 teaspoon
1 Ounce = 29.57 ml
12. Experimental Pharmacology
Science that deals with the study of drugs in experimental animals
or on cell cultures .
Objective : To study the pharmacological profile of a drug including
its kinetics, dynamics and mechanism of actions .
The animals used are Rat, Mouse, Rabbits and Guinea pigs .
13. New Drug Development
NEW DRUG : A new substance of chemical ,biological or
biotechnological origin for which adequate data need to be
generated and submitted to the regulatory authority in
order to judge the efficacy and safety for the proposed
claim.
15. Insilco Trial
AIM : To discover a lead compound
Approach : Target approach (i.e. finding a suitable compound to the target )
Here it involves computer based molecular modelling of compounds and can
produce a compound that best fit the receptor.
Structure of the target Drug library structure of many compounds
Screening of compounds
(Throughput Screening)
Hit compound Lead Compound
16. Hit Compound : A molecule with confirmed structure, confirmed activity in
primary throughput screening
Lead : A hit series with proven structure activity relationship.
Lead compound
Approval from Ethics Committee
Pre clinical trial /Animal trial
17. Pre clinical trial
Done on Animals
Guidelines : Animal ethical guidelines
The trial should be done in 2 species of animals
Objectives : Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Toxicity – Side effects, Carcinogenic potential (2Years)
teratogenicity (acc to gestational period)
Efficacy
Mutagenicity – Can’t be obtained from animal study.
Obtained from micro-organism, AMES Test
18. Animals used in experimental pharmacology
RAT
o Weight : 200 gms
o Used to develop various models simulating human
diseases(Liver diseases, diabetes and gastric ulcer
o To test various psychopharmacological agents
o Study of analgesics and anti-convulsants
o Used for toxicity studies
19. Mice
o Weight : 25gms
o USED:
Toxicological studies
Teratogenicity studies
Drugs acting on CNS
Studies related to genetics and cancer research
20. Rabbits
o Weight : 1.5 – 2.5 kg
o USED :
Pyrogen testing
Drugs used in glaucoma
Study on miotic and mydriatic
Studies related to anti-fertility agents
21. Guinea Pig
o Weight : 350 - 400 gms
o Its physiology is most close to human physiology
o Highly susceptible to TB and anaphylaxis
o USED : Test the drugs of asthma
Anaphylactic and immunological studies
Study of histamine and anti-histamines
Evaluation of local anaesthetic
22. CPCSEA
Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on
Experiments on Animals
Goal : To promote the humane care of animals used in biomedical
and behavioural research and testing with the basic objective of
providing specifications that will enhance animal wellbeing, quality
in the pursuit of advancement of biological knowledge that is
relevant to humans and animals.
23. Handling and care of animals
Handled in such a way that it should not be subjected to pain
While lifting , it should be held firmly from the base of the tail and
not the tip
While feeding the neck should be held firmly
The animal racks should be cleaned on regular basis
Rats should not be kept more than 5 per cage
Experimental animals should be taken care like humans and not like
animals
24.
25. Prior to any clinical evaluation should obtain clear answers
to the important questions
Is there any need for a new drug under consideration ?
What is the probable risk involved in giving the drug to humans?
Is it worth the risk ?
Are the data from animal studies adequate ?
Does the new drug seem promising ?
26. Clinical trials
Done on humans after a successful pre clinical trial
Conducted by clinical pharmacologists
After pre clinical trial success IND application to DCGI (Drug Controller
General of India), New Delhi
Needs to be approved by the regulatory authority (DCGI) and Institutional
Clinical Ethics Committee (IEC)
Guidelines : GCP guidelines (Good clinical practices)
Prior Informed Consent of both, volunteers and patients is mandatory
Phases : Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
27. Phase 0 studies
Sample size : very small , 10 – 15
Sub therapeutic micro doses of the drug are administered for approximately
a week and pharmacokinetic properties are assessed
Advantages : Cost saving
increases the efficiency of the drug development
programme
28. Phase 1 clinical trial
Done on normal healthy volunteers
Sample size : It is kept low ,10 – 100
Objectives : Determine the safety and tolerability
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Its an open label study
Exceptions : For toxic drugs like anticancer/ immunosuppressant drugs
29. Phase 2 clinical trial
Done on Patients
Sample size : 50 – 500
1 st time the lead compound is given to the patient
It is a single blinded study i.e. only patient is blind
Objectives : To determine the dose regimen & dose – response relationship
To explore the efficacy
Maximum drug failure occurs in this phase .
30. Phase 3 Trial
Multicentric trial
Sample size : >1000
Objective: To cross check the value of Phase2 trial àka cross checking trial
It’s a double blinded study
After Phase 3 Trial
New Drug Application (NDA)
(Permission to launch the drug in the market)
31. Phase 4 Clinical trials
(Post marketing surveillance)
Done to assure the efficacy and the safety of the drugs
Reporting can be done by any person
Helps in early detection of ADR’s and also in recognition of
unanticipated additional benefits which result in additional,
secondary uses for drugs
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35. Examination point of view(Spotters/Viva)
What is Pharmacy?
Which are the various experimental animals used for experimental
pharmacology ?
Write 2 uses of rat/rabbits/mouse/guinea pig ?
What is metrology ?
What are the different phases of clinical trial ?