Housing schemes in India

1. Building Development: Issues
and Way Forward
Dr K M Soni, Chief Engineer, WZ-I,
CPWD, Mumbai

2. Government Housing Policies
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Housing for All
(Urban)
• 2015 -2022
• The scheme will cover the entire urban area
consisting of 4041 statutory towns with
initial focus on 500 Class I cities

3. Affordable Housing under PMAY
• Government of India has announced Pradhan Mantri
Awas Yojana (PMAY) – Housing for all (Urban) on 25th
June 2015, by reforming “Housing for All” scheme.
• PMAY is planned to be implemented in 3 phases.
– Phase 1 would span from April 2015 to March 2017
covering completion of affordable housing in 100 cities,
– Phase 2 starting from April 2017 and ending in March
2019 covering another 200 cities and
– Phase 3 between April 2019 and March 2022 for
remaining cities.

4. PMAY – HOUSING FOR ALL
• Thus, Mission with all its components has become
effective from the date 17.06.2015 and will be
implemented upto 31.03.2022.
• All statutory towns as per Census 2011 and towns
notified subsequently would be eligible for coverage
under the Mission.
• The houses constructed/acquired with central
assistance under the mission should be in the name
of the female head of the household or in the joint
name of the male head of the household and his
wife, and only in cases when there is no adult female
member in the family, the house can be in the name
of male member of the household.

5. Dimension of the Mission
Dimension of the task at present is estimated
at 20 million or 2 crore. Exact number of
houses, though, would depend on demand
survey for which all States/Cities will
undertake detailed demand assessment for
assessing actual demand by integrating
Aadhar number, Jan Dhan Yojana account
numbers or any such identification of
intended beneficiaries.

7. Housing for All 2022
The following components/options to
States/Union Territories and cities:-
• a) Slum rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers with
participation of private developers using land as
a resource;
• b) Promotion of affordable housing for weaker
section through credit linked subsidy;
• c) Affordable housing in partnership with Public
& Private sectors and
• d) Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house
construction or enhancement.

8. Implementation of PMAY
• The Mission will be implemented during 2015-2022
and will provide central assistance to Urban Local
Bodies (ULBs) and other implementing agencies
through States/UTs for:
1. In-situ Rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers
2. Affordable Housing in Partnership
3. Subsidy for Beneficiary-led individual house
construction/enhancement.
are centrally Sponsored Schemes
• 4. Credit Linked Subsidy scheme is being
implemented as a Central Sector Scheme

9. Central schemes
• A Central Sector Scheme is 100% Funded by
the Central Government ,
• A Centrally Sponsored Scheme is partially
funded by the State Governments.
• Central Sector Schemes are implemented
by Central Government,
• Centrally Sponsored Schemes are
implemented by State Governments

10. In situ Rehabilitation
• For slum dwellers
• Using land as resource
• Through Private partnership
• Central sponsored scheme
• To be implemented by ULBs/States

11. Slum
A compact area of at least 300 population or
60-70 households of poorly built congested
tenements, in unhygienic environment
usually with inadequate infrastructure and
lacking in sanitary and drinking water supply
facilities.

14. Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme
• Beneficiaries of Economically Weaker section (EWS)
and Low Income Group (LIG) seeking housing loans
from Banks, Housing Finance Companies and other
such institutions would be eligible for an interest
subsidy at the rate of 6.5 % for a tenure of 15 years or
during tenure of loan whichever is lower. The Net
Present Value (NPV) of the interest subsidy will be
calculated at a discount rate of 9 %.
• The credit linked subsidy will be available only for
loan amounts upto Rs 6 lakhs and additional loans
beyond Rs. 6 lakhs, if any, will be at nonsubsidized
rate. Interest subsidy will be credited upfront to the
loan account of beneficiaries through lending
institutions resulting in reduced effective housing
loan and Equated Monthly Instalment (EMI).

15. Definition of housing based on
income criteria
• EWS: household income upto 3 lakhs
• LIG: households having income between
3,00,001 and upto 6 lakhs.

16. Total Loan Amount (in Rs.) 600,000
Rate of Interest 9.00
Total Loan Period (in Months) 180
Number of EMIs 180
Subsidy Amount 220,187

17. Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme
• CSS would be available for housing loans availed for new
construction and addition of rooms, kitchen, toilet etc. to
existing dwellings as incremental housing. The carpet area
of houses being constructed under this component of the
mission should be upto 30 sqm and 60 sqm for EWS and
LIG, respectively. The beneficiary, at his/her discretion,
can build a house of larger area but interest subvention
would be limited to first Rs. 6 lakh only.
• Housing and Urban Development Corporation
(HUDCO) and National Housing Bank (NHB) have been
identified as Central Nodal Agencies (CNAs) to channelize
this subsidy to the lending institutions and for monitoring
the progress of this component. Ministry may notify other
institutions as CNA in future.
• Under the Mission, beneficiaries can take advantage
under one component only.

18. Affordable Housing Project
• Affordable housing project is one where 35%
of the houses are constructed for EWS
category.
• Beneficiary is one who or his family does not
own a pucca house.
• EWS house: having an area of carpet 30 sqm.
• Implementing agencies: ULBs/ Development
authorities/Housing boards

19. Factors affecting Affordable Housing
• Different definitions of affordable housing.
Factors influencing affordability include;
• Household size
• Geographic location
• Income and Expenditure
• Liabilities/commitments
• Savings
• Disposable income
Thus affordability is a relative term linked to one’s
income, expenditure, savings, liabilities and
commitments and primarily disposable income.
Perception of affordability will differ from
individual to individual.

20. What is affordable?

21. DEFINITION IS BASED ON EXPENDITURE
ON HOUSING
 As per US Department of housing and development families
paying more than 30 percent of their income for housing are
cost burdened and thus affordable housing means housing
on which spending is 30% or less. A household should
spend no more than 30% of its total income on housing
costs, including mortgage or rent payments & utilities. More
than 30%: housing cost burdened and More than 50%:
severely housing cost burdened.
 Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority
(MMRDA) considers affordable housing if one has to spend
maximum 25% on it.
 For India, it can be defined as housing affordable to
economically weaker sections (EWS) and low income group
(LIG).

22. Consumption India
2005
India
(2025)
China
2005
Brazil
2005
US
2005
German
y (2005)
South
Korea
(2005)
Food, Beverages and
Tobacco
42 25 35 19 15 21 23
Transportation 17 20 6 13 11 17 12
Housing and utilities 12 10 9 22 19 27 18
Personal Products and
services
8 11 4 8 14 10 13
Healthcare 7 13 7 6 19 4 8
Apparel 6 5 11 6 4 5 4
Education and
recreation
5 9 15 13 12 8 16
Household products 3 3 6 9 5 7 4
Communication 2 6 7 4 1 1 2
Comparativestudyof consumptionpatternof differentitems

23. Households by number of dwelling
units (2011) in Mumbai
No exclusive room
One room
Two rooms
Three rooms
Four rooms
Five rooms
Six or more rooms
8%
1%
3%10%
21%
57%
1%

29. Affordability
 Slum dwellers
Monthly income: Rs 3000-6000
Disposable income: Rs 500-1000 (@15%)
 Workers in unorganised sectors
Monthly income: Rs 6000-10000
Disposable income: Rs 1000-1500
(@15%)
 Low income group people
Monthly income: Rs10000-20000
Disposable income: Rs 2000-4000
(@20%)
Therefore slum dweller or a person
working in unorganised sector can
afford @ 1000 per month.

30. HDFC Loan EMI calculator
• Amount: Rs 1,00,000
• ROI: 10.4%, Loan Tenure: 20 years: EMI: Rs 992 per month
• Therefore to make house affordable for a slum dweller or
person from unorganised sector, cost of house should be
about 1 to 1.5 lakh.
• Or with the present definition, cost of affordable house
should be about ?.
• In case, cost is more than such cost, government subsidy
would be required.

31. Trends in Housing Finance
• Main beneficiaries - salaried
class, professionals and tax
payers
• Challenge for Low Income
Housing – “Accessibility” and
“Affordability” of Housing.
1. About 28% of India’s
Population lives in Urban
Areas and 23.1% of the
Urban Population lives in
slums
2. About 28% of the total
Urban Population lives
below poverty

32. Housing Policies over the years
First National Housing Policy in India formulated in 1988.
New National Housing Policy in August, 1994.
Further, new National Housing & Habitat Policy announced in
July, 1998.
However, all these policies were generic and applicable to
both rural and urban areas.
Taking into account emerging challenges of required shelter
and growth of slums, the first ever urban areas specific
National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007.

33. Shortage of Housing
 Total housing shortage in the country was projected as 18.78
million in the beginning of the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-17).
 90 per cent of shortage exists for the EWS/LIG section of society.
 Also according to a report of the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Poverty Alleviation, though the shortage of housing units in urban
areas was 18.7 million mostly for EWS/LIG category.
 11 million houses were lying vacant indicating very low demand
for higher type of quarters. Further inventory is going to be
increased in the scheme of smart cities.
(2007)

35. 11.8
4.35
2.35
18.09
6.8
3.11
29.79
6.21
3.3
41.17
8.08
2.7
47.49
9.16
2.18
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50NoofHouses(inMillion)
1971
(18.5)
1981
(28)
1991
(39.3)
2001
(52.06)
2007
(58.83)
Year
Pucca
Semi-Pucca
Kutcha
*
* Source: Technical Group on Estimation of Urban
Housing Shortage, NBO, MoHUPA
The figure in Parenthesis is the total housing stock (in Million)
Quality of Housing Stock

37. Cost of construction
• If demand of EWS flat is considered as 17 million and plinth area
as 30 sqm and cost of construction as Rs 20000 per sqm with
normal specifications, cost of construction is estimated to be Rs
10,20,000 crore to remove all urban slums. Such funding may be
difficult by the government alone as total plan expenditure of
2015-16 of central government is Rs 4,65,277 crore. Hence either
additional resources will have to be searched or the scheme will
have to be implemented in phases. In case, the scheme is
implemented only by central government, funding of 10,00,000
crore will be met in 20 years if 50,000 crore is allocated annually
and there is no inflation though there appears to be no chance of
the same. Even if funding is shared equally by central government
and state governments, it may take about 10 years if there is no
inflation. Thus, public has to share the expenditure or some other
schemes like “Rental housing” are to be launched simultaneously.

38. Where to construct affordable
housing projects?

39. Slums
• Slums are the outcome of industrialisation or
urban growth and was unplanned growth
• Migration; migration from rural to urban and
urban to urban
• Unpopular jobs
• Poverty
Slum of despair
Slum of hope

40. Slum Dwellers
• Near the work place
• And what is work place for slum dwellers or
EWS people?
• Whether the people who provide them the
work are ready to accept rehabilitation of
slum dwellers in their vicinity?
• Will they shift?

41. Slum dwellers
• The classification of livelihoods as
– Internal livelihood: the outcome of services rendered by
slum dwellers to residents of the slum itself. Individuals
such as a barber, launderer, vegetable
vendor, repairman since they earn their living without
needing to venture outside their immediate
surroundings. and
– External livelihood: the outcome of services rendered by
slum residents in workplaces situated outside the slum
environs, thus requiring them to commute often. But
sometimes these workplaces are situated close to the
slum areas. Individuals such as mill and factory workers,
auto mechanics, delivery boys, taxi drivers, housekeepers
,vendors for shoe polish and snacks etc

42. Income and expenditure pattern of
slum dwellers
• Poor housing infrastructure: Extremely
affordable means of housing
• Inadequate infrastructure support: Low
overhead cost
• Cost advantage
• Government Subsidies and aids
• Other benefits
•

43. A Study of Slum of Indore during 2014

45. Slum Rehabilitation

46. Implementation Methodology

47. Technical Support
• A Technology Sub-mission under the Mission would be set
up to facilitate adoption of modern, innovative and green
technologies and building material for faster and quality
construction of houses. The Technology Sub-Mission will
also facilitate preparation and adoption of layout designs
and building plans suitable for various geo-climatic zones.
It will also assist States/Cities in deploying disaster
resistant and environment friendly technologies.
• It will coordinate with various regulatory and
administrative bodies for mainstreaming and up scaling
deployment of modern construction technologies and
material in place of conventional construction. Also, it
will coordinate with other agencies working in green and
energy efficient technologies, climate change etc.

48. Then we have Homelessness
• Homeless—those in shelters or in a public or
private place not designed for, or ordinarily
used as, a regular sleeping accommodation for
people
• Hidden homeless—living with relatives or
friends in overcrowded conditions or living in
substandard housing.

49. Homeless
Who are the homeless?
• Living on footpaths, and slums
• Living in temporary shelters
(construction and farm workers)
• Living in unsafe houses
• Living with friends and relatives
• Living on sharing basis
• Children/Old age people living in
government or private shelters
Need for house/shelter is
fundamental to the human being
however owning a shelter is not.
Thus affordable housing is
important.

50. Affordable Housing includes
• Ownership based housing
• Social housing
• Rented housing owned
and managed by the
state or non profit
organisations or
combination of two.
Affordable housing also
refers to a number of forms
like emergency shelters,
transitional housing, social
or subsidized housing,
formal and informal rental,
indigenous housing and
affordable home ownership.

51. Draft National Rental Housing Policy
2015
• The Draft National Rental Housing Policy is
aimed at promoting rental housing as an option
for the destitute, homeless & disabled people.
• Social Rental Housing for the socially and
economically weaker (EWS/LIG) sections.
• Affordable Rental Housing for specific target
groups such as migrant labours, working
women, students etc.
• Rental Housing as a stop gap towards aspirant
home buyers.
• Institutional rental housing for working class

52. Rental Housing
• The policy will enable formalization of Rental
Housing through regulatory and legal
frameworks
• Enhance fund flows along with incentives for
rental housing
• Promote institutions/organisations for
constructing, managing, maintenance and
operations of rental housing stock – RMCs,
Residential REITs (Real Estate Investment Trust),
and Employee Housing etc.

53. Rental Housing
• Most of the Ministries have agreed in principle to delegate the
approval authority to the State/ULBs by setting in overall
frameworks for approvals.
• The MoEF&CC has prepared Draft guidelines for environmental
clearance along with a simplified checklist for environmental
compliance by ULBs.
• The Ministry of Culture has signed an MoU with ISRO for survey
and mapping of all the 3,686 protected monuments in the country
thus enabling online approvals and mobile based apps.
• The Ministry of Civil Aviation is preparing Colour Coded Zoning
Maps (CCZMs) that would enable ULBs accord approvals without
the applicants going to the AAI.
• The MoUD has prepared Model Building Byelaws 2015 drafted
with a chapter on Ease of Doing Business and
• The MoConsumer Affairs is updating the National Building Code.
The objective of such exercise is to ensure approvals of projects
within 30 days.

54. SMART CITIES

55. Smart persons are not necessary
to be intelligent
but are clever enough
Smart cities may not necessary be
ideal but are smart enough to call
themselves superior to others.

56. DEFINITION OF SMART CITY
• No standard definition
• City that has sustainable development and high quality of
life by way of economy, mobility, environment, housing,
utilities and governance using information and
communication technology.
• A smart city is one that makes urban life comfortable and
improves living standards through good governance,
efficient health care services and education, 24 x 7 power
and water supply, efficient transport, high quality sanitation,
employment to the needy and robust cyber connectivity and
benefits all irrespective of income, age and gender.

57. Digital
Economy
Digital
Country
e-industry
Human
Resource
e-government
Infrastructure
e-society
Best Practice Global
Link
Smart cities concept

58. SMART ECONOMY
Smart economy refers to;
i. Productivity,
ii. Entrepreneurship,
iii. Trade,
iv. Economic conditions,
v. Employment opportunities,
vi. International embedment,
vii. Innovative spirit and Ability to transform.

59. Thus smart economy may
require lowering of taxes, long
term tax concessions and
subsidized land for development.

60. SMART MOBILITY
Smart mobility includes;
i. Convenient and safe multimodal travel,
ii. Speed,
iii. Accessibility,
iv. Traffic management,
v. Circulation network and
vi. Efficient use of land.

61. Smart mobility of people and
freight is again interlinked to
economic growth, environment
sustainability and enhancing
quality of life for people.

62. SMART ENVIRONMENT
Smart environment includes;
i. Physical environment,
ii. Human environment,
iii. Working environment,
iv. Atmospheric environment,
v. Governing environment and
vi. Computing environment

63. Smart environment will be
governed using information
and communication
technologies and have green
collar jobs, and no polluting
industries.

64. SMART buildings/HOUSING
Smart housing includes;
i. Savings of natural resources in terms of
energy, water and material efficiency,
ii. Functional efficiency in terms of proper
orientation, and IAQ.
iii. Comfort and cultural bindings.

65. Smart buildings/ Smart
Houses will be sustainable
buildings, IT governed and
costly (with respect to capital
and maintenance) compared
to normal buildings.

66. SMART UTILITIES
Services including water supply,
sewerage and drainage, electricity,
education, health, safety, security,
insurance, telephone, Wi-Fi,
business and funeral facilities.

67. Smart meters and smart services
will be IT driven. The government
has been making efforts to create
efficient utility services in the
existing cities through JNNURM
(Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban
Renewal Mission) during last many
years but the mission has not been
very successful.

68. SMART GOVERNANCE
Smart governance is about the decision
making and management of the public
services with;
• Efficiency,
• Community leadership,
• Continuous improvement, innovation, and
efficient technological services.

69. As per Hon’ble minister of urban
development smart governance
includes Smart Leadership that is bold,
initiative bearing, willing and able to
take hard decisions like raising, if
required and recovering cost of
services, implement reforms in
governance, prevent unauthorized
constructions besides removing
encroachments and take on mafia.

70. SMART PEOPLE
As defined during the conference on
“National conclave of states/UTs on
smart cities”, smart people are those;
able to question, pay the cost of
services, prevent fellow citizens from
violating rules and demand their due
and are alert.

71. Thus people living in smart cities are
well educated, aware of their rights,
and very importantly able to pay
the cost of services.

72. Cost of services/ Maintenance Charges
As per the report published in Mumbai Mirror on April
12, 2013, “Some of Mumbai’s ultra plush residential
societies charge monthly maintenance fees that go
up to Rs 1 lakh per flat, ......”
It was further reported in 2013 that flat maintenance
charges are Rs 17000 in Goregaon west and varying
from Rs 29900 to 100000 per month in Mahalaxmi
(Rs 9 to 13 per sqft).

73. Possible Charges one has to pay in a
smart city
• Telecom, power, gas, water charges
• Parking fee
• Levy of vacant land tax
• Conversion charges of land use
• Betterment tax
• Impact fees at the time of giving building permissions
• Charges for extra FSI
• Higher property tax
• Advertisement tax
• Entertainment tax
• Profession tax
• Government fund 500 cr + state fund of 500 cr
• Please guess it as you all are smart and be smart to pay it.

74. Smart City
Smart
Housing
Smart
Economy
Smart
Mobility
Smart
Environme
nt
Smart
people
Smart
Utilities
Smart
Governanc
e

75. PHYSICAL
INFRASTRUCT
URE
SOCIAL
INFRASTRUCT
URE
ECONOMIC
INFRASTRUCRU
RE
INSTITUTIONA
L
INFRASTRUCT
URE
factors on which smart cities depend

76. DEVELOPING - City
Mobile - City
Smart - City
electronic - City
Create Digital Opportunities
Shorten Digital Divide
Individuals to access
information services via
mobile devices anywhere
to be provided
mobilized
cell phones, PDA,
laptop computers
Wi-Fi、3G 、
WiMAX。。。
 mobilized services
 mobilized life
 mobilized learning
 WLAN/3G integration
 shorten digital divide
Smart Cities Development

77. DEVELOPING - City
Mobile - City
Smart - City
electronic - City
Create Digital Opportunities
24/7 services via a
smart cloud
computing terminal
Improvement done by
machine learning and data
mining
anywhere
smart home
appliances, smart
mobile devices
Network convergence ,
Cognitive Network
 IoT (Internet of
Things)
 Cognitive
Network
 Interconnected
 innovative
services
 network security
Smart Cities Development

79. • WHAT OUR GOVERNMENT THINKS?
• A smart city would have a different connotation
in India than, say, Europe. Even in India, there is
no one way of defining a smart city.
• In the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is to
promote cities that provide core infrastructure
and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a
clean and sustainable environment and
application of ‘Smart’ Solutions.

80. CORE INFRASTRUCTURE IN A SMART CITY
• Adequate water supply, and Assured electricity supply,
• Sanitation, including solid waste management,
• Efficient urban mobility and public transport,
• Robust IT connectivity and digitalization,
• Good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen
participation,
• Sustainable environment,
• Safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children
and the elderly,
• Health and education.
• Affordable housing, especially for the poor,

81. FEATURES OF SMART CITIES
• Promoting mixed land use in area based
developments
• Housing and inclusiveness - expand housing
opportunities for all;
• Creating walkable localities –reduce congestion, air
pollution and resource depletion,
• Boost local economy, promote interactions and
ensure security.
• Preserving and developing open spaces - parks,
playgrounds, and recreational spaces
• Promoting a variety of transport options - Transit
Oriented Development (TOD), public transport

82. • Making governance citizen-friendly and cost effective -
increasingly rely on online services to bring about
accountability and transparency, especially using mobiles to
reduce cost of services and providing services without having
to go to municipal offices.
• Forming e-groups to listen to people and obtain feedback and
use online monitoring of programs and activities with the aid
of cyber tour of worksites;
• Giving an identity to the city - based on its main economic
activity, such as local cuisine, health, education, arts and
craft, culture, sports goods, furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy,
etc;
• Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and services in
area-based development in order to make them better. For
example, making Areas less vulnerable to disasters, using
fewer resources, and providing cheaper services.

84. STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SMART
CITIES
• RETROFITTING
• RE-DEVELOPMENT
• GREENFIELD DEVELOPMENT
• MIX DEVELOPMENT
• PAN CITY FEATURES WITH SMART
SOLUTIONS

85. RETROFITTING
• Retrofitting will introduce planning in an existing
built-up area to become smart. In retrofitting, an
area consisting of more than 500 acres will be
identified by the city in consultation with citizens.
Depending on the existing level of infrastructure
services in the identified area and the vision of the
residents, the cities will prepare a strategy to
become smart.
• Since existing structures are largely to remain intact
in this model, it is expected that more intensive
infrastructure service levels and a large number of
smart applications will be packed into the
retrofitted smart city.

86. REDEVELOPMENT
• Redevelopment will be a replacement of the existing
built-up environment and enable co-creation of a new
layout with enhanced infrastructure using mixed land
use and increased density. Redevelopment envisages
an area of more than 50 acres, identified by Urban
Local Bodies (ULBs) in consultation with citizens. For
instance, a new layout plan of the identified area will
be prepared with mixed landuse, higher FSI and high
ground coverage. Two examples of the
redevelopment model are the Saifee Burhani
Upliftment Project in Mumbai (also called the Bhendi
Bazaar Project) and the redevelopment of East Kidwai
Nagar in New Delhi.

87. GREENFIELD DEVELOPMENT
• Greenfield development will be introduced in a
previously vacant area (more than 250 acres) using
innovative planning, plan financing and plan
implementation tools (e.g. land pooling/ land
reconstitution) with provision for affordable
housing, especially for the poor. Greenfield
developments are required around cities in order to
address the needs of the expanding population. One
well known example is the GIFT City in Gujarat.
• Unlike retrofitting and redevelopment, greenfield
developments could be located either within the
limits of the ULB or within the limits of the local
Urban Development Authority (UDA).

88. PAN CITY DEVELOPMENT
• Pan-city development envisages application of
selected Smart Solutions to the existing city-wide
infrastructure. Application of Smart Solutions will
involve the use of technology, information and data
to make infrastructure and services better. For
example, applying Smart Solutions in the transport
sector (intelligent traffic management system) and
reducing average commute time or cost of citizens
will have positive effects on productivity and quality
of life of citizens. Another example can be waste
water recycling and smart metering which can make
a huge contribution to better water management in
the city

89. SMART CITIES
 The government has announced a list of 100 cities to be developed as smart cities.
These include Port blair, Vishakhapatnam, Tirupati, Kakinada, Pasighat, Guwahati,
Muzaffarpur, Bhagalpur, Biharsharif, Chandigarh, Raipur, Bilaspur, Diu, Silvasa,
NDMC, Panaji, Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara, Rajkot, Dahod, Karnal,
Faridabad, Dharashala, Ranchi, Mangaluru, Belgavi, Shivamoga, Hubli – Dharawad,
Tumakuru, Davangere, Kochi, Kavaratti, Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur, Gwalior, Sagar,
Satna, Ujjain, Navi Mumbai, Nashik, Thane, Greater Mumbai, Amravati, Solapur,
Nagpur, Kalyan-Dombivili, Aurangabad, Pune, Imphal, Shillong, Aizawal, Kohima,
Bhubaneshwar, Rourkela, Oulgaret, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Amritsar, Jaipur, Udaipur,
Kota, Ajmer, Namchi, Tiruchurapalli, Tirunelveli, Dindigul, Thanjavur, Tiruppur,
Salem, Vellore, Coimbatore, Madurai, Erode, Thoothukudi, Chennai, Greater
Hyderabad, Greater Warangal, Agartala, Moradabad, Aligarh, Shaharanpur, Bareilly,
Jhansi, Kanpur, Allahabad, Lucknow, Varanasi, Ghaziabad, Agra, Rampur, Dehradun,
New Town Kolkata, Bidhannagar, Duragapur, Haldia

90. SMART CITIES IN INDIA
24 Capital Cities
24 are business and Industrial centres
18 are culture and tourism influenced
areas,
5 are port cities and
3 are education and health care hubs.

91. DEVELOPMENT OF SMART CITIES IN INDIA
 Government of India
announced in the budget of
2014-15 to develop one hundred
smart cities to be selected from
all over India through Public
Private Partnership (PPP) model
and even earmarked 100 crore
per city per year for 5 years.
 48000 crore will be given to
these cities by Central Govt and
balance 48000 crore are to be
generated by state governments
for 100 cities.

92. • The GOI funds and the matching contribution by the States/ULB will
meet only a part of the project cost. Balance funds are expected to be
mobilized from:
• i. States/ ULBs own resources from collection of user fees, beneficiary
charges and impact fees, land monetization, debt, loans, etc.
• ii. Additional resources transferred due to acceptance of the
recommendations of the Fourteenth Finance Commission (FFC).
• iii. Innovative finance mechanisms such as municipal bonds with credit
rating of ULBs, Pooled Finance Mechanism, Tax Increment Financing
(TIF).
• iv. Other Central Government schemes like Swachh Bharat Mission,
AMRUT, National Heritage City Development and Augmentation
Yojana (HRIDAY).
• v. Leverage borrowings from financial institutions, including bilateral
and multilateral institutions, both domestic and external sources.
• vi. States/UTs may also access the National Investment and
Infrastructure Fund (NIIF), announced in 2015 Budget and is likely to
be set up this year.
• vii. Private sector through PPPs.

93. Purpose of smart cities
• Residential
• Commercial
• Business Development
• Global Embedment
• Tourism
• Employment
Generation
• All Above

94. Residential (2012)
Demand of @ 16
Mn houses for
weaker sections
Demand of 18.78
Mn
10% other
categories
Vacant Inventory:
11 Mn i.e. Against
requirement of
1.88Mn
90% demand for
weaker sections

95. Pressure will
make cost of living
in Smart Cities very
high
Institutional
Infrastructure
Utility Services
Economic Infrastructure
Physical Infrastructure
Social
Infrastructure

96. • challenge to planhousing for weaker sections from capital cost and
maintenance cost considerations.

97. Commercial
Domestic
Existing
Establishments
International
Establishments
Domestic New
Establishments
Local
Establishments
SMART CITIES
Identify the
consumers
Pressure of
100
Smart
cities
Pressure of local groups, NGOs,
Local economy and Politicians

98. business development
Domestic
Existing
Industries
foreign
Industries
Domestic New
Industries i/c
service
industries
Local
Industries
SMART CITY OR
INDUSTRIAL CITY
Identify the
consumers
Already Existing
Pressure of Social groups/media/politicians etc

99. tourism
Existing set up
Hospitality
infrastructure
Business and
commercial
infrastructure
Type of tourism
SMART CITIES

100. Employment generation
Sustainable
Employment
Blue Collared
Employment
White collared
Employment
Initial
Employment
SMART CITIES
Type of
Establishments

101. Core infrastructure of smart city
• adequate water supply,
• assured electricity supply,
• sanitation, including solid waste management,
• efficient urban mobility and public transport,
• affordable housing, especially for the poor,
• robust IT connectivity and digitalization,
• good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen
participation,
• sustainable environment,
• safety and security of citizens, particularly women,
children and the elderly, and
• health and education.

102. Smart City Features of Surat
• Water Supply Management & Quality 24 x 7 Water Supply & Water
Quality 178 cr
• Sewerage Novation of STPs with SCADA & Energy Generation 155 cr
• Sewerage Recycling/ Reuse of Waste Water 100 cr
• Storm Water Remodelling & Restructuring of existing creek to create
open spaces with smart 200 cr
• Town Planning & Development Smart Parking (Mechanized Parking) 210
cr
• Housing & Inclusiveness Affordable Housing (PMAY) (1050 EWS/1950
LIG) 240 cr
• Housing & Inclusiveness Affordable Housing (PPP) (5750 Units) 460
• IT-MAC (Integrated TransportMobility Administration Center) Intelligent
Transit Management System Automated Traffic Control System 183 cr
• Automatic Fare collection system Automated Sliding Door at High
Mobility Corridor & BRTS 166 cr
• Pan Development of ERP with GIS Platform 107 cr
• [WiFi-Surat :: FTH (Fibre to Home)] 220 cr

106. Financing
• GoI funds: Rs.500 cr
• Matching contribution by States/ ULBs: Rs.500 cr
• User Charges
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
• Municipal bonds
• Borrowings from bilaterals and multilaterals
• National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF)
• Convergence with other Government schemes

107. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and
Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
Purpose of AMRUT is to
• ensure that every household has access to a tap with
assured supply of water and a sewerage connection;
• increase the amenity value of cities by developing
greenery and well maintained open spaces (e.g. parks);
and
• reduce pollution by switching to public transport or
constructing facilities for non-motorized transport (e.g.
walking and cycling).
All these outcomes are valued by citizens, particularly
women, and indicators and standards have been
prescribed by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD)
in the form of Service Level Benchmarks (SLBs).

108. Mission Components
• capacity building,
• reform implementation,
• water supply,
• sewerage and septage management,
• storm water drainage,
• urban transport and
• development of green spaces and parks.

109. Water supply
• Water supply systems including augmentation of
existing water supply, water treatment plants and
universal metering.
• Rehabilitation of old water supply systems, including
treatment plants.
• Rejuvenation of water bodies specifically for drinking
water supply and recharging of ground water.
• Special water supply arrangement for difficult areas,
hill and coastal cities, including those having water
quality problems (e.g. arsenic, fluoride)

110. Sewerage
• Decentralised, networked underground
sewerage systems, including augmentation of
existing sewerage systems and sewage
treatment plants.
• Rehabilitation of old sewerage system and
treatment plants.
• Recycling of water for beneficial purposes
and reuse of wastewater.

111. Septage
• Faecal Sludge Management- cleaning,
transportation and treatment in a cost
effective manner.
• Mechanical and Biological cleaning of sewers
and septic tanks and recovery of operational
cost in full.

112. Storm Water Drainage
• Construction and improvement of drains and
storm water drains in order to reduce and
eliminate flooding.

113. Urban transport
• Ferry vessels for inland waterways (excluding
port/bay infrastructure) and buses.
• Footpaths/ walkways, sidewalks, foot over-
bridges and facilities for non-motorised
transport (e.g. bicycles).
• Multi-level parking. iv. Bus Rapid Transit
System (BRTS).

114. Green space and parks
• Development of green space and parks with
special provision for child-friendly
components.

115. Reform management and support
• Support structures, activities and funding
support for reform implementation.
• Independent Reform monitoring agencies.

116. Capacity building
• This has two components- individual and
institutional capacity building.
• The capacity building will not be limited to
the Mission Cities, but will be extended to
other ULBs as well.
• Continuation of the Comprehensive Capacity
Building Programme (CCBP) after its
realignment towards the new Missions

117. Inadmissible components
• Purchase of land for projects or project related
works,
• Staff salaries of both the States/ULBs,
• Power,
• Telecom,
• Health
• Education, and
• Wage employment programme and staff
component.

118. Fund Allocation
• The total outlay for AMRUT is Rs. 50,000 crore for five years from
FY2015-16 to FY2019-20
• Mission will be operated as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
• The AMRUT may be continued thereafter in the light of an
evaluation done by the MoUD and incorporating learnings in the
Mission.
• The Mission funds will consist of the following four parts:
– Project fund 80% of the annual budgetary allocation.
– Incentive for Reforms - 10% of the annual budgetary allocation.
– State funds for Administrative & Office Expenses (A&OE) - 8% of the
annual budgetary allocation
– MoUD funds for Administrative & Office Expenses (A&OE) - 2% of the
annual budgetary allocation However, for FY 2015-16 the project
fund would be 90% of the annual budgetary allocation as incentive
for Reforms will be given only from FY 2016-17 onwards.

119. Rural Housing

120. Amount allotted IAY: 2014-15
• Total (central +state)= 1846414 lakh
• Central : 1409955 lakh

121. PMAY – Rural (01.04.2016)
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin will be implemented in
rural areas across the country except Delhi and Chandigarh. Below
are the highlights of the housing for all by 2022 – Rural.
• Government to construct 1 crore pucca (permanent) houses for
the rural poor in the next three years.
• The scheme is expected to boost job creation in rural areas.
• The project will be implemented in a span of three years from
2016-17 to 2018-19 with a budget of Rs. 81,975 crore.
• Of the total estimated expenditure, Rs. 60,000 crore will come
from budgetary allocations and the remaining through Nabard.
• The cost of unit (house) assistance is to be shared between central
and state governments in the ratio 60:40 in plain areas and 90:10
for north-eastern and hilly states.

122. Exclusions
• Motorized two/three/four wheeler/ fishing boat
• Mechanized three/ four wheeler agricultural equipment
• Kisan Credit Card with credit limit of Rs.50,000 or above
• Household with any member as a Government employee
• Households with non-agricultural enterprises registered with the
Government
• Any member of the family earning more than Rs.10,000 per month
• Paying income tax
• Paying professional tax
• Own a refrigerator
• Own landline phone
• Own 2.5 acres or more of irrigated land with at least one irrigation
equipment
• 5 acres or more of irrigated land for two or more crop seasons
• Owning at least 7.5 acres of land or more with at least one irrigation
equipment

123. PMAY - Gramin
• Beneficiaries of the rural houses would be chosen according to
data taken from the Socio-Economic Caste Census of 2011
• An allowance of Rs. 120,000 in plain areas and Rs. 130,000 in hilly
areas will be provided for construction of homes.
• The unit size will be enhanced from the existing 20 sq.mt. to up to
25 sq.mt. including a dedicated area for hygienic cooking.
• Provision of toilets at Rs. 12000/- and 90/95 days of unskilled
wage labour under MGNREGA over and above the unit cost.
• Funds will be transferred electronically directly to the account of
the beneficiary.
• The beneficiary would be facilitated to avail loan of up to 70000
rupees for construction of the house which is optional.

124. Effect on Natural Resources and
Nature

125. Climate change
• Floods
• Drought
• Rise in sea level
• Erosion
• Landslide
• Heat and cold waves
• Smog
• Temperature rise

126. How to make sustainable
development
• Better urban planning
• Modal shift to public transport
• Recycling of materials
• Urban waste management
• Energy efficiency (resdl and commercial sectors)
• Energy demand
• Production of electricity from renewable
resources
• Population control
• Checking the Migration

127. Energy: Residential sector
• In India, the residential sector accounts for 13.3 per cent of total
commercial energy use (TERI 2004).
• The average annual growth rate of electricity consumption has
been 8.25 per cent.
• Electricity use in residential buildings is primarily for lighting,
space conditioning, appliances and water heating.
• In a study done by TERI in the city of Delhi, it was found that in
summer months, air conditioners and refrigerators account for 28
per cent (each) of the electricity consumption. In winter months
consumption is dominated by heaters and geysers.
• Lighting accounts for about 8.14 per cent of electricity
consumption in Delhi households.
• Thus, space conditioning (heating and cooling), refrigerators,
geysers and lighting need maximum attention in the residential
sector for adoption of efficiency measures.

128. Energy: Commercial sector
• The commercial sector comprises various institutional and
industrial establishments such as banks, hotels,
restaurants, shopping complexes, offices and public
departments supplying basic utilities.
• Most commercial energy is used in buildings or structures
for the purpose of space heating, water heating, lighting,
cooking and cooling.
• Based on the President’s address at the Conference of the
Central Public Works Department (CPWD) in 2004, it can
be stated that 60 per cent of the total electricity is
consumed for lighting, 32 per cent for space conditioning
and 8 per cent for refrigeration in the commercial sector.
However, end-use consumption varies largely with space
conditioning needs.

129. • In a fully air-conditioned office building, about
60 per cent of the total electricity consumption
is accounted for by air conditioning followed by
20 per cent for lighting. On the other hand, in a
non air-conditioned building, the break-up of
end uses would be significantly different.
Lighting, space-conditioning, water heating and
refrigerators account for maximum electricity
consumption in the commercial and residential
building sector.

130. • With a 10 percent increase in the net built up
area in the residential and commercial sector
annually and a large existing stock of
buildings, there is a need to integrate energy
efficiency in the commonly accepted
construction and renovation practices in the
country

131. • Using appropriate architectural design,
materials, building components along with
renewable energy, it is possible to reduce
electrical energy consumption in buildings
appreciably.
• Some Indian architecture traditions are
examples of human settlements designed in
harmony with the habitat which can be
considered to be the first step to conserve
energy in buildings.

132. • The Energy Conservation Act enables the government to prescribe an
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) that sets minimum
performance standards for buildings.
• A majority of buildings have proved to be very inefficient. Their average
energy consumption, measured in terms of units/annum/square metre,
is around 200, while in comparison, energy efficient buildings should not
consume more than 120-160 units/annum/ square metre thus having a
potential saving of around 30-35 per cent.
• ECBC was launched by the Ministry of Power in May 2007 on a voluntary
basis. The major components of the building which are being addressed
through ECBC are walls, roofs and windows; lighting systems; air-
conditioning systems; electrical distribution systems; and water heating
and pumping systems.
• New buildings can save up to 50 per cent energy by appropriate design
interventions in building envelope, lighting and air-conditioning systems.
While the envelope does not directly use energy, its design features
strongly affect the visual and thermal comfort of the occupants, as well
as energy consumption in the building.
• A well-designed building envelope not only helps in complying with the
ECBC but can also result in cost saving by taking advantage of day
lighting and correct Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC) system
sizing.

133. • The document focuses on energy efficiency in the
following:
• Use of pozzolanas (such as fly-ash, rice husk ash, silica
fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag, etc.) in
concrete production
• Daylight integration (indoor lighting levels to be met via
day lighting)
• Artificial lighting requirements (levels) for indoor spaces
• Ventilation standards (natural and mechanical) for optimal
human health and well-being
• Electrical standards (minimum power factor, allowances
for diversity, etc.)
• Select HVAC design norms
However, so far the NBC is not integrated with the ECBC.

134. Energy Retrofitting
• Existing residential and commercial buildings
offer energy saving potential through
suitable retrofit options. Energy saving
potential for the residential sector is on an
average 20 per cent and that for commercial
buildings is 30 percent.

135. Energy efficiency and Green Buildings
The following energy efficiency measures have been incorporated in the
building to reduce annual energy consumption of the building.
• Architectural design optimized as per the climate , sun path analysis,
predominant wind direction and existing vegetation. Optimized building
envelope to comply with the ECBC, to reduce cooling load in the air
conditioned spaces and to achieve thermal comfort in the non air-
conditioned areas. Walls and roofs to be insulated with insulation
materials. Efficient window design and WWR, external shading to reduce
solar heat gain but at the same time achieve glare free natural daylight
inside
• Water efficiency and its reuse
• Energy conservancy, and management, Energy efficient fittings and HVAC
system
• IAQ
• Energy efficient materials and waste management
• Innovations

136. • Mandatory application of ECBC could help
reduce energy consumption by about 1.7
billion units of electricity per year.

137. • As per the data compiled by the Ministry of Water
Resources, the total annual water availability is
assessed at 1869 Billion Cubic Metres (BCM).
• The usable water resources are to the extent of 1123
BCM of which 690 BCM is surface water and 433 BCM
is ground water.
• The projections of water requirement made by the
National Commission of Integrated Water Resources
Development are 710 BCM, 843 BCM and 1180 BCM
for the years 2010, 2025 and 2050 respectively.
• The total storage capacity created so far is 225 BCM
and the envisaged storage capacity from the projects
under construction would be 64 BCM.

138. Wastewater Management
• As per the information received from the state
governments, about 63 per cent of the urban
population has access to sewerage, low cost
sanitation and septic tank facilities.
• As per the assessment made by CPCB on the
status of wastewater generation in Class I cities
and Class-II towns during 2003-04, about 26,254
mld (9.51 BCM) was generated in 921 Class I
cities and Class II towns in India (housing more
than 70 per cent of the urban population).

139. Urban Storm Water Management
• Rain water Harvesting

140. Uses of Water
• Irrigation is the largest consumptive water
use sector in India (80-90%).
• Industry: 5-15%
• Domestic: 5%.

141. 2010
irrigation
drinking
water
industry
energy
84.5%
7%
2050
irrigation
drinking
water
industry
energy
74%
7%
5
%
• Irrigation efficiency barely 35 %
• Only 16% of farmers aware of irrigation
efficiency technologies
• 50% water lost to leakage & system
inefficiencies
• Real problem: wastage of water & lack of
Demand management

142. Inadequate and Poor storage capacity

143. Waste of raw food

144. COOKED FOOD
• A HUMAN BEHAVIOURAL
PROBLEM
• EVEN A SOCIAL PROBLEM

145. And then unawareness as many people do not know about
the wastage and its repercussions.
 Wastage is not just a matter of a few lakhs of rupees. If food is
wasted, there is waste of food chain i.e. water used in
agriculture, manpower and energy lost in food production and
processing and even contributes to deforestation.
 It is estimated that food wastage comes to Rs 58,000 crore
annually.
 The urban population is increasingly wasting more food.

146. Waste of water in food items
• Dumping a kilogram of meat means wasting
the 50,000 litres of water used in its
production
• Throwing out a kilo of rice will waste 2,385
litres

147. • 10 litres or 2.6 gallons of water
cumulatively to produce one sheet
of A4 size paper.
Do not waste any item (industrial items)
Avoid accumulation

148. Water required for manufacturing
industrial articles
• One pair of shoes: 2,257 gallons
• One pair of jeans: 2,636 gallons
• One chocolate bar: 454 gallons
• One piece of beef: 4,000 gallons
• One hamburger: 632 gallons
• One plain-cheese pizza: 321 gallons
• One slice of cheese: 40 gallons
• One pint of beer: 45 gallons
• One cup of coffee: 35 gallons
• One apple: 22 gallons
• One loaf of bread: 13 gallons
• One sheet of paper: 3 gallons

149. • Individual Bottled Water
It takes about 3 ltr water for filling
and manufacturing 1 ltr water
bottle.

150. ADOPT QUALITY IN WORKS AND RECYCLING OF C
& D WASTE TO SAVE WATER AND ENERGY

151. Composition of MSW in India

152. Sub standard works generates
considerable waste.

153. The construction and demolition waste recycling plant in
Burari, where tiles are made from crushed debris.

154. Waste Management Plan
 Prevention or avoidance by
adopting “quality”
 Reduction or minimisation by
adopting integrated trenches
for utility services and
avoiding renovation without
completion of economic life
 Reuse by adopting
deconstruction techniques
 Recycling or materials
recovery
 Energy recovery
 Safe disposal

155. Urban transport
• The transport sector plays a crucial role in
energy use and emission of GHGs. In 2004,
transport energy use amounted to 26 per cent of
world energy use and the transport sector was
responsible for about 23 per cent of the GHG
emissions
• According to a report prepared by the Ministry
of Environment and Forests (MoEF) in 1994, the
transport sector was responsible for 12 per cent
of the country’s total energy related CO2
emissions (i.e. 679.47 million tonnes of CO2 ).

156. • Poor quality of public transport service; although it is
low cost, it is often overcrowded, dirty, unreliable and
highly polluting and has important personal security
and safety issues.
• Poor access to bus services and service quality.
• Poor image of bus and public transport.
• Improper planning and provisioning of infrastructure
facilities.
• Improper route planning, issue of permits without
any survey or scientific data.
• Lack of passenger information systems, institutional
and regulatory hurdles.
• Lack of uniformity regarding the institutional
arrangements for providing public transport services.

157. • investing in a segregated right of way for
bicycles and pedestrians;
• converting crowded areas like marketplaces into
no-vehicle zones;
• improving bicycle technology;
• providing safer parking facilities for bicycles in
workplaces;
• launching a public cycle Programme on PPP;
• organising cycle rickshaws through PPP and
• promoting cycling and walking as healthy
activities.

158. Alternate fuels
• Bio fuels
• Hydrogen
• CNG

159. Technology development
• Pre-cast technology

160. Capacity building
• Engineers
• Administrators
• Contractors/builders
• workers

161. Capacity Building
• Another issue to be examined is availability of labour and basic construction
materials like sand, aggregates and cement. Construction of 20 million
houses in 7 years may require about 3 million houses each year. 3 million
houses of even 25 sqm area means 75 million sqm space excluding
circulation area. It will require about 150000 crore investment each year
which will require workers worth minimum Rs 30000 crore even if 20% cost
is considered as labour component. It means per day labour payment of Rs
100 crore if 300 days working days are considered in a year. Even if Rs 250
per day wage is considered, 40 lakh workers will be required on continuous
basis in addition to already engaged workers in different construction
activities. In case, these workers are brought from rural areas, construction
of new slums cannot be ruled out as there is no place for living such
additional construction workers. Apart from this 100 smart cities are being
developed, thus there will be a need of large number of workers who have
no knowledge of construction.

162. Materials and technology
• Sand
• Aggregates
• Prefab construction (Only few companies and
may have monopoly and charge high profits)

163. Monolithic Concrete Construction System using Plastic
- Aluminium Formwork
• In this system, in place of traditional RCC framed construction of
columns and beams; all walls, floors, slabs, columns, beams,
stairs, together with door and window openings are cast-in-place
monolithically using appropriate grade of concrete in one
operation. The specially custom designed modular formwork
made up of Aluminium/ Plastic/Aluminium-Plastic Composite is
easy to handle with minimum labour & without use of any
equipment. Being modular formwork system, it facilitates in rapid
construction of multiple/mass unit scale.
• Formwork system is propriety system
and designed as per loading requirements of
the structure. It has adequate stiffness to
weight ratio, yielding minimum
deflection under concrete loading.

164. • The formwork made of Aluminium Extruded Section conforming to IS
733:1983 and PVC of Grade PVC 67G ER01 in in accordance with IS
10151:1982. It consists of different sections including starter of MS
Angle, top frame of aluminium channels, wall panels, slab panels & truss.
• Under Performance Appraisal Certification Scheme, the present
formwork system manufactured by M/s Sintex Industries, Ahmedabad,
has been evaluated and certified by BMTPC (PAC No. 1006-A/2011).
• Thickness of the wall is generally 100 mm with the centrally placed
reinforcement. Therefore, adequate cover is likely to be maintained, as a
result high durability is achieved.
• All electric and plumbing fixtures, lines have to be pre-planned and placed
appropriately before pouring concrete in RC walls & slabs. Post
construction alternation is not desirable.
• Economy of scale depends upon the volume of work and number of
repetition of the formwork. To achieve economy, minimum 100 repetitions
are desirable.

165. • Major Completed Project
• 1) Houses in Bangalore for Karnataka Slum Development Board. 2)
Houses in Mysore for Karnataka Slum Development Board. 3)
Houses in Bangalore for Bangalore Development Authority &
several other projects in major cities of India, among many others...
• Limitation
• 1) A lead time of about 3 months is required for initiation of work,
as the formwork are custom designed, manufactured and prototype
approved before manufacturing required number of sets of
formwork. 2) Capital cost to initiate construction is high and may
require regular flow of funds. 3) Post construction alterations are
difficult. 4) All the service lines are to be pre-planned in advance. 4)
Not much saving in construction in one storey structure

167. Expanded Polystyrene Core Panel System
• Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Core Panel System is based on
factory made panels, consisting of self extinguishing expanded
polystyrene sheet (generally corrugated) with minimum
density of 15Kg/m3 , thickness not less than 60 mm,
sandwitched between two engineered sheet of welded wire
fabric mesh, made of high strength galvanized wire of 2.5 mm
to 3 mm dia. A 3 mm to 4 mm dia galvanized steel truss wire is
pierced completely through the polystyrene core at the offset
angle for superior strength and welded to each of the outer
layer sheet of steel welded wire fabric mesh. The panels are
finished at the site using minimum 30 mm thick shotcrete of
cement & coarse sand in the ratio of 1:4 applied under
pressure.
• The viability depends upon the quantum of work. Generally
requirements of 1.5 lakh sqm of panel per year for minimum
period of three years makes the plant viable.
• BMTPC under Performance Appraisal Certification Scheme has
evaluated the System by EMMEDUE SPA, Italy and issued
Performance Appraisal Certificate No 1010-S/2014

168. Industrialized 3-S System using Precast RCC Columns, Beams &
Cellular Light Weight Concrete Precast RCC Slabs
• The industrialized total prefab construction technology,
being used since 1972, is based on factory mass
manufactured structural prefab components conforming to
provisions of relevant Indian Standards. The major precast
elements are: • RCC hollow columns with notches • RCC solid
beams (T/L/Square Shape) • Staircase • RCC precast slab •
AAC precast slab • AAC precast block In the system, precast
dense concrete hollow column shell of appropriate sizes are
used in combination with precast dense concrete rectangular
/ ‘T’ shape / ‘L’ Shape beams with light weight reinforced
autoclaved cellular concrete/Precast RCC slabs for floors and
roofs. The hollow columns are grouted with appropriate
grade of in situ concrete. All the components and jointing of
various structures are accomplished through on-site
concerting along with secured embedded reinforcement of
appropriate size, length and configuration to ensure
monolithic continuous resilient, ductile and durable
behaviour. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) slabs can be
used as floor / roof slabs. Joints are filled with reinforced
screed concrete (minimum 40 mm thick) of M20 grade
minimum. RCC screed is laid over entire area of slab before
flooring / water proofing. Projects done by BG Shirke, Pune.

169. Speed Floor System
• Speedfloor is a composite floor system using both steel
and concrete
• The Speed floor composite flooring system is suitable for
use in all types of construction including: • Steel frames
structures • RCC frame buildings • Poured insitu or precast
concrete frames • Light gauge steel frames • Conventional
Structural brick wall constructions etc The range of end
uses include : • General individual Houses • Multi-storey
residential blocks • Single and multi-storey retail
developments • Mezzanine floors • Car parks and storage
buildings • Multi-storey office complexes etc.

170. Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG)
Panel Building System
• Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) Panel also known as Rapidwall is made-up
of calcined gypsum plaster, reinforced with glass fibers. The panel was originally
developed by GFRG Building System Australia and used since 1990 in Australia for
mass scale building construction. In recent times, these panels are being
produced in India and the technology is being used in India.
• GFRG panels may generally be used in following ways: i) As load Bearing Walling –
With cavities filled with reinforced concrete is suitable for multi – storeyed
housing. In single or two storeyed construction, the cavities can remain unfilled or
suitably filled with non – structural core filling such as insulation, sand, quarry
dust, polyurethane or light weight concrete. ii) As partition walls in multi storeyed
frame buildings. Panels can also be filled suitably. Such walls can also be used as
cladding for industrial buildings or sport facilities etc. iii) As compound walls /
security walls. iv) As horizontal floor slabs / roof slabs with reinforced concrete
micro beams and screed (T-beam action). This system can also be used in inclined
configuration, such as staircase waist slab and pitched roofing.

171. Factory Made Fast Track Modular Building
System
• Factory Made Fast Track Modular Building System comprises of
prefabricated steel structure with different walling components.
About 70 percent of the work is done in the factory with minimal
usage of concrete, which enables system to deliver the building
within a few days of work at site. The steel moduled are pre-fitted
with flooring, ceiling tiles, electrical and plumbing fittings. The
assembled steel modules are transported to the site for installation
which is done using crane and other required machineries. Once all
the components are assembled and erected at site, factory made
3–D Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) wall panels are fixed and
shotcreting is done from both sides.

172. Light Gauge Steel Framed Structures (LGSF)
• Light Gauge Steel Framed
Structures (LGSF) is based
on factory made galvanized
light gauge steel
components, designed as
per codal requirements. The
system is produced by cold
forming method and
assembled as panels at site
forming structural steel
framework of a building of
varying sizes of wall and
floor.

173. • Don’t buy more than you need, it will lead to
wastage
• Follow simplicity, lavishness leads to wastage
• Do away the habit of accumulation.
Accumulation leads to wastage
• Do not waste water, food or any other item.
Every item consumes water and energy and
requires land for disposal
• Follow Quality. Quality and durability reduces
wastage
And Remember

174. And thus
• Government has announced to improve housing
stock.
• Financing is feasible through PPP or financial
institutions
• Capacity building is essential at many levels
• Large number of natural resources will be
required hence green building measures will
have to be followed.
• Construct buildings in factory will have to be
followed

175. (Photos have been taken from internet from various sites. Their contribution is duly
Acknowledged even if their reference could not be quoted)