Networks are collections of computers, software, and hardware that are all connected to help their users work together. A network enables users to share files and resources, such as printers, as well as send messages electronically (e-mail) to each other. Computer networks fall into two main types: client/server networks and peer-to-peer networks. For More Information:Dr. Jayarama Reddy, Professor, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous)36, Langford Road, Bengaluru-27. India. Director, Centre for Molecular and Computational Biology. Editor in Chief, International Journal of Biological Research -ISSN-2321-0524. www.biovistas.org www.sjc.ac.in drjayaramreddy@sjc.ac.in Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jayarama_Reddy2 www.ArtPal.com/drjayaramreddy YouTube Channel: Dr. Jayarama Reddy St. Joseph's College ID: UCVsumndiFmODvSrrL_TUClQ

2. Bioinformatics almost completely depends on Computers and Internet.
Growth and development of Bioinformatics and Computer Science has
occurred simultaneously.
Internet has become an integral part of human life today.
Let us Understand How does Internet Work.

3. Internet
has
shrunk
the
world

4. A network connects computers by means of cabling systems,
specialized software, and devices that manage data traffic.

5. •Networks are collections of computers,
software, and hardware that are all connected
to help their users work together.
•A network enables users to share files and
resources, such as printers, as well as send
messages electronically (e-mail) to each other.
•Computer networks fall into two main types:
client/server networks and peer-to-peer
networks.

6. Service
Provider

8. List of top 30
Internet Service
Providers:
There were
358 internet
service
providers (ISPs)
offering
broadband and
narrow
band internet
services in
India.
Top 30 Internet Service Providers
(ISP) of the World.
India stands at No.3

9. List of top 10 broadband service providers in India
• DEN broadband
• Airtel
• BSNL
• Hathway
• Hayai
• Act Fibernet
• You broadband
• Spectranet
• AsiaNet
• Jetspot Fibre

10. A supercomputer is a
computer that
performs at or near
the currently highest
operational rate for
computers.
Supercomputers are
used for scientific and
engineering
applications that
must handle very
large databases or do
a great amount of
computation.
Ak e[F
N

11. US Department of Energy and IBM unveiled Summit,
America’s latest supercomputer at present.

12. Two supercomputers from India, Pratyush and Mihir, ranked
in at 67th and 120th spot on the world’s top list.

13. Mobile Phone Revolution or Revolution by Mobile Phones?
Mobile Phones are connected by S I M (Subscriber Identity Module)

14. Internet of Things provides a layer of digital intelligence that will improve on the “smartness” of everything man uses today.

15. On October 29th 1969, the first message was sent from computer to computer on
ARPANET. It was in 1971 when Ray Tomlinson invented and developed electronic mail,
as we know it today, by creating ARPANET's networked email system.
Electronic
Mails

16. Units of Data
· 8 Bits = 1 Byte
· 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte
· 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte
· 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte
· 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte
· 1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte
· 1024 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte
· 1024 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte
· 1024 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte
· 1024 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte
· 1024 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte

24. The Network Information Center, also known
as InterNIC from 1993 until 1998, was the
organization primarily responsible for
Domain Name System domain name
allocations and X.500 directory services.
Thereafter, the responsibility was assumed
by the Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN).

27. Types of
Networks
PAN
MAN
LAN
WAN
Area Networks
P-private
L-Local
W-Wide
M-Metropolitan

29. Types of
Connectivity

32. Las Vegas branch
LA Head Office
Types of Networks and Connectivity

35. NETWORK
STANDARDS AND
Efficiency and Fidelity
of Network Depends on

37. Networking Standards
• Standards play a significant role in the field of computer networks.
• Special-purpose development of communications hard- and software must
be avoided because of its high costs and the need to interconnect devices
from various vendors.
• Standards are designed in a highly formal, structured way to reduce
complexity most networks are organized as layers or levels.
• The purpose of each layer is to offer certain services to higher layers, which
these higher layers can use without knowing how they are implemented.
• Only the same layers of two computers communicate through a so called
protocol, which is a set of rules for communication at one layer.

38. Internet Protocols

39. Protocol Layers

40. OSI
Layers

46. Network
Layers

47. Internet
Protocol

48. IP Packet

50. Internet
Application
Protocol

51. Internet service provider.
An Internet service provider (ISP) also called Internet
access provider or IAP is a business or organization that
provides to consumers access to the Internet and
related services. ISPs can be started by just about any
individual or group with sufficient money and
expertise. In addition to Internet access via various
technologies such as dial-up and DSL, they may provide
a combination of services including Internet transit,
domain name registration and hosting and web hosting.

52. Intranet: A Secure Internet-like Network for
Organizations
With advancements in browser-based software
for the Internet, many private organizations have
implemented intranets. An intranet is a private
network utilizing Internet-type tools, but available
only within that organization. For large
organizations, an intranet provides easy access to
corporate information for designated employees.

53. Extranet: A Secure Means for Sharing
Information with Partners
While an intranet is used to disseminate confidential
information within a corporation, an extranet is
commonly used by companies to share data in a secure
fashion with their business partners. Internet-type
tools are used by content providers to update the
extranet. Encryption and user authentication means
are provided to protect the information, and to ensure
that designated people with the proper access
privileges are allowed to view it.

54. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a method used
to transfer or convey information on the World Wide
Web. Its original purpose was to provide a way to
publish and retrieve HTML pages. HTTP is a
request/response protocol between clients and
servers. The originating client, such as a web browser,
spider, or other end-user tool, is referred to as the
user agent. The destination server, which stores or
creates resources such as HTML files and images, is
called the origin server.

55. World Wide Web (WWW) is the combination of four
basic ideas:
• Hypertext: a format of information which allows, in a computer environment,
one to move from one part of a document to another or from one document to
another through internal connections among these documents (called
"hyperlinks");
• Resource Identifiers: unique identifiers used to locate a particular resource
(computer file, document or other resource) on the network - this is commonly
known as a URL or URI, although the two have subtle technical differences;
• The Client-server model of computing: a system in which client software or a
client computer makes requests of server software or a server computer that
provides the client with resources or services, such as data or files; and
• Markup language: characters or codes embedded in text which indicates
structure, semantic meaning, or advice on presentation.

56. URL Stands for "Uniform Resource Locator."
A URL is the address of a specific Web site or file on the Internet. It cannot have spaces
or certain other characters and uses forward slashes to denote different directories.
Some examples of URLs are http://www.cnet.com/, http://web.mit.edu/, and
ftp://info.microsoft.com/. As you can see, not all URLs begin with "http". The first part
of a URL indicates what kind of resource it is addressing.
Here is a list of the different resource prefixes:
• http - a hypertext directory or document (such as a Web page)
• ftp - a directory of files or an actual file available to download
• gopher - a gopher document or menu
• telnet - a Unix-based computer system that you can log into
• news - a newsgroup
• WAIS - a database or document on a Wide Area Information Search database
• file - a file located on your hard drive or some other local drive

57. Domain names are used in URLs to identify
particular Web pages.
Look at the URL and in particular the domain name for clues to its origin.
Every domain name has a suffix that indicates what type of organization owns it.
.com indicates a commercial business, e.g. www.amazon.com
.edu indicates an educational institution, e.g.. www.bangaloreuniversity.edu
.ac also indicates educational institution e.g. www.sjc.ac.in
.gov indicates a governmental institution e.g. www.karnataka.gov
.org indicates an organization e.g. www.biovistas.org
.mil indicates military e.g. www.navy.mil United States Navy

58. Navigation through Web
The Web is vast and disorganized, and the overwhelming majority
of what is there is irrelevant to you. Further, the Web changes
constantly; new resources appear, old resources become outdated
or disappear and the paths and techniques used to access
resources change. The following approaches the most useful for
identifying biological resources on the web:
Search Engines: There are several websites from which you can
launch searches.
Google is the most commonly used search engine. One of the
newest searches services; still listed as Beta. Provides a much
shorter, more focused list of sites than most other services.
Entrez: It is a search engine to find bioinformatics web locations.

59. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
A VPN is the easiest and most effective way for
people to protect their internet traffic and hide
their identities online. As you connect to a secure
VPN server, your internet traffic goes through
an encrypted tunnel that nobody can see into,
including hackers, governments, and your
internet service provider.

61. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
A virtual private network (VPN) gives you online
privacy and anonymity by creating a private network
from a public internet connection. VPNs mask your
internet protocol (IP) address so your online actions are
virtually untraceable. Currently, a handful of
governments either regulate or outright ban VPNs.
Those currently include Belarus, China, Iraq, North
Korea, Oman, Russia, and the U.A.E.

63. Google Access
Only 4%
Google
Cannot Access
96%

64. The dark net accounts 96% on the
Internet, also known as the "dark web,"
is a component of the greater "deep
web," a network of encrypted Internet
content that is not accessible via
traditional search engines like, Google.