1. THE MUSCULATURE OF THE HEAD

5. The Musculature of the Head

6. The craniofacial muscles

8. 1. The Epicranial Muscles

13. The Muscles of the Scalp Muscle Action Frontalis Pulls the scalp up and back Occipitalis Pulls the scalp backward and forward

14. 2. Circumorbital and Palpebral Muscles

19. Muscle Action Orbital part Closes eyes forcefully Palpebral part Closes the eye gently Lacrimal part Squeezes lubricating tears against the eyeball

21. 3. Nasal Muscles

26. Muscle Action Procerus Transverse wrinkling of the bridge of the nose Nasalis Compressor Nares Compresses the nostrils Dilator Nares Dilates or flares the nostrils

27. 4. Buccolabial Muscles

33. Muscle Action Levator labii superioris alaque nasi Elevate the ala of the nose and the upper lip Zygomaticus major Draws the angle of the mouth up and back as in smiling or laughing Zygomaticus minor Deepen the nasolbial groove as in sorrow

34. Muscle Action Levator labii superioris Elevates the upper lip and flares the nostrils Gives the expression of sadness Contraction of the whole muscle gives the expression of disdain or doubt

35. Muscle Action Levator anguli oris or caninus Elevates the angle of the mouth (muscle of happiness) Mentalis Elevate the chin. It also causes trembling of the chin. It wrinkles the skin of the chin as in disdain or doubt.

36. Muscle Action Risorius Draw the anglef the mouth laterally, giving an expression of strain or tenseness Depressor labii inferioris Depresses the lower lip as in “irony” Depressor anguli oris or Triangularis Depresses the angle of the mouth

37. Muscle Action Buccinator Or Bugler’s or Trumpeter’s muscle Draw the angle of the mouth laterally and to press the cheeks against the teeth while chewing. Useful in mastication, swallowing, whistling, sucking, and blowing

38. Muscle Origin Insertion Action Cranial Nerve Orbicularis oris Extrinsic fibers: From insertions of circumoral muscles Intrinsic fibers: From the incisive fossae of the mandible and maxilla Pass around the mouth within the lips as a sphincter Pass obliquely forward and insert into the skin of the lip Compresses the lips against the anterior teeth, closes the mouth, and protrudes the lips VII - zygomatic, buccal and mandibular branches

41. Muscles of the External Ear

42. Muscles of the External Ear Muscle Action Anterior auricular Pulls the ear forward Posterior auricular Pulls the ear backward Superior auricular Pulls ear superiorly

44. COMMON FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

56. THE MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

62. The Masseter Muscle

63. Muscle Action Masseter Superficial head Elevation (bilateral) Ipsilateral excursion (unilateral) Protrusion (bilateral superficial head) Deep head Retrussion (bilateral)

64. The Masseter Muscle

66. The Temporalis

67. Muscle Action Temporalis Elevation (bilateral) Ipsilateral excursion (unilateral) Retrussion (bilateral)

68. The Temporalis

70. The Medial Pterygoid

71. Muscle Action Medial Pterygoid Elevation (bilateral) Protrussion (bilateral) Contralateral excursion (unilateral

72. The Medial Pterygoid

74. The Lateral Pterygoid

75. Muscle Action Lateral pterygoid Inferior head Depression (bilateral) Protrussion (bilateral) Contralateral excursion (unilateral) Lateral pterygoid Superior head Elevation -particularly during power stroke

76. The Lateral Pterygoid

84. The muscles of the eyeball

90. The muscles of the tongue

96. The muscles of the soft palate

97. Muscles of the Soft Palate

98. Muscles of the Soft Palate Muscle Action Palatopharyn-geus Elevates the pharynx and larynx Closes the oropharyngeal isthmus Palatoglossus Closes the oropharyngeal isthmus Uvular Raises the uvula to help seal oral from nasal pharynx

99. Muscles of the Soft Palate Muscle Action Levator veli palatini Elevates palate during swallowing, yawning Tensor veli palatini Tenses the palate and opens the mouth of auditory tube during swallowing and yawning

100. Muscles of the Soft Palate