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Aids to Reading and Interpretation

GROUP I
A. Footnotes and Bibliography
Wina Maruyanti (201212500628)
B. Tables
C. Line Graphs
Nenti Apriliyanti (201212500678)
D. Circle Graphs
E. Bar Graphs
Afriyani (201212500623)

A. Footnotes and Bibliography
A footnote refers the reader to the exact
source of some statement or idea, or
occasionally adds information.
A bibliography is an alphabetical list of
sources used or referred to in a
professional article or book, or that
deal with the same subject.
Meaning

Smith, Mary Parsons.1963. “A Favorite Pastime in
Xanadu: Birdwatching,”The New York Daily Tmes,
April 1, pp.1,22.

EXAMPLE
Footnotes
Bibliography

Notes
1.Knapp (1977), p.27.Knapp seems here that kale is an important
source of Vitamin A. For a contrary view, see Tuzo and Caron, p 78. I
agre with the latter’s agrument that kale has never been significant
part of the Xanadu diet
2. Ibid.
3.Knapp (1972), p.88
4.Shaw, p.150
5.Knapp op.cit.p. 192.

Example
1. R. Poirer, "Learning
physics."( Academic,New York, 1993),p.4
2. I bid., p.9
3. T. Eliot , "Ast rophysics",
(springer,Berlin,1989),p.141
4. "Xanadu,"1972.I nt ernat ional
Encyclopedia,XXI V.
5. Eliot .op.cit .,p.148
What is t he t it le of t he ref erence
f oot not e no 5?
Answer :

Exercise
1. R. Poirer, "Learning
physics."( Academic,New York, 1993),p.4
2. I bid., p.9
3. T. Eliot , "Ast rophysics",
(springer,Berlin,1989),p.141
4. "Xanadu,"1972.I nt ernat ional
Encyclopedia,XXI V.
5. Eliot .op.cit .,p.148
What is t he t it le of t he ref erence
f oot not es no 2?
Answer :

B. TABLES
The table is a data set that is based on rows and
columns. Tables display various kinds of
informations in clear, compact columns. Tables are
useful to get appropriate information.
How to read tables...
 Find the subject
 Always read the title
 Look at footnotes
 Look at the heading of each column and notice
the units used.

EXAMPLE
GROWTH OF VEHICLES ACCORDING TO THE TYPE
OF YEAR
2008- 2012
Source: Office of the Indonesian National Police
*) Since 2008 is not including East Timor
What information is shown in this table?
Growth of vehicles according to the type of year 2008-
2012
Years Passenger
cars
Bus Truck Motorcycle Total
2008 7,489,852 2,059,187 4,452,343 47,683,681 61,685,063
2009 7,910,407 2,160,973 4,452,343 52,767,093 67,336,644
2010 8,891,041 2,250,109 4,687,789 61,078,188 76,907,127
2011 9,548,866 2,254,406 4,958,738 68,839,341 85,601,351
2012 10,668,010 2,275,560 5,250,122 75,932,221 94,125,913

EXERCISE
Value of Exports and Imports
Of members if The European Economic Community
1.What information is shown in this table?
Value of Exports and Imports of members if The European
Economic Community.
2. Which country exported more than imported?
Country exported more than imported is West Germany
COUNTRY EXPORTS
(In billion dollars)
IMPORTS
(In billion dollars)
Belgium-Luxembourg 37.46 40.14
Denmark 10.12 13.24
France 63.56 70.50
Ireland 4.40 5.38
Italy 36.97 43.43
Netherlands 43.70 45.62
United Kingdom 57.55 63.68
West Germany 117.90 100.67
Total 371.66 382.67

LINE GRAPH
A line graph is a picture of the dynamics of
existing data (can go up, down, or up and down). A
line graph is most useful in displaying data or
information that changes continuously over time.

EXAMPLE
A Survey of 100 people of their favorite colors
1. How many colors in the table above?
There are six colors
2. How many people who likes blue color?
30 people

D.CIRCLE GRAPHS
 Circle graphs show how the whole is broken up
into recognizable parts the complete circle of
couse,equals 100 percent and the divided
sections represents parts of whole. You should
first determine the subject of the whole.
 Releted terms of circle graphs
A. Sector
B. Graph
C. Circle
D. Data

EXAMPLE OF CIRCLE GRAPHS
In the example shown below, the circle graph
shows people who like different fruit. Each sector
in the circle graph represents the percentage of
people liking the respective people who like
different fruit.

EXERCISE
 Find out the angle covered by a,b and c in the
circle graph choices:
 a.360°
b.162°
c.36°
d.108°

E. BAR GRAPHS
 Bar graphs are usually rectangular shapes that
either show the parts of a whole or compare the
relative amounts of materials or objects. Like
circle graphs, bar graphs provide a visual means
of expressing this relationship.
 Bar graphs also have similarities to line graphs
except that bars are used instead of dots and
lines.

EXAMPLE
 Survey of 145 people of their favorite fruit
For that group of people blueberries are most
populer and grapes are the least populer.

EXERCISE
FAVORITE COLOR
Question :
The bar graph shos the favorite color od 20 students in a
class how many more of them favored orange than those who
favored green?
Answer : 5 students