2. What is programming ?
A set of instruction to solve the problem or the
specification of the sequence of computational
steps in a particular programming language is
called program. The task of developing programs is
called programming .
3. What is algorithm ?
A logical and concise list of steps required to
solve a problem is called algorithm.
Languagically representation of the various
steps involved in solving problem is called
algorithm.
4. Points for developing algorithm
Every procedure should carefully specify the
input & output requirements.
Meaning of variable should be clearly
defined.
Easy to understand and can be implemented
in any program language.
It should terminate after a binite number of
operations.
5. Flowchart
A flowchart is pictorial representations of
step by step solution of a program.
Symbolically representations various steps
include in solving problem is called flowchart.
7. Input/output box :-
Used for input data &
giving result in output
merrage.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
. Internal sub-routine:-
represents predefined
module .
8. Decision box :- to chosen between
two three blanching leading other
part of flowchart
-------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
Flow lines:- used to connect different
boxes & indicates direction of flow.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
----
Connectors:- connects different
parts of flowchart.
9. Benefits of using
flowcharts.
Being a pictorial representations they are
easier to understand .
We can review our logic & debug the program
with the help of flowcharts.
Easy to explain a program or discuss the
solution .
It separates the logic development &
program syntax.
10. Computer program
The set of instructions that is provided to the
computer to solve the problem is called as
program.
11. Components of a program
Comment entry:- An entry following the symbol //
indicates a comment entry , and used to specify a
comment it increases readability and clarity of a
program for documentation purpose .
Program name:- program are indicates name of the
program.
Decimeters:- ‘{‘&’}’ indicates beginning and ending mark
of the program.
Sentences:- each line of a program is a sentence.
Sentence terminator:- each statement is to be
terminated with a semicolon (;) which is called sentence
terminator.
Keywords:- words used for specific purpose in program.
12. Characteristic variable in a
program
The program should be able to provide accurate &
variable output .
The program should be variable ie it should continue
to work accurately over a period of time .
Program should be able to manage the resources
efficiently .
Structure of the program should allow further
modification it required without changing the
previous written code.
Program should be readable .
13. Programming paradigm
The systematic and organized principle of
writing a program is called as programming
paradigm . There are different types of
programming paradigms.
14. Procedural programming
In this approach , the problem is viewed as a
sequence of things to be done as reading ,
calculating & printing . The principle of this
programming is “ decide which procedure
you want ; use the best algorithm you can
find”.
15. General model of procedure-
oriented programming depicts the
following characteristics .
Emphases is on doing things .
Global data is loosely available to all function.
Data more openly around the system from
function to function.
16. Drawbacks of procedure oriented
approach.
It is unstructured which gives result generally in
composed code , which is difficult to understand &
maintain .
In a large program it is very difficult to identity what
data is used by which function.
Due to its open availability , global data are more
vulnerable .
It does not encourage reusability of code.
17. Structured approach
Structured programming is process in which we
break the overall program into separate pieces of
modules . The program will more complex when
branching and looping are used then this
procedures is used to make them less error and
much easier to debug.
Structuring a program helps to break it down into
under stable chunks .
18. Advantage of structured approach
Modification of enhancement in programs becomes
much easier due to reduction in the main problem .
It adds the concept of hierarchies and modules with
single entry and exit points.
Decreases debugging time .
Allows several programmers to code
simultaneously.
Sequence , selection , iteration are basic
construction of structed programming .
19. Modular approach
A system or program is considered modular if it
consists of direct modules so that each modules can
be separately implemented . And a change in one
module has minimal impact on other modules .
{ module is a logically separable part of a program or
a set of related procedures with the data they
manipulate is called module . It can be a macro , a
function , a procedure , a process or a package .} .
This approach is based upon this principle .
“ Decide which module you want ; partition the
program so that data is hidden in modules .”
cont.1
20. Cont.2
Under this approach a program can be logically
separated into following functional module :-
1). Initialization
2). Input
3). Input data validation
4). Processing
5). Output
6). Error handling
7). Closing procedure
21. Advantage of modular approach
Testing of individual modules in isolation makes
easier to find errors .
Modules can be kept separately In a library & used
any where in the program without reverting them .
A module can use other modules .
The documentation of a large program is simplified
by the documentation of individual modules .
It save development time .
22. Top down approach
A top down design approach start by
identifying the major modules of the program
i.e. decomposing them into their low level
modules & repeating until the desired level of
details is achieved first the main module is
implemented & then their subroutine and so.
on .