4. HAVE
USES OF HAVE :
1. HAVE Used in perfect sentences
For example :
◈ We have done a lot so far.
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HAVE
Have
Had
Has
5. BE
Use of Be
1. Used in progressive sentences:
For example:
◈ I am taking a bath.
◈ She is preparing dinner for us.
2. Used in passive sentences:
◈ I was given a free meal.
◈ He was seen by fans at the airport.
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6. “
Aspect is the relationship of actions or
states to periods of time or duration.
There are two kinds of aspect:
PERFECT and PROGRESSIVE.
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7. Perfect Aspect
Perfect aspect (PERF) is indicted by the presence of the auxiliary verb HAVE.
For example :
◈Sally has finished this book
S perf v o
◈Sue had given the dog a bone
s perf v io do
“The form of the verb which follows the Perfect auxiliary is called the PAST
PARTICIPLE.
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8. Tree diagram of :
sue had given the dog a bone
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*Unlike the modal auxiliaries, the
primary auxiliaries do carry tense.
In a verb group without modal, it
is always the first element which is
marked for tense, that is element
immediately following tense
10. The other kind of aspect is called progresive aspect and this is indicate by the
presence of the auxiliary verb BE.
For example :
◈ Sally is walking along the beach (present tense)
prog v
◈ Sue was giving the dog a bone. (past tense)
prog v
* The form of the verb which follows the progressive auxiliary is called
the PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
PROGRESIVE ASPECT
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11. Tree diagram of : Sue was giving the dog a bone
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*The primary auxiliaries
do carry tense
12. The progressive can also combine with modal and/or perfect auxiliaries. Again, each
type of auxiliary may appear only once in the verb group and if modal appears, then
tense cannot.
For example:
◈ Modal + progressive + V
Sue may be giving the dog a bone.
◈ Present tense + perfect + progressive + V
Sue has been giving the dog a bone.
◈ Modal + perfect + progressive + V
Sue may have been giving the dog a bone.
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14. Passive voice
◈ In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the
action. While the active voice, the subject of the sentence does
the action.
◈ Formula of passive voice:
◈ Be + -en form (past participle)
For example (active):
◈ A dog chased that girl
For example (passive)
◈ That girl was chased by a dog
16. To change the sentence from active to passive we first switch the
positions of agent and affected.
Example:
•A dog (agent)chased that
girl(affected) ~>That girl
was chased by a dog.
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18. Passive Voice characteristics :
◈ passive voice always contains to be and verb3.
◈ In passive voice, we usually find the word "by" which
functions to describe the action or subject.
◈ In the passive voice there are always objects.
◈ The verb in passive voice is a type of transitive verbs.
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19. Passive can also appear with other auxiliaries. So,
for example we could have:
21. Do turns up to lend
support to the lexical verb
only in certain
constructions and where
there is no other auxiliary
verb already present.
Do
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22. Use of Do, Does and Did:
*Can be used in a statement
sentence
E.g:
◈ I do my homework
◈ he does his assignments
◈ she did her work
*Can be used in a question
sentence.
E.g :
◈ Do l play cricket?
◈ does he work in a company?
◈ Did she watch a movie?
*Can be used in negative
sentences.
E.g :
◈ l don't play cricket
◈ He does not work in a
company
◈ She did not watch a movie.
*4. Can be used to provide
emphasis. E.g
◈ You do like bananas.
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