To preserve the Pati Tripitaka, Buddhist Monks have played a big role during past centuries. The information in Buddhist commentaries and comparative literature have been discussed in details.

1. 1
md<s ;%smsglfhamd<s ;%smsglfhamd<s ;%smsglfhamd<s ;%smsglfha wdrCIdjwdrCIdjwdrCIdjwdrCIdj yd meje;au Wfoid f:rjd§ NsCIqka úiska bgq l< ft;syd meje;au Wfoid f:rjd§ NsCIqka úiska bgq l< ft;syd meje;au Wfoid f:rjd§ NsCIqka úiska bgq l< ft;syd meje;au Wfoid f:rjd§ NsCIqka úiska bgq l< ft;sydislydislydislydisl
fufyjrfufyjrfufyjrfufyjr
jEj, Oïudf,dal ysñ"jEj, Oïudf,dal ysñ"jEj, Oïudf,dal ysñ"jEj, Oïudf,dal ysñ"
fcHIaGfcHIaGfcHIaGfcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"lÓldpd¾h"lÓldpd¾h"lÓldpd¾h"
nqoaOY%djl NsCIq úYanqoaOY%djl NsCIq úYanqoaOY%djl NsCIq úYanqoaOY%djl NsCIq úYajjjjúµd,húµd,húµd,húµd,h
wkqrdOmqrwkqrdOmqrwkqrdOmqrwkqrdOmqr
j¾;udkfha nqÿ iuh hkqfjka ye¢kafjk mq¿,a wd.ñl f;dr;=re iïNdrhla jir fooyia
mkaishhlg wêl ld,hla iq/lsj mj;ajd f.k tau msKsi f:rjd§ NsCIq iïm%odh úiska iqúfYaI
ld¾h Ndrhla bgq lrk ,o njg m%udKj;a idOl wm bÈßfha we;' nqoaO foaYkdj jYfhka
y÷kajkq ,nk nqÿka jykafiaf.a uqúka m%ldY ù we;s b.ekaùï iïNdrh ms<sn|j j¾;udkfha wmg
o; yels jkafka ix.%yldrl NsCIqka úiska iïmdokh lrk ,o ;%smsglh wkqidrfhks' ;%smsgl
idys;Hh iïmdokh jQfha nqoaO jpkh ix.%y lsÍu msKsi ix.S;sldrl NsCIqka úiska bgq lrk ,o
ld¾h Ndrfha m%;sM,hla jYfhks' úúO wjia:dj, § nqÿka jykafia wNsuqLfha isg Wka jykafiaf.a
uqúka m%ldY jQ wkqYdikd" meyeÈ,s lsÍï" wjjdo" kS;s Í;s wdÈh weiQ Y%djlfhda tu foaYkd Yla;s
m%udKfhka ;u ;ukaf.a is;aj, OdrKh lr .;ay' tu {dk iïNdrh wkd.h mrmqr Wfoid
wdrCId lr ;eîu i|yd tu Y%djl msßi úiska iqúfYaI ld¾h Ndrhla bgq lrk ,§'
Wkajykafia,df.a tu jevms<sfj< fl;rï M,odhS ù o h;a ta fya;=fjka Y; j¾I .Kkdjla
iïnqoaO foaYkdj f,dalfha iq/ls j mj;ajd .ekSug miqìu ie,isKs' fuu ,smsfhys wruqK jkafka
Ndr;fha yd ,laÈj f:rjd§ NsCIQka jykafia,d úiska iqúfYaIS b.ekaùï iïNdrhla jYfhka ;u
Ydia;DjrhdKka jQ f.!;u nqÿka jykafiaf.a foaYkdj iq/lsj mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd .kakd ,o
nqoaêu;a l%shdud¾. yd ld,Sk l%fudamdhka ms<sn| ye¢kaùula lsÍuhs'
nqÿka jykafia úiska foúhka iys; il, ñksia j¾.hdf.a fuf,dj mrf,dj ys; msKsi
foaYkd fldg jod< ;%smsgld.; ioaO¾uh Wkajykafiaf.a mßks¾jdKfhka oekg wjqreÿ fooyia
mkaishhlg;a jvd ld,hla .; ù we;;a th tod nqÿka jykafia foaYkd l< yeáfhka u tlÿ
wl=rlaj;a fjkia fkd ù wo;a ksremøs; j mj;sk nj fn!oaO f,dalfha úYajdih hs'
Ydia;DDjrhdf.a NdIs;h t;rï §¾> ld,hla lsisÿ fjkila fkdue;sj ta NdIdfjka u mj;akd
wkalsis wd.ula ms<sn| kso¾Yk l< fkd yel ^iuka;mdÈld isxy," ms'xxiii&' nqÿka jykafia
W;am;a;sh ,o" nqoaO;ajhg m;a yd Wkajykafiaf.a iÔú foaYkd iïNdrh weiQ wkq.dñl msßi Ôj;a
jQ rg jQfha Ndr;h hs' tfy;a tlS foaYfhka nqoaO foaYkdj iyuq,ska u w;=reoyka ù hoa§ ,laÈj
kue;s l=vd Èjhskl tu oyu fuf;la l,a ksrEmøs;j meje;Su úiauh ckl h'
flfia jqj;a nqoaO Y%djlhkag mrmqßka mrmqrg ;%smsglh kï jQ {dk iïNdrh mj;ajd f.k
hdu f,fyis myiq ld¾hhla fkd ù h' ld,fha yd foaYfha Wmøj fuka u iiqk ;=< u we;s jq
ksldhdka;rjdohka ksid o we;s jQ ;;ajhkaf.ka nqoaO foaYkdj wdrCId lsÍfï j.lSu f:rjd§
NsCIqkag mejeßKs' úfYaIfhka jdpkd ud¾.fha meje;s {dk iïNdrhla jYfhka ;%smsglh ÿl fia
/l .; hq;= úh' w;S; Ndr;Sh ia:úr mrmqr úiska /f.k weú;a ;ud w;g m;a l< nqoaO jpkh

2. 2
,xldjdiS NsCIQyq Èú mrÿjg ;nd f.!rjfhka rCId l< y' tys § Wkajykafia,d uqyqK ÿka
wNsfhda." ÿialr;d yd ,nd .;a ch.%yK b;sydifha fkd uelS we;'
nqoaO foaYkdj oDIaájdohkaf.ka fkd flf<ik ,ÿj wkd.;h fjkqfjka iqrCIs; lsÍfï
m%Odk j.lSu nqoaO Y%djlhka i;= úh' wkd.; mrmqrg iel ixld ke;s mú;% O¾uhla jYfhka
nqoaO foaYkdj wdrCId fldg ;eîu i|yd ;%smsglh ix.%y lsÍu ft;sydisl wjYH;djla njg m;a
úh' nqÿka jykaafia úiska O¾uh yd úkh ;udf.a wejEfuka Ydia;DD;ajfhys ;nd .kakd f,i;a
tneúka tajd ueúka ix.dhkd lrk f,i;a Y%djlhkag Wmfoia ,nd § ;sîu O¾uh ix.%y lsÍu
i|yd jeo.;a ud¾f.damfoaYhla úh ^§>ksldh2" ms'242&' nqÿ iuh lsishï cd;shla fyda l=,hla fj;
whs;s lr fokq ,enQ oyula fkd ù h' th wdrCId lsÍu yd mj;ajd .ekSu iajdëk m%;sm;a;s .rel
Y%djl ixia:djla jk NsCIq" NsCIqKS" Wmdil" Wmdisld hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nk isõjkla msßi fj;
mejereKq fmdÿ j.lSuls' tneúka fn!oaO b;sydifha fï ish¨ md¾Yajhka úiska u iiqk Ñria:dhs
lsÍfï j.lSu orkq ,en we;' tfy;a fuys flakaøSh jev fldgi bgq lrk ,oafoa iiqfka
wdrCIlhka f,i ie,flk NsCIqka úisks'
ol=Kq È. f:jd§ka úiska nqÿiufha meje;au Wfoid jvd;a lemSfmfkk ld¾h Ndrhla bgq
l< w;r fjk;a ksldhsl iïm%odhka úiska o úúO ixialrKhka uÕska ta ta ;%smsglhka ix.%y
fldg mj;ajd f.k hk ,§' nqÿrÿkaf.a wjjdo ms<s.;a Y%djlfhda ;%smsglh ix.%y lsÍu" mj;ajd
f.k hdu yd wdrCId lsÍu msKsi ;ukag .e<fmk l%u Ndú; l<y' tajd iuyr úg merKs wd.ñl
yd jdpkd ud¾.fhka mj;sk ft;sydisl f;dr;=re wdrCId lsÍfï § fhdod .kakd ,o úfYaI l%u
f,i o ie,lsh yels h' jd¾;d.; oekqula wdrCId lsÍu ms<sn| ldrKhg jvd fjkia ;;ajhka
fuys § y÷kd .ekSug yels h' jdfpdaoa.; oekqula ixúOdkh lsÍfï § yd wdrCId lsÍfï § uqyqK
mE yels ;;ajhka yd l%shd l< hq;= wdldrh fln÷oehs ms<sn| wdo¾Yhla o wmg fuhska ,nd .;
yels h' nqoaO foaYkdjka tla/ia lsÍu" wdlD;s.; lsÍu yd j¾.SlrKh lsÍu ix.dhkdj,ska isÿ jQ
neúka tlS l%ufõo fuys,d jeo.;a fldg ie,lsh yels h' nqoaO foaYkd ;%smsglhg kexùu" ñ:Hd
oDIaá ÿr,d O¾ufha ks¾u, Ndjh we;s lsÍu yd È.= l,la jdpkd ud¾.fhka oyu mj;ajd .ekSu
hk wruqKq NsCIqkag bgq lr .; yels jQfha ix.dhkd uq,sl lr .ekSfuks'
uq, § nqÿrÿka úiska foaYkd l< O¾uh fkdfhla u,a tl u,iafkl ie¨jd fia úh' O¾uh
ta ta mqoa.,hka Wfoid úúO wjia:djl úúO ;ekaj, § foaYkd fldg ;snq fyhska ms<sfj<la
fkdue;s j meje;sKs' O¾ufha wkd.; meje;au ;yjqre l< yels jkafka nqÿka jykafia úiska jod<
O¾u úkh /ia fldg y÷kd .ekSug yd wjfndaO lsÍug myiq jk wdldrfhka fnod fjka fldg
;eîfuka nj ix.S;sldrl f;reka jykafia,d jgyd .;ay' fuys § ix.dhkdj, uQ,sl mrud¾:h
jQfha nqoaO foaYkdj ixúOdkh lsÍu ms<sn| ;SrK yd l%shdud¾.j,g t<eöu hs' j¾;udkfha wmg
nqoaO foaYkdj jYfhka y÷kd .ekSug ,efnkafka fuu ix.dhkdj, uq,sl m%;sM,h jYfhka
ie,lsh yels md<s ;s%msglfha we;=<;a iQ;% iuQyh hs' m<uq ix.dhkd wjia:dj f;la nqÿka
jkafiaf.ka wik ,o O¾uh lreKq iïNdrhla fuf,i Y%djlhkaf.a is;aj, ;ekam;a j meje;sKs'
nqoaO mßks¾jdKh f;la Y%djlhka jykafia,dg ;uka weiQ foa tmuKska is;ays ord lghq;= l< yels
j ;sìKs' mqrdK yd .jïm;S jeks f;rjreka l,amkd l< wdldrhg ix.dhkdjla isÿ fkd jkakg
iiqk o b;d blaukska wjika jkakg bv ;sìKs' Y%djlhska ;=< nqoaO foaYkdj wdrCId lsÍfï yd
ixúOdkh lsÍfï w.h jvd;a biau;= jQfha ;u Ydia;Dka jykafiaf.a mßks¾jdKfhka miqj h' nqoaO

3. 3
mßks¾jdKfhka miq l,a fkd hjd u f,dalfha wei jQ O¾uh w;=reoyka jkafkah hk woyi
Y%djlhkag we;s úh ^jq,a,j.a.md<s2" ms'545&' tfyhska iauD;su;a Y%djlfhda nqoaO jpkh foijka m;a
u; jefgk wudjla fia i,ld uekúka u;l ;nd .ekSug Wkkaÿ jQjd fia u th wkd.; mrmqr
fj; wdrCId lr ;eîug o l%shd l<y'
mßks¾jdKfhka miq j nqÿrÿka fjkqjg mqoa., jYfhka wkqm%dma;sl Ydia;DD;ajhla
lsisfjl=g;a fkd ,eìKs' Wkajykafia fjkqjg kej; kS;s mkjkafkl= fyda wkqYdikd fokafkl=
f,i l%shd lsÍug lsisfjl=g;a wêldßhla ysñ fkd ù h' mßks¾jdKfhka i;a Èkhla .; jQ ;ek
iqNoao kï NsCIqjl úiska lrk ,o m%ldYfhka o meyeÈ,s jkafka tf;la O¾ufha mQ¾K j.lSu yd
wêldßh nqÿka jykafia hgf;a meje;s nj hs' tys § nqÿrÿkaf.a msßksùu ms<sn| fidal fkd lrk
f,i;a kej; lem wlem foa ms<sn| lshñka kS;s mekùula fkdue;s nj;a ;u ;ukag leue;s
fohla l< yels nj;a Tyq msßi bÈßfha m%ldY lf<a h ^§>ksldh2" ms'256&' nqÿka jykafiaf.a
wNdjh;a iu`. O¾u-úkh fol o wNdjhg hkq we;ehs tjeks msßia is;d isákakg we;' ta O¾u-
úkfha mQ¾K wêldrh nqÿrÿka fj; mejeÍ ;sîu;a nqÿka jykafia fjkqjg fjk;a wkqm%dma;slfhl=
fkd ùu;a ksid úh yels h' uydldYH wd§ uydf;rjreka úiska O¾u-úkh fjka fldg f.k tajdg
wh;a {dk iïNdrh tla /ia fldg" y÷kd f.k th Ydia;DDjfha ;eîug mshjr .;af;a fï miqìu
;=< hs' wk;=rej i;r uydmfoaY mek ùfuka miq ix.Dys; O¾uh ieufokd úiska ms<s.; hq;=
fohla njg m;a lrk ,§'
,laÈj Ydik b;sydifha Ndr;Sh f:Íh NsCIqka úiska isÿ lrk ,o ix.dhkd ;=kla ms<sn|
meyeÈ,sj i|yka fõ' nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka udi lsysmhla .; ùfuka miq rc.y kqjr mj;ajk ,o
m%:u ix.dhkdj ms<sn| úia;r pq,a,j.a. md<sh" iuka;mdidÈld úkhÜGl:dj" §mjxih yd
uydjxih hk lD;sj, we;=<;a fõ' nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka jir 110 lg muK miq úYd,d uykqjr §
l< fojk ix.dhkdj yd nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka kej;;a jir foishhlg muK miq m%sho¾YS
wfYdal rcqf.a wkq.%yfhka fud.a.,S mq;a;;siai f;rekaf.a uq,sl;ajfhka mdG,S mq;% k.rfha
meje;a jQ f;jk ix.dhkdj ms<sn| f;dr;=re o fuu uQ,dY%j, fkdfhla m%udKj,ska we;=<;a fõ'
fuu ix.dhkd ;=k tla w;lska jeo.;a jkafka ish¨ ;%smsgld.; .%ka: iuqyh ix.%y lsÍu
yd iïmQ¾K lsÍu fï ld,h ;=< isÿ jQ neúks' wfkla w;g ksldh fNao biau;= ùu ksid uq,a nqÿ
iuh úúO wdpd¾hjdo Tiafia úlis; jk whqre fï ld, mßÉfþofha § oel .; yels h' nqoaO
foaYkdfõ ixialrK yd m%jK;d lsysmhla weröug fï ld,h ;=< miqìu ie,isKs' O¾u ix.dhkd
l%uh jvd fyd¢ka mj;ajdf.k .sh NsCIq iïm%odh f,i f:rjd§ iïm%odh ie,lsh yels h'
Wkaajykafia,d úiska fuu ix.dhkdj,ska uq,sl jYfhka wfmaCId lrk ,oafoa O¾ufha wdrCIdj yd
jHdma;sh hs' fï wkqj ix.S;sldrl NsCIqyq wruqKq lsysmhla ;u ix.dhkdj,ska bgq lr .ekSug
W;aidy .;ay'
1' nqoaO jpkh jYfhka Y%djlhkaf.a iaurKfha meje;s f;dr;=re yd Bg wkq.;j
meje;s Y%djl NdIs; wdÈh y÷kd .ekSu yd tla/ia lsÍu
2' tla /ia l< O¾ufha ksjerÈ Ndjh ;yjqre lsÍu
3' O¾uh j¾. lsÍu yd fnod oelaùu
4' iQ;% kue;s wdlD;sh Tiafia O¾uh bÈßm;a lsÍu
5' wO¾ujd§ka yd wkHoDIaájdohkaf.ka wdrCId lsÍu

4. 4
6' mrmqßka mrmqrg ;%smsglh mj;ajd.ekSu yd N+f.da,Sh jYfhka jHdma; lsÍu
nqoaO foaYkdj ixúOdkh lsÍfï jeo.;a u wjia:dj jkafka nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka f;uila
.;ùfuka miq uyd ldYHm uyry;=kaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka mj;a jk ,o m<uq ix.S;sh hs' fuu
ix.dhkdj meje;aùug fya;= jQ lreKq lsysmhla bÈßm;a fldg we;s w;r thska jeo.;a fya;=jla
f,i ie,lsh yelafla úisÍ ;snQ O¾uh yd úkh tla;eka fldg ixúOdkh lsÍu hs ^kdro ysñ"
2007" ms'34&' fujeks ix.dhkdjla isÿ lsÍu yÈis wjYH;djla jqfha nqÿka jod< O¾u yd úkh
ms<sn| {dk iïNdrh meyeÈ,sj y÷kd f.k wkd.;h fjkqfjka wdrCId l< hq;= jQ neúks' iqNø
jeks NsCIqyq Ydia;DDka jykafiaf.a wNdjfhka iiqk o wjika jkq we;ehs l,amkd l<y' O¾uh
uekúka ixúOdkh fldg ;eîfuka Bg wjldY fkd ,efnk nj jgyd .;a uyf;rjre jyd O¾uh
ix.dhkd lsÍug ;SrKh l<y' O¾uh yd úkh jYfhka m%fNao folla we;s j. nqÿkajykafia úiska
fmkajd § ;sìKs' tfy;a tajd tlafklska fjkia jkafka flfia o hkak úi|d .; hq;= .eg¨jla
úh' fuu .eg¨ úi|d,k ,oafoa O¾uhg yd úkhg fjka fjka jYfhka m%ùK;ajhla we;s j úiQ
wdkkao yd Wmd,s hk uyry;ka jykafia,df.a Wmldrfhks' ix.dhkdfõ § Wkajykafia,d úiska
ix>hdf.a wkque;sfhka O¾u-úkh fol uekúka m%ldY lrk ,§' tfia u ish¨ m%uqL fmf<a
Y%djlhka jykafia,df.a talrdYs ùula fï wjia:dfõ § wjYHj ;snQ w;r tuÕska jvd fyd¢ka O¾u-
úkh meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug yd ksrjq,a lr .ekSug yels úh'
ix>hd w;r fcHIaG;u f;rKqjka jQ uyd ldYHm f;reka úiska fuu ix.dhkdjg /ia jQ
mkaishhla uyry;ka jykafia,df.a leue;a; úuid m<uqj úkh ix.%y lsÍug ;SrKh l<y
(Robinson, 2005, p.48)' úkh m<uqj ix.dhkd lsÍug fya;=j f,i oelafjkafka úkh Ydikfha
wdhqIh f,i m%ldY ù ;sîu hs' tfia jqj;a m¾hdma;s idikfhys m<uqj my< jQfha O¾uh nj issysfha
;nd .ekSu jeo.;a h ^wfíkdhl" 2009" ms'125&' tfy;a fï wjia:dfõ § úkh wdrCId jQ l,
Ydikh wdrCId jk nj ish¨ fokd jykafiaf.a u woyi ùh ^isxy, iuka;mdidÈld" 1975" ms'13&'
fu;eka mgka úkh hkak ish¨ u ix.dhkdj, f;aud mdGhla njg m;a jQ nj o fmfka' miqj isÿ
flreKq wfkl=;a ix.dhkd o úkh ix.dhkd jYfhka uQ,dY%j, i|yka lsÍug fï f:Íh u;h
fya;= jkakg we;'
ta wkqj uydldYHm f;reka úiska Wmd,s ysñ úkh úpdÍug iqÿiq u ia:úrhka jykafia
f,i ix>hdf.a iïu;fhka f;dard .kakd ,§' Wkajykafiaf.ka m<uq mdrdðldfõ mgka i;r
mdrdðld we;=¿j f;f<ia ix>dÈfiai" folla wksh;" ;sila ksiai.a.shmdÑ;a;sh" fowkQjla
mdÑ;a;sh" i;rla mdáfoikSh" mkaie;a;Ejla fiÅhd iy ima; wêlrKiu: hk úkh m%fNao
úuik ,§' fuys § úkfha we;=<;a iEu m%{ma;shla u lreKq y;la wkqj úuid ix.%y flßKs'
tkï" jia;=-ksodk-mqoa.,-m%{ma;s-wkqm%{ma;s-wdm;a;s-wkdm;a;s jYfhks' NsCIQkag wod< úkh
m%{ma;s iuQyh uydúNx.h jYfhka m<uqj ix.%y fldg wk;=rej NsCIqkS úNx.h o ta wdldrfha
kHdhkaf.ka hq;=j úuid ix.%y lrk ,§' fufia WNf;da úNx.h iïmdokh lsÍfuka miqj Wmd,s
f;reka jykafia úkfha m%fNao LkaOl yd mßjdr jYfhka o úiªy' tfia úkhg wod< ish¨
wKmk;a" YsCId yd m%{ma;s m<uq ix.dhkdfõ § u iïmQ¾K Ndjhg m;a úh' úkh úi£fuka
wk;=rej mkaishhla ry;ka jykafia,d úiª mßoafoka u úkh iduQyslj iÊCOdhkd l<y'

5. 5
fuf,i m<uq ix.dhkdfõ § úkh msglh ix.%y fldg ish¨ fokd jykafiaf.a talu;sl;ajfhka
ms<s.kakd ,§'
úkh ix.dhkd lsÍfuka miqj O¾uh ix.%y lsÍug kshñ; úh' uydldYHm f;rekag
O¾uh úuiSu i|yd ix>hdf.a leue;af;ka wdkkao f;reka f;dard m;a lr .ekSu yer fojeks
úl,amhla fkd ù h' ta wkqj O¾u ix.dhkdj wdrïN lrñka O¾udikfha jevyqkAA wdkkao
f;rekaf.ka uydldYHm f;rKqfjda nqÿka jykafia úiska n%yaucd, iQ;%h fld;ek § foaYkd lrk
,oafoaoehs úuiqy' wkkao f;rKqfjda th rc.y kqjrg;a kd,kaodjg;a w;r wïn,ÜÀld kï rc
Whfka bÈ l< rdc.Dyfha isg jod< nj mejiQy' wk;=rej th ljfrl= wrnhd jodrK ,oafoaoehs
úuik ,ÿj" Wkajykafia th Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia úiska iqmamsh mßj%dcl yd n%yauo;a; udKjl
wrnhd jodrK ,oehs hehs ms<s;=re ÿkay' ldYHm f;reka úiska fufia iQ;%fha ksodkh o mqoa.,hd o
úuik ,§' fï wdldrfhka wdkkao f;rKqfjda idu[a[M, wd§ jQ tla tla iQ;% ish,a, fjk fjk
u úiªy' tfia ix.dhkd l< ish¨ iQ;% §> ksldh" uÊCêu ksldh" ixhq;a; ksldh" wx.=;a;r
ksldh yd Lqoaol ksldh hehs fldgia mylska j¾. fldg ;nk ,§'
m<uq O¾u ix.dhkdfõ wfkla jeo.;a m%;sM,h jQfha ix.%y l< O¾u yd úkh fldgia
fjk fjk u mrmqßka mrmqrg iqrCIs;j mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd tu fldgia jdfpdaoa.; lsÍu yd
OdrKh lsÍu msKsi NdKl lKavdhïj,g Ndr lsÍu hs' f,aLk øjH Ndú; fkd lsÍu;a tfyhska
.=re YsIH mrïmrd l%ufhka lgmdvfuka .%ka: wdrCId lsÍfï wjYH;dj;a ksid fufia jev fnod
.ekSug jqjukd úh' miq lf,l §> NdKl wd§ kïj,ska ye÷kajk ,o Wkajykafia,df.a wdrïNh
m<uq ix.dhkdfõ § isÿ úh ^wÈldrï" 1963" ms'71&' ta wkqj úkh msglh Wmd,s f;reka m%uqL
Wkajykafiaaf.a YsIHdkqYsIH mrmqrg mjrd fok ,§' iQ;% msglfha §> ksldh wdkkao f;reka fj;
o uÊCêu ksldh ießhq;a ysñhkaf.a YsIHjrhkag o ixhq;a; ksldh ldYHm ysñhkaa yd
Wkajykafiaf.a YsIHjrhkag o wx.=;a;r ksldh wkqreoaO ysñhka yd Wkajykafiaf.a YsIHjrhkag
wdrCId lsÍfï j.lSu mjrd fok ,§ ^kdro ysñ" 2007" ms'45&' wfkla O¾u fldÜGdY we;=<;a
Lqoaol ksldh wdrCId lsÍu ish¨ fokd jykafiaf.a j.lSula úh' tu wdpd¾h ysñjreka úiska
;ukag mejereKq tla tla ksldhhka YsIHdkqYsIH mrïmrdjkag Woa.%yKh lrjñka fkd lv fldg
bÈßhg mj;ajd .; hq;= úh'
nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka ishjilg miq mj;ajk ,o fojk ix.dhkdj o nqoaO foaaYkdj h<s
úuiQ wjia:djla f,i ie,lsh yels h' th o úkh ix.dhkdjla f,i yeÈkafõ' ix.dhkdfõ uQ,sl
fya;=j jÊðmq;a;l NsCIQka úiska bÈßm;a l< oY wlem jia;=j kï úkh ms<sn| .eg¨jla jQ neúka
th úkh ix.dhkdjla hehs mejeiSu iqÿiq nj fmfka' tfy;a fuys § o O¾u-úkh fol u
ix.dhkd jQ nj ms<s.; yels h' fuu ix.dhkdfõ § f¾j; ud ysñhka úiska ix>hdf.a wkque;sh
,nd tla ish úisjhia jQ tfia u Ôjudk nqÿka jykafia o ±l isá iínldó uy f;rekaf.ka úkh
úpdrk ,o nj i|yka fõ' fï i|yd tf;la msglh lgmdvñka o;a uyf;reka jykafia,d i;a
ishhla iyNd.S jQy' Wkajykafia,d ish¨ fokd fuys § úkh msglh fuka u fiiq msgl o
iÊCOdhkh fldg h<s ;yjqre l< nj meyeÈ,s h ^f;duia" 1962" ms'47&' ix.dkdfõ m%Odk;ajh ±rE
fulS uy f;reka fuka u bisÆ id<ay" frj;" LqÊcfidNs;" hi iy iïN+; hk uydf;rjre
wdkkao f;rekaf.a YsIHjrfhda jQy' jdiN.dó yd iquk hk wfkla uyf;reyq Wmd,s f;rekaf.a
YsIHjrfhda jQy'

6. 6
nqÿka jykafia úiska O¾ufha wdrCIdj fjkqfjka nqoafOdmfoY" ixf>dmfoY" tl
f:rdmfoY yd nyqf:rdmfoY hehs uydmfoY y;rla jod< nj i|yka fõ ^wx.=;a;rksldh2" ms'326&'
tajd úuid ne,Sfuka miq jÊðmq;a;lhkaf.a oY jia;=j úkh úfrdaë hehs m%;sCIam lrk ,§' fï
jk úg i%;% yd úkh fol uekúka ix.%y ù ;snQ ksid fï .eg¨ ms<sn| myiqfjka ;SrKhlg
meñKsug yels úh' flfia fj;;a oaú;Sh ix.dhkdfõ § oY jia;=j m%;sfCIam ùfuka miq iiqfka
ksldh fNaoh wdrïN úh ^kdro ysñ" 2007" ms'69&' fï ksid we;s jQ wdpd¾hjdo ;=<ska nqoaO
foaYkdfõ fkdfhla ixialrK isÿ ùug mgka .eksKs' fojeks ix.dhkdfjka miq jir ishhla
w;r ld,h ;=< NsCIQka jykafia,d wgf<dia ksldhkag fn§ .sh nj ksldh ix.%yfha i|yka fõ
^ksldhix.%yh" ms'7&' f:rjd§ md<s ;%smsglh muKla fkdj fjk;a fn!oaO iïm%odhkays o msglhka
ix.%y ùu flfrys fuu wdpd¾hjdohkaf.a n,mEu fya;= jQ nj fmfka' f:rjd§ iïm%odh ;=<
ks¾u, nqoaO jpkh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd nqoaêu;aj l%shdlrkq ,enQ úfYaI wjia:djla jYfhka
fojeks ix.dhkdj jeo.;a fõ' ta úfYaIfhka u fuhska miq wkH ksldhsl fn!oaO iïm%odhka
fjk;a ud¾.hla Tiafia úldYkh ùug mgka .;a neúks'
l%s' mq' 253 § nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka jir 236lg miq mdg,Smq;%fha § wfYdal wêrdchdf.a
wkq.%yfhka fud.a.,Smq;a; ;siai f;reka m%uqL NsCIqka oyila iyNd.s ù udi kjhla uq¿,af,a
f;jk ix.dhkdj mj;ajk ,§' fuys § úNÊcjd§ fkd jQ ÿis,a uyKqka yeg oyila iiqkska
fkrmd wúkhjd§;ajh ÿre fldg f:rjdoh wdrCId l< nj i|yka fõ' f:rjd§ iïm%odfha
mqkreoh yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka ;%smsgl O¾uh m%pdrh l< m<uq wjia:dj f,i fuh ie,lsh yels
h' fuu ix.dhkdfjka wk;=rej wfYdal wêrdchdf.a wkq.%yfhka nqÿ iuh fkd meje;s m%foaY
kjhlg wNskjfhka O¾uh m%pdrh lrk ,§ ^isxy,§mjxYh" 1970" mß'8 .d:d'1-12" ms'43-44&'
f;jeks ix.dhkdfjka miq Ydik Y=oaêhla isÿ jQ w;r u f:rjd§ iïm%odh n,j;a ù cd;Hka;r
jYfhka jHdma;shla o isÿ úh'
fud.a.,Smq;a; ;siai f;reka m%;Hka; ckmohkays nqÿ iiqk uekúka msysgk nj oek ta ta
foaYhkag ;%smsglOdÍ f;reka jykafia,d msg;a l< nj iuka;mdidÈldfõ i|yka fõ' fï
m%ldYfhka .uH jkafka wkd.;fha Ndr;h ;=< nqÿ iuhg wdrCIdjla fkdue;s njg meje;s
úYajdihla úh yels h' wfYdal rcqf.a wkq.%yh ,o fuu O¾u ¥; fiajdfõ jeo.;a m%;sMhla jQfha
ñys÷ uyf;rekaf.a ,xld.ukh hs' th isÿ fkd jkakg f:rjd§ ;%smsglhg wdrCIdjla fjk;a
rgl we;s fkd jkakg bv ;sìKs' wfYdal hq.fha § nqoaO foaYkdj fkdfhla m%foaYhkays jHdma;
lsÍu i|yd mshjr f.k ;snqK o fï olajd th wdrCId lsÍfï yelshdj ;snqfKa ,laÈj muKla ùu
úfYaI;ajhls'
wfYdal hq.h ;j;a wdldrhlska jeo.;a jkafka fï ld,fha § ;%smsgfha uQ,sl fldgia
iïmQ¾K ùu ksid h' fuf;la l,la idlÉPdjg Ndckh ù we;s njla fkd fmfkk wNsO¾u
msglh f;jk ix.dhkdfõ § biau;= úh úh' (The World’s Religions, 1982, p.234)' wNsO¾u
msglfha wjika lD;sh jkafka fuu ix.dhkdfõ m%Odk;ajh oerE fud.a.,S mq;a;;siai f;reka
úiska ix.%y lrk ,o l:dj;a:qmamlrKh hs ^kdro ysñ" ms'78&' NdrE;a wfYdal ,smsfhys i|yka jk
f;dr;=re wkqj o fï jk úg ;%smsglfha fldgia iïmQ¾K ù meje;s nj fmkS hhs' NsCIqka úiska
W.; hq;= iQ;% kdu ms<sn| tu ,smsfha i|yka ùfuka meyeÈ,s jkafka tu iQ;% ix.%y t l, NsCIqka
w;r Ndú;fha meje;s nj hs' idkaÑ Ys,d f,aLkfha i|yka jk OïulÓl" fmglS" iq;a;ka;slSka"

7. 7
mxpfkldhsld hk moj,ska msgl yd ksldh .%ka: oerE msßila tjlg jdih l< nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
Ök yd ixialD; msglj, ksldh .%ka: my ii|d ne,Sfuka o md<s msgl .%ka: iïm%odh ia:djr
Ndjhg m;a jqfha wfYdal ld,fha § nj wdpd¾h rdOl%sIaKka uy;d (1954, p.4) o ish Oïumo
mßj¾;kfhys fmrjofkys i|yka fldg we;' ,laÈj jxYl:d wkqj o md<s ;%smsglh wfYdal
hq.fha § iïmQ¾K Ndjhg m;a jQ nj úkag¾ksÜia uy;d i|yka lrhs (Winternitz, 1991, p.5) ,laÈj
we;=¿ rgj,a lsysmhlg nqoaO foaYkdj m%pdrh lsÍu;a ;%smsglh wx. iïmQ¾K Ndjhg m;a ùu;a tla
wjia:djl isÿ ùu jeo.;a isoaêhls' ,laÈjg ñys÷ ysñhka jevu lsÍug m<uqfjka Ndrfha §
;%smsglh iïmQ¾K ù meje;s nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ'
;%smsglfha wdrCIdj msKsi uq,a u wjêfha § ,laÈj f:Íh iïm%odh úiska isÿ l< ix.dhkd
folla jeo.;a fõ' bka m<uq jekak foajdkïmsh;siai rc oji isÿ l< úkh ix.dhkdj hs' fuu
ix.dhkdfõ wruqK ms<sn| úkhÜGl:d ndysr ksodkfha meyeÈ,s fldg we;' ta wruqK kï"
fy<Èj uõ mshkag odj Wmka orefjla" meúÈj" úkh Wf.k" fy<Èj isg u wkayg lshjd" iiqk
rg ;=< uq,anei .ekSug ie,eiaùu hss ^isxy,iuka;mdidÈld" 1975" ms'80&' fï ix.dhkdj i|yd wg
ieg oyila NsCIQka :Qmdrduhg /ia jQ nj i|yka fõ' ix.dhkdj isÿ lsÍu i|yd bÈ l< uKavmh
;=< uyduyskao ysñfhda ol=Kq È.g wNsuqLj wg ieg oyila uyf;rjreka msßjrd jev isáhy'
,laÈj bmso meúoao yd Wmiïmodj ,;a uydwßÜG f;rekaf.a wdikh W;=re foig wNsuqL fldg
msysgd ;snQ w;r fï wjia:dfõ § Wkajykafia rcqf.a lKsgq fidhqre u;a;dNh f;reka we;=¿
mkaishhlg úkh lgmdvñka b.ekajQy' fuu ix.S;sh o úkhg muKla iSud úkehs is;sh fkd
yels h ^úu,lS¾;s ysñ" 2498" ms'49&' ,laÈj isÿ jQ fuu m<uq ix.S;sfha § O¾u yd úkh fol u
iajfoaYS NsCIqka jykafia,dg b.eka jQ nj ms<s.; yels lreKls'
fï ix.dhkdfjka miq ;siaio;a;" ld,iquk" §>iquk wd§ f;rjreka úkh msglh mrmqßka
mrmqrg mj;ajd f.k .sh nj úkh wÜGl:dfõ i|yka fõ' tfy;a wfkla msglhkays fldgia
OdrKh l< Ndkl ysñjre flfia ìysúKs o hkak uq,dY%j, meyeÈ,s flfrkafka ke;' tfia u
fuu ix.dhkdj mqrd;k tajd fuka O¾ufha wvqmdvq ilia fldg wY=oaO ia:dk Y=oaO fldg O¾u-
úkh h<s ix.%y lsÍu ms<sn| jQjla fkd fõ' fuys § úkh msglh b.eka jQ nj meyeÈ,sj i|yka
l< o iQ;% yd wNsO¾u hk msglhka fol b.eka jQ njg i|ykla fkd lsÍfuka tu msglhka fkd
i,ld yer ;snQ njla is;sh fkd yels h' ñys÷ ysñhka ,laÈj meñK uq,a Èk lsysmfha § u iQ;%
msglhg wh;a i%;% .Kkdjla foaYkd fldg ;sìKs' miq ld,h jk úg iuia; ;%smsglfhys u
m%ùK;ajh ,;a uyf;rjreka ìysù we;' fmdÿfõ ms<s.; yels lreK jkafka Ndr;fha § ;%smsglh
fuf;la mj;ajd f.k tau i|yd wkq.ukh l< hï l%ufõohla ù kï th fï wjia:dfõ § ñys÷
ysñhka úiska furg NsCIQkag b.ekajQ nj hs' fï ms<sn| lreKq i|yka jkafka úkh wgqjdfõ
neúka yd iEu ix.dhkdjl § u úkh uQ,sl;ajfha ;enQ neúka úkh msglhg m%Odk;ajh ,nd §
Wkajykafia,df.a kï i|yka lrkakg we;'
O¾u-úkh wdrCId lsÍu ms<sn| j.lSu yd whs;sh ,dxlslhkaf.a ore uqKqnqre mrmqrg ,nd
§u;a Tjqka tys whs;slrejka nj wjfndaO lr ùu;a fï ix.dhkdfjka wruqKq l< nj fmfka' nqÿ
iuh úfoaYsl wd.ula fkd j ;ukaf.a Wreuhla njg m;a lr,Sug fuu wjia:dj fya;= úh' ,laÈj
meje;a jQ fï ix.dhkdj iajfoaYSh idys;Hh iïm%odfha iudrïNh isÿ ùug m%Odk fya;=j o úh'
;%smsglh yd wgqjd jdfpdaoa.; lsÍfï ksr; NdKl iïm%odh wdrïN ùug miqìï jqfha o fuu

8. 8
ix.dhkdj hs' t;eka mgka NdKlhska yd wgqjd rplhska jYfhka fmkS isáñka ,la jeis NsCIQka
úiska ioaO¾ufha ÑriaÓ;sh Wfoid fjfyi ù l%shd lrk ,§'
,laÈj m<uq ix.dhkdj jQ :Qmdrdu ix.dhkdj;a ;%smsglh f,aLk .; lsÍu;a w;r ld,h
wjqreÿ foish úis y;rla muK fõ' ;%smsglh l%s'mQ' m<uq jk Y; j¾Ifha § f,aLk.; jk ;=re th
m%Odk jYfhka jdÑlj mj;ajd f.k tk ,o {dk iïNdrhla úh ^The World Religions, 1982,
p.234)' ñys÷ ysñhka we;=¿ O¾u ¥;hka úiska ,smsnoaO O¾u idys;Hhla ,laÈjg f.kd njla fkd
fmfka ^f;dauia" 1962" ms'62&' t;eka isg Y; j¾I folla blau hk ;=re u ;%smsglh f,aLk.; l<
njla o meyeÈ,sj i|yka fkd fõ' fulS ld,h ;=< ;%smsglfha ksrjoH;dj wdrCId lr f.k tk
,oafoa ix>hd úiska l,ska l, /ia ù isÿ lrkq ,nk .K iÊCOdhkd l%uh úisks' tys § ;%smsglh
ish¨ fokd úiska iduqyslj iÊCOdhkd lsÍu isÿ úh' Ydik b;sydifha m<uq jrg ;%smsglh
f,aLkdrEV lsÍula isÿ jkafka j<.ïnd rdc iufha § h' tys § ñys÷ udysñ" wßÜG ysñ wd§ ,la
jeis f;rjrekaf.a mrmqr úiska lgmdvñka /l f.k meñKs ;%smsglh mqiafld<j, ,shd ;nk ,§'
;%smsglh f,aLk.; lsÍug wdikak fya;=j jQfha neñKsháhd idh jYfhka kï lrk ,o
fodf<dia wjqreÿ id.;h hs' fï ld,fha § ;%smsglOdÍ ia:úrhka jykafia,d Ôú;fha wdrCIdj
flfia jqj;a ioaO¾ufha wdrCIdj m;d wkqrdOmqr rdcOdksh w;yer fkdfhla m%foaYj, úisÍ .shy'
tneúka Wkajykafia,dg tla ;eklg /ia ù msglhka .K iÊCOdhkh lsÍug fkd yels ;;ajhla
Wod úh' ksrdydrùfï § we;s jk ÿ¾j,;ajh ksid lgmdvï lsÍu o wmyiq úh' tfia u fndfyda
l,la fm< iÊCOdhkh fkd lsÍu ksid ;%smsglfha mdG úIu;d" ÿreÉpdrK" fldgiaj, wvq jeä
ùï isÿ ùug wjldY we;s úh ^úu,lS¾;s ysñ" ms' 57&' Woa.; jQ fujeks Wmøj ;;ajhka hgf;a
lgmdvfuka ;%smsglh /l f.k tau tys wNdjh msKsi fya;= úh yels nj jgyd .;a f;rjre ta
i|yd ms<shï jYfhka ;%smsglh .%ka:drEV lsÍug ;SrKh l<y' ;%smsgl md<sh o tys w¾:l:dj o
uyd m%d{ jQ mqq¾j NsCIQka úiska jdpkd ud¾.fhka /l f.k wd nj;a i;ajhdf.a mßydKsh ÿgq
NsCIqka ioaO¾ufha Ñria;sÓh i|yd fm< oyu fmd;aj, ,shQ j.;a uydjxifha i|yka fõ ^uydjxi"
m'33 .d'103&' fï wdldrhg uqLmdG jYfhka meje;s wgqjd iys; ;%smsglh nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka j¾I
454 mufKa § ud;=, ckmofha w¿f,ka úydrfha § m%:u jrg .%ka:drEV lrk ,oafoa h' fuu
mqia;ldrEV ix.dhkdfõ § uq,iqk .;a f;rKqjka f,i úkhOr Wmd,s f;rekaf.a YsIHdkqYsIH
mrmqfrys i;a;siajekakd jQ l=ka;.;a; ;siai f;reka f.a kduh i|yka fõ'
nqoaO ld,fha f,aLk l,dj fkd ;sìKehs mejish fkd yels jQj;a th wd.ñl f;dr;=re
ikaksfõoh i|yd Ndú;hg .;a njla fkd fmfka (Oldenberg, 1997, p.177)' nqÿka jykafiaf.a
,sÅ; jd¾;d lsisjla fYaI ù fkdue;s w;r Wkajykafiaf.a ish¨ b.ekaùï m%pdrh jQfha tajd
u;lfha ord isá wkq.dñlhkaf.a jpk ud¾.fhks (Hackmann, 1988, p.31)' j¾;udkfha § fmd;a
m;aj,ska bgqflfrk ld¾hhg jvd jeo.;a ld¾h Ndrhla merKs bka§h ixialD;sfha iauD;s
iïm%odh uÕska bgqfldg we;' nqÿka jykafia foaYkd l< O¾uh m<uqj jdpkd ud¾.fhka o
fojkqj ,sÅ; udOHfhka o wLKavj mj;ajd f.k taug yelshdj ,oafoa ,laÈj f:rjd§ka úiska
muKs' tfy;a uOH wdishdfõ yuq jQ bmerKs fn!oaO uq,dY% yd kd,kaod jeks fn!oaO wOHdmk
wdh;k foi úuiqï weiska n,k úg ,xldjg;a jvd fõ,dikska tu m%foaYj, fn!oaO idys;H
f,aLk.; jkakg we;ehs is;sh yels h'

9. 9
flfia jqj;a ,laosj b;sydih mqrd u f,aLk øjH Ndú; jQ njg f;dr;=re we;'
uyskaod.ukhg fmr isg u ,laÈj f,aLk l,dj meje;sKs' ,laÈj m<uq rc jQ úch l=ure
uOqrdmqr rcq fj; ,smshla hejQ nj uydjxifha i|yka fõ ^uydjxi" m'7 .d'51&' tfia jQj;a ,laÈj
n%dyaóh wCIr ud,dj yd NdIdj ixj¾Okh jQfha uyskaod.ukfhka miqj hs' fï ld, mßÉfþoh ;=<
iSy< wÜGl:d" jxil:d yd b;sydi jeks miq ld,Sk md,s .%ka:j,g uQ,dY% jQ mq¿,a .%ka:
idys;Hhla uyd úydrfha meje;sKs' tajd ish,a, lgmdvñka mj;ajd .ekSug iu;alï we;a;jqka
isáh o idys;H lD;s jYfhka ,shd ;eîug wjYH úh' ,sÅ; .%ka:hla fkdue;sj Ⱦ> idys;Hhla
jkfmd;a lsÍu ÿIalr ld¾hhls'
fufia fmkShk idOl wkqj fuf;la l,a ;%smsglh f,aLk .; j fkd meje;sfha hehs
lSug fkd yels h' ta ta NdKl mrïmrdjka úiska iajlSh mrïmrdjkaf.a m%fhdackh i|yd
;%smsglfha wod< fldgia fmd;a jYfhka ilia lr f.k ;sfnkakg we;' fm< lgmdvï lsÍfï §
YsIHhkag fmd;am;a o wjYH fõ' WoafoaY hkq tjeks ;%smsglh lgmdvï lsÍug Wmldrjk merKs
fmd;a úfYaIhla nj fmfka' w¨úydr ix.dhkdfõ § isÿ jkakg we;af;a ta ta mrïmrdjka úiska
mj;ajdf.k tk ,o ,sÅ; uq,dY% o iys; ;%smsglh wgqjd wdÈh iuÕ ii|d n,d ish¨ fokdg u
ms<s.; yels m%ñ;shlska ixialrKh fldg m%ldYhg m;a lsÍuls' ;%smsglh .%ka:drEV lsÍula muKla
fkd j ;%smsgl .%ka: ix.dhkd lsÍula o fuys § isÿ úh' .%ka:drEV l< ;s%msglfha msgm;a ,laÈj
fkdfhla úydrj, ;ekam;a l< w;r wka rgj,g o /f.k hkakg we;' ;%smsglh .%ka:drEV
lsÍfï tla wruqKla jQfha thg kj lreKq msúi jkakg yd tl;= lrkakg ;sfnk bv j<lajd,Su
úh yels h ^úfÊnKavdr iy fudrgqj.u" 2004" ms'307&' ;%smsglfha ixj¾Okh wfYdal wjêfha
kej;=K nj fmdÿ ms<s.ekSu hs' bka miqj ;jÿrg;a tys j¾Okhla fyda ixialrKhla isÿ úh yelsj
;sìKs kï fuu mqia;ldrEV ix.dhkdfjka Bg o bv j<lk ,§'
mqiafld< fmd;a jeks merKs f,aLk udOHhka ld,h .; jk úg Èrdm;a ùu yd lDó
Wjÿrej,g m;a ùu ksid tajd kej; kej; msgm;a lsÍug isÿ fõ' úúO f,aLlhka w;ska úáka úg
fufia f,aLk msg;a lsÍfï m%;sM,h jkafka tl u lD;shg msgm;a rdYshla ìys ùu hs' túg tla tla
f,aLlhdf.a msgm;aj, úioDY;d fmfkkakg mgka .kS' fï msgm;aj, mdG fkdfhla úg ¥IKh
ù we;s nj fkd ryils' tneúka l%uj;aj msgm;a ,nd f.k tajdfha mdGdka;r ikaikaoh lrñka
jvd;a WÑ; mdGh f;dard f.k ixialrK ld¾hhla l< hq;= fõ' ^ùrisxy" 1990" ms'16&' fï ksid
merKs .%ka: ixialrKh w;s ÿIalr l%shd ud¾.hls' merKs lD;s iïnkaOfhka ixialrKhl § isÿ
flfrkafka kj ixialrKhla ìys lsÍu u fkd fõ' tfy;a b;d u merKs uQ,dY%.; ±kqu lrd ,Õd
ùug W;aidy ±Íu hs' fujeks ;%smsgl ixialrK ix.dhkd lsysmhla ,laÈj fuka o úfoaYhkays o
isÿ fldg we;'
w¨úydr ix.dhkdfjka miq oy kj jeks ishjfia § mqiafld< fmd;a uQ,dY% jYfhka f.k
;%smsgl ix.dhkd lsysmhla isÿ lrk ,§' l%s'j' 1871 § tjlg nqreu foaYfha uKavf,a k.rfha §
ñksfvdka rcqf.a wkq.%yfhka uyf;rjreka m%uqL f,dj mqrd jevisák NsCIQka jykafia,d fooyia
ydrishhla muK /ia ù ix.dhkdjla mje;ajQy' fuu ix.dhkdfõ uQ,sl wruqK jqfha nqÿka
jykafiaf.a ish¨ u foaYkd iÊCOdhk lsÍu yd tys lsishï fjkila fyda w;yeÍula isÿ ù
we;aoehs ishqï j mßCId fldg ixfYdaOkh lsÍu hs' fuu ix.dhkdj wjidkfha ish¨ fokdf.a
talu;sl;ajfhka ;%smsglh iïu; lrk .kakd ,§' fuu wkqiaurKsh wjia:dfõ § isÿ jq iqúfYaI

10. 10
ld¾hhla jQfha oCI Ys,amSka ,jd lsß.re~ mdIdK mqjre 729la u; ;%smsglh igyka fldg l=vd
ia;+mj, ;ekam;a lsÍu hs' mdIdK mqjre u; ,shd we;s fuu ;%smsglh f,dj úYd,;u fmd; f,i o
ie,fla' Ndr;fhaa isÿ jQ ix.dhkd ;=k;a" ,laÈj w¨úydr ix.dhkdj;a ie,ls,a,g f.k fuh
f:rjd§kaf.a miajeks ix.dhkdj f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
fooyia mkaishh iïnqoaO chka;sh wkqiaurKh lrñka nqreufha tlai;a nqoaO Ydik
ljqkais,fha wkq.%yfhka /ka.=ka k.rdikakfha uyd mdYdk .=yd kï jQ iqúfYaI Yd,djl mj;ajk
,o ihjeks ix.dhkdj md<s ;%smsglh f,djg u fnod §ug .kq ,enQ kQ;k m%h;akh f,i ye¢kaúh
yels h' 1954 fjila mqr mif<diajl Èk wdrïN fldg nqoaO chka;sh imsfrk 1956 fjila mqr
mif<diajl Èk f;la jir folla mqrd isÿ lrk ,o fuu ix.dhkdfõ m%Odk wruqKq ;=kla úh'
1' mia ksldhkays ;sfnk jerÈ wCIr úkHdihka yd w;ayeÍï wdÈh ixfYdaOk lsÍu
2' ;%smsglh iÊCOdhkd fldg uqøKh lsÍu yd tu msgm;a O¾u m%pdrh i|yd
f,dj mqrd fnod yeÍu
3' nqreu rch wfkl=;a rgj,a iuÕ nqoaO Ydikh m;=rjd,Sug iyfhda.fhka l%shd lsÍu
(Eecyclopaedia of Budhism iv, p.138)'
nqreuh fuka u ldïfndach" ,d´ih" Y%S ,xldj yd ;dhs,ka;h hk rgj,ska W.;a f:rjd§
ia:úrhka jykafia,d tlaish y;<sia i;r kula fuu ;%smsgl ix.dhkdj i|yd iyNd.s jQy'
ix.S;sldrlhka fufyh jk ,oafoa f:rjd§ rgj, uyd f;rjrekaf.ka iukaú; —PÜG ix.dhkd
Tjdodpßh ix> kdhl ljqkais,h˜ uÕsks' thska f;dard m;a lr .kakd ,o úis mia kulf.ka hq;a
—Ndrks;a;drl˜ kï jQ úOdhl lñgqj ix.dhkdfõ lghq;= fufyhjk ,§' ;%smsglh iÊCOdhkd
lsÍug u;af;ka nqreu fm< yd Y%S ,xldj we;=¿ f:rjdo rgj,ska ,nd .kakd ,o ;%smsgl .%ka:
ixialdrl uKav,hla úiska ii|d l%udkql+,j ixialrKh lrk ,§' fufia ixialrKh lrk ,o
fm< miqj th uqøKh lrk ,o ,kavka md<s fmd;a iud.u uÕska o mßCId lrk ,§' tfia u
f:rjd§ rgj,a ksfhdackh lrñka msysgqjd .kakd ,o ixialdrl lñgq uÕska b;d ishqï f,i th
;j ÿrg;a mßCId flßKs' tjeks tla ixialdrl lñgqjla jQfha Y%S ,xldfõ msysgqjd .kakd ,o
;%smsglh ms<sn| yi, ±kqula we;s ysñjrekaf.ka iukaú; ,xld W;a;Í;r iNdj hs' fuu iNdj
úiska nqreu ;%smsglh" ,xldfõ úydria:dkj,ska ,nd .kakd ,o úúO mqiafld< fmd;a iuÕ ii|d
n,d wjYH ksjeÈ lsÍï ixúOdhlhkag fhdackd lrk ,§' fuf;la meje;ajQ ish¨ ix.dhkd tla
tla rgj,g muKla iSud jQ w;r fuu ihjeks ix.dhkdj f:rjd§ rgj,a tluq;=fjka isÿ l<
neúka úfYaI;ajhla Wiq,hs'
1957 § ,la rcfha wkq.%yfhka m%ldYhg m;a jQ —nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka: ud,dj˜ furg
;%smsgl uqøK b;sydifha jeo.;a wjia:djls' 2500 nqoaOchka;sh wkqiaurKh lsÍu i|yd ,la rch
fjkqfjka msysgqjk ,o ,xld fn!oaO uKav,h hgf;a ;%smsgl mßj¾;kh ms<sn| ldrl iNdj;a m;a
lrk ,§' tu ldrl iNdj úiska kï lrk ,o ia:úrhka jykafia,d úiska ;%smsglfha tla tla
fldgia fjk fjk u f.k ixialrKh fldg isxy,g mßj¾;h lrk ,§ ^uydj.a.md<si" ms'Lxiii&'
fm< yd isxy, mßj¾;kfhka hq;=j m<uq jrg ;%smsglh iïmQ¾Kfhka ixialrKh fldg .%ka:
ud,djla jYfhka uqøKfhka fmdÿ ck;dj w;g m;a lsÍu w¨úydr ix.dhkdfjka miq ,laÈj isÿ
jQ jeo.;a isoaêhla f,i ie,lsh yels h'

11. 11
óg fmr wjia:d .Kkdjl § ;%smsglh ixialrKh lsÍug" mßj¾;kh lsÍug yd uqøKh
lsÍug m%h;ak ord ;sfí' fmd;a.=,a úydrj, ;snQ mqiafld< fmd;a tl;= mdol lrf.k fujeks
ixialrK isÿ fld we;' tla tla ;eke;a;ka fyda lKavdhï yqol,dj lghq;= lsÍu i|yd fhduq
ùfuka fïjd fndfyda úg wid¾:l jQ nj fmfka' fï w;r uE; ld,fha jeo.;a wjia:djla jkafka
fodr;shdfõ w;a;oiais ysñhkaf.a ^1806-1898& uQ,sl;ajfhka uykqjr Èia;%slalfha yÕ=rkafl;
fmd;a.=,a úydrhg ,laÈj úisÍ meje;s mqiafld< fmd;a tla/ia fldg tajd wdrCId lsÍu i|yd
mshjr .ekSu hs (Piyadasa, p.45)' fuu ;%smsgl ixialrK ix.dhkdfõ m%;sM,hla jYfhka úkh
msglh ixialrKh fldg msgm;a fldg me,auvq,a, úydrfha ;ekam;a lrk ,§'
,laÈj jeishkag ;%smsglh y÷kajd §u i|yd ñys÷ uyf;rKqfjda b;d l%uj;a jev
ms<sfj<la wkq.ukh l<y' m<uq fldg Wkajykafia úiska ;%smsgl md<sh ,la jdiSkag y÷kajd fok
,oafoa Tjqkaf.a jHjydr NdIdj jQ fy< niska O¾u foaYkd lsÍfuks' ñys÷ ysñhka úiska ,laÈj
fo;ekl § fy<Èõ niska oyï jodrd ,lajeis ckhd oyug leue;a;ka njg m;a l< nj
uydjxifha i|yka fõ ^uydjxi" m'14 .d'65&' Wkajykafia ,lajeishkaf.a nqoaê uÜgu fuka u"
Tjqkaf.a Ôjk rgdj yd úYajdihka flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka jvd WÑ; wjia:d yd ia:dk o
f;dard f.k ;%smsglfha jvd;a iqÿiq jk iQ;% foaYkd tlska tl foaYkd l< nj fmfka'
Wkajykafiaf.a foaYkdjka b;d fõ.fhka rg ;=< me;sr .sh j.g f;dr;=re we;' ,la
rcqf.a nqoaêuÜgu úuiSfuka wk;=rej foaYkd l< mKaä; f.dapr jQ pq,a,y;aÓmfodmu iQ;%h weiQ
y;<sia oyila msßi nqÿ oyu je<| .;ay' tu Èkfha § u ñyska;,d m¾j;fha § ñys÷ ysñhka úiskaa
foaYkd lrkq ,nQ iuÑ;a;mßhdh iQ;%h Y%jKh i|yd iDoaêu;a iquK idufKarhka úiska uq¿
Èjhskg u wefik fia ld, f>daIdj mj;a jk ,§' fojeks Èkfha § rc msßi we;=¿ ck;djg
úudkj;a:q" fm;j;a:q" iÉpixhq;a;" foj¥;" wdisúfidmu hk ;%smsgld.; iq;%j,ska O¾u foaYkd
wikakg ,eìKs' ;=ka jeks Èkfha § uyf;reka úiska f:rjd§ nqoaO Ydikfha;a ,laÈj
ixialD;sfha;a flakaøia:dkh jYfhka wjqreÿ oyilg jeäld,hla jecUqKq uydúydrfha
iSudnkaOkh isÿ lrk ,§ ^uydjxi" m'15&' fufia Wkajykafia Èk y;la uq¿,af,a iQ;%dkaa; O¾u
foaYkd meje;aùfuka oyia .Kkska ck;djg O¾udjfndaOh ,nd §ug l%shd l<y' ñys÷ ysñhka
úiska meje;a jQ foaYkdjka fy< niska isÿ l< nj i|yka fldg ;sîfuka meyeÈ,s jkafka tu
foaYkdjka ,la jeishkaf.a Wreuhla fldg ;eîug .;a m%h;akh hs' ck;dj oyia .Kkska /ia ù
O¾u Y%jKh lsÍu;a ta w;ßka fndfyda fofkl= meú§ ùu;a ksid fuu O¾u foaYkd fmdÿ ck;djg
jegfyk ;ukaf.a u NdIdfjka mj;ajkag we;s nj ms<s.; yels h'
O¾uh foaYkd lsÍu yd Y%jKh lsÍu uÕska muKla iiqfka ÑriaÓ;sh n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh
fkd yel' ;%smsgld.; foaYkdjka jvd;a w¾:j;a jkafka yd wdrCId jkafka ta yd ne÷Kq
ixialD;shla ;=<sks' túg O¾uh ck Ôú;fha ienE fldgila njg m;a fõ' ñys÷ uyf;rKqjka
uq,sl ù uydfndaêh yd NsCIqKS Ydikh jevu ùu;a" :Qmdrdu ia;+mh f.dvkexùu;a uÕska ,laÈj
fn!oaO ixialD;sfha Wodj igyka úh' ;%smsglh mrmqßka mrmqrg fndfyda ld,hla ksremøs;j
mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd rfgys ixialD;sl jevms<sfj<la wjYH úh' ia;+m" fndaê" ms<su wd§
wx.j,ska hq;a fjfyr úydr bÈ fldg ñksiqkaf.a is;a i;ka ;=< wd.ñl Y%oaOdj jeä ÈhqKq

12. 12
lsÍfuka iiqk iÔú wdh;khla njg m;a úh' fujeks ixialD;sldx. nqÿ oyfï yr moaO;sh f,i
ie,lsh fkd yels jqj;a ioaO¾ufha wkd.; meje;aug tajd ufydamldÍ úh ^O¾ulS¾;s ysñ" 1991"
ms'11-28&' ñys÷ uyf;reka úiska ,la rcq jQ foajdkïmsh;siaihkaf.a wkq.%yfhka fï i|yd b;d
l%uj;a jev ms<sfj<la iïmdokh lrk ,§' ;%smsgl O¾uh wdrCId lsÍu msKsi f:rjd§ NsCIqka
úiska bgq l< ld¾h Ndrh id¾:l ùu i|yd ,laÈj ks¾udKh jQ fuu wd.ñl mqo ms<sfj;a iys;
fn!oaO ixialD;sh ksid ukd miqìula ielisKs' tfia u nqoaO Ydikfha m%Odk .sys wdrCIlhd
jYfhka rcqf.a ld¾h Ndrh o jeo.;a úh' ta wkqj foajdkïmsh;siai rcq nqoaO wd{dj we;=<; jdih
lrkq leue;sj wkqrdOmqr k.rh o we;=<;a fldg iSud nkaOkh lrk f,i b,a,d isáfha h
^uydjxi" m'15 .d'82" 83&' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka fu;eka mgka nqoaO Ydikh wdrCId lsÍu ,la
rcqf.a m%Odk j.lSu njg m;a jQ wdldrh hs'
fuf,i nqoaOd.u ,la rcfha wd.u njg m;a fldg iiqkg mQ¾K wkq.%y oelaùfuka ;%smsgl
O¾ufha wdrCIdjg uy;a msgqn,hla ie,isKs' ^rdyq, ysñ" 1989" ms'65-80&' ,laÈj ;%smsgl O¾ufha
wdrCIdj i|yd rdcH;ajh úiska ,nd fok ,o wkq.%yh iEu l,ays lemS fmksKs' ñys÷ uyry;ka
jykafiaf.a wd.ufhka miq isxy,hkaf.a cd;sl wd.u njg nqoaOd.u m;a úh' nqoaO Ydikfha m%uqL
wdrCIlhd njg m;a jQfha ,la rcq h ^rdyq, ysñ" 1992" ms'17&' nqÿ iuh yr moaO;sh jYfhka ;nd
f.k ks¾udKh jQ ,laÈj ixialD;sh ;=< NsCIqka jykafia,d muKla fkdj rcqf.a mgka idudkH
mqrjeishd olajd ish¨ fokd u nqoaO Ydikfha wdrCIdj msKsi l%shd l< msßila njg m;a úh'
,laÈj m<uq ix.dhkdfjka miq ñys÷ ysñhka /f.k wd foaYkd md<sh yd wgqjd iajfoaYsh
ck;djf.a m%fhdackh i|yd fy<Èõ NdIdjg fmr<Su o isÿ jQ nj u;hls' tfy;a f:rjd§ ;%smsglh
md,s NdIdfjka u mj;ajkakg we;ehs is;sh yel' foaYkd md<sh ;=< fy< mdG olakg fkd ùu;a
nqoaOf>daI ysñhka fy< wgqjd md,shg fmr¿E nj úkd fy< niska ;snQ md<shla .ek i|yka fkd
lsÍu;a ;%smsglh fy< niska fkd ;sì njg idOl fõ' uydwßÜG m%uqL iajfoaYSh NsCIQyq fuu
ix.dhkdjg iyNd.s fjñka u.O niska wd nqoaO ld,Sk wgqjd isxy,g keÕ=jd muKla fkdj kj
fy< wgqjd o ksmojQy' ñys÷ udysñhka úiska fm< oyu y÷kajd §u;a iuÕ u ,laÈj jeisfhda th
mßj¾;kh lsÍu yd w¾:l:kh lsÍu o wdrïN l<y'
ñys÷ ysñhkaf.a yd nqoaOf>daI ysñhkaf.a ld,h w;r furg ks¾udKh jQ fy< wgqjd
.Kkdjls' fï w;r uydwÜGl:dj hkqfjka nqoaOf>daI ysñhka ish lD;sj, m%Odk uq,dY%hla f,i
olajd we;af;a isxyf,ka ;nk ,o uq¿ ;%smsglhg u l< wgqjdjls' fufia uydmÉpÍ yd l=rekaÈ
wd§ jYfhka isxyf,ka ;nk ,o wgqjd yhla ms<sn| u,,fialr uy;d ^1965" ms'50& i|yka lr hs'
,laÈj úkh ix.dhkdfjka miq ;u ld¾h Ndrh wjfndaO lr .;a ,laÈj NsCIQ mrmqr w¾:l:k
iïm%odh jvd;a W;al¾Ij;a f,i mj;ajdf.k .sh o uq,a nqÿ iufha b.ekaùï úmÍ; fkd lsÍug;a
tys ks¾u,;ajh wdrCId lsÍug;a j. n,d .;ay' nqÿ iuh Wmka ìu jQ bkaÈhdfjka yd bka miqj
th me;sÍ .sh rgj,ska wNdjhg .sh o ,laÈj th fï olajd wdrCId lr .ekSug yels ùfï
l%shdj,sh msgqmi we;af;a fï wgqjd iïm%odh hs'
isxy, NsCIqyq ;%smsglh lgmdvï lsÍfuka yd mqyqKq lsÍfuka fuka u fy< w¾:l:k
iïm%odhla ks¾udKh lsÍfuka o ,laÈj nqÿ iuh ld,-foaY jYfhka Wmøjj,ska f;drj mj;ajd
f.k hdug mshjr .;ay' ioaO¾ufha ÑriaÓ;sh i|yd fm< yd wgqjd wdrCId lsÍug m%dfhda.sl jev

13. 13
ms<sfj<la ,dxlSh NsCIqj úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,§' mdrïmßlj ,dxlsh NsCIqjf.a Wreuh fuka u
j.lSu o jQfha ioaO¾ufha wdrCIdj yd meje;au Wfoid tlS ld¾hNdrh lemùfuka bgq lsÍu hs'
tla mrmqrlska B<Õ mrmqrg ysñjk Wreuhla f,i uyf;rjre ;%smsglh fuka u wgqjd o /l
.;ay'
ñys÷ ysñhka úiska ,laÈj f.fkk ,o nqoaO NdIs;h yd tys wgqjd Ndr;fha úYajikSh
idys;H iïm%odhlska meje; tkakla nj ms<s.; yels h' uyry;=ka iys; uydf:Íh mrmqr úiska
ix.dhkd ;=klg Ndckh fldg" wkH ,íëka fuka u uydidx>sl wd§ ifydaor fn!oaO
ixialrKj,ska o wdrCId fldg yels;dla uq,a nqoaO foaYkdjg wdkqYx.sl f,i mj;ajd f.k tk
;%smsglhla ,laÈjg o /f.k tk ,oehs is;sh yels h' j¾;udkfha olakg ,efnk fï md<s
;%smsglh O¾udfYdal rcqf.a ld,h jk úg iïmQ¾K ù ;snqK;a ke;;a ñys÷ udysñhka úiska
,laÈjg /f.k tk ,oafoa wfYdal wjÈh f;la uyf;reka úiska ksielj yd iq/lsj mj;ajd
f.k meñKs nqÿ iuh úh hq;= h' md<s ;%smsglh ,laÈjg ,eîu ms<sn| phs,av¾ia" ´,avkan¾.a"
fjiag¾.dâ" l+ka" *%Ekala" Íia fâúâia hqj<" .hs.¾ we;=¿ ngysr úh;=ka úiska iajlSh u; bÈßm;a
fldg we;' fï ms<sn| .eg¨ u;= ù we;af;a md,s NdIdfõ kscìu fldfyao hkak .ek fiùug
Tjqka úiska olajk ,o n,j;a Wkkaÿj ksid nj fmfka (Hazra, 1998, p.17-44)' flfia jqj;a
,laÈjg ,enqKq md<s ;%smsglh ñys÷ ysñhkaf.a kscìu jQ WÊchsksfha meje;s ixialrKhla úh fkd
yels h' fndfyda ÿrg úYajdi lghq;= idCIs wkqj md<s ;%smsglfha .%ka: jeä fldgila ,laÈjg ,eì
we;af;a u.O yd wdkaø m%foaY iuÕ ;snQ ixialD;sl iïnkaO;d Tiafia nj ms<s.ekSu hs ^chúl%u"
1969" ms'58&'
oUÈj Wmka nqÿ iuh wjqreÿ oyila hk úg uq¿ukska u tráka w;=reoka ù .sfha h' tfy;a
nqÿ oyu f,dal jHdma; wd.ula njg m;a l< wfidal wêrdcHhd ksid f:rjd§ nqÿ iuh ,xldj"
nqreuh" ishu jeks rgj, wo olajd u ia:dms; j ;sfnkq olakg ,efí' thskq;a msßisÿ f:jd§ nqÿ
iuh wo olajd iq/lsj mj;skafka Y%S ,xldfõ nj f,dal jdiSkaf.a ms<s.ekSu hs' kQ;k f,dalfha
fkdfhla rgj,g f:rjd§ nqÿ oyu ,nd fok ,oafoa Y%S ,xldj úisks' tneúka fï rg f:rjd§ nqÿ
oyfuys flakaøia:dkh f,i i,lkq ,efí ^O¾ulS¾;s ysñ" 1995" ms'50&' f:rjd§ iïm%odh m%Odk
ksldh njg m;a jq ,xldfõ md<s ;%smsglh wdrCId lsÍu" jHdma; lsÍu yd fmdaIKh lsÍu i|yd
iaÓr jev ms<sfj<la ks¾udKh ù ;sìKs'
f:rjdo hkafkys iQ;%d.; w¾:h jkafka hï O¾uhla weiQ úg th iaÓr f,i isf;a
OdrKh lsÍu hs' ñg mQ¾jx.uj [dKjdoh msysgd ;sfí' [dKjdoh hkq hula lS muKska th
fmr<d lSug we;s yelshdj fkdfyd;a lshk ,oao kej; lSu hs' flfkl=g lshk ,o foa fmr<d
lSu kï jQ yelshdj fyj;a [dKjdoh we;' tfy;a ta lS fofhys iaÓrj msysàu fyj;a f:rjdoh
ke; ^fÄudkkao ysñ" 1992" ms'13&' isoaOd¾: f.!;uhka flfrys [dKjdoh jQ oekSu fuka u
f:rjdoh kue;s iaÓrNdjh o msysgd ;snQ nj wßhmßfhaik iQ;%fha i|yka fõ ^uÊCêuksldh1"
ms'404&' wgqjd.; ks¾jpkh wkqj ioaO¾ufha iaÓNdjh wfmaCId l< iïm%odhla f,i f:rjdoh
y÷kajd we;s wdldrh thska meyeÈ,s h' tfia jqj;a ,laÈj f:rjdoh f,i w¾:l:kh fldg we;af;a
;%smsglh wdrCId l< NsCIq ixia:dj hs'

14. 14
fï wkqj f:rjdoh hkakg u; folla we;' m<uq jekak" ;%smsgl O¾uh iaÓr Ndjfha
msysgjd lgmdvñka mj;ajd f.k tkafkah hk w¾:h hs' fojekak kï" wgqjdpd¾h u;h jk
uydldYHmd§ uyf;rjrekaf.a jdo mrïmrdj fkd lv fldg orkafka h hkakhs' flfia fj;;a
md<s ;%smsglh f:rjd§kaf.a uQ, .%ka:dj,sh jQ fyhska tajd o f:rjdo kñka y÷kajd we;' fï wkqj
f:rjdo O¾uh jkafka iQ;%" úkh" wNsO¾uh hk ;%smsglh hs' ,xldj" nqreuh" ishï wd§ rgj,
;%smsglh fuka u f:rjdohg we;=<;a wgqjd" àld" m%lrK" ikak" .egmo" ix.%y wd§ mßjdr lD;s
ksmoùfuka md,s idys;H fmdaIKh fldg we; ^fÄudkkao ysñ" 1992" ms'15&' ,laÈj f:rjdoh
iïmQ¾K jkafka fulS mßjdr idys;Hh o tla fldg .ekSfuks'
f:rjdoh Y; j¾I úis myl muK ld,hla nqÿka jykafiaf.a Y%s uqL foaYkdj ksle<e,aj
wdrCId l< iïm%odh f,i ie,fla' Wkajykafia wdrïNfha § u foaYkd lrk ,o O¾u" isoaOdka;
yd úkh m%{ma;s fkd lv fldg wdrCId lsÍfï f.!rjh f:rjd§kag ysñ fõ ^wNhjxi" 1999" ms'18&'
nqÿka jykafia Wmka Ndr;fha Y; j¾I folla jk úg f:rjd§ iïm%odh len,sj,g ì£ f.dia
wNdjhg .sh o ,xldj tys wdrCIs; ia:dkh njg m;a úh' tla w¾:hlska ,laÈj f:rjd§ka hkq
ñys÷ uyf;rekaf.ka meje; tk wdpd¾h mrïmrdj hs' ;j;a w¾:hlska f:rjdoh ix.S;sldrl
uyry;a mrmqr úiska iqrlsk ,o ks¾u, nqoaO foaYkdj we;=<;a ;%smsglh hs(World Scriptures, 1991,
p.15)' fï ksid f:rjdoh hkqfjka nqÿka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï w¾:j;a jqj o th uq,a nqÿ iuh
iq/lsj mj;ajd f.k meñKs NsCIq iïm%odh jYfhka ye¢kaùug o iqÿiq nj ms<sf.k we; (The
World’s Religions, 1982, p.235)'
wÜGl:dj,g wkqj f:rjdoh yd md<sh fjk fjk u olajd ;sîfuka fï fol tlla fkd
jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' f:rjdoh hkqfjka woyia jkafka md<sh u fkd jk nj jðr[dK ysñfhda
^2000" ms'85& mji;s' ta wkqj f:rjdoh hkqfjka woyia lrk ,oafoa ;%smsgld.; iQ;% ms<sn| hï hï
wjia:dj, f:Íh wdpd¾hjreka úiska ork ,o u;jdoh hs' nqoaOf>daI ysñhkaf.a wjOdkhg ,lajQ
Wm;siai" Mqiaifoj" uydmÿu" uydiqïu hk ia:úrhka jykafia,d f:jdofha wdÈ l¾;Djrfhda jQy'
Wkajykafia,d úiska O¾u úkh ms<sn| ork ,o u;jdo wgqjdj, idlÉPd fldg we;' tlS u;jdo
md<sfhka fjka fldg oelaùu i|yd w;a;fkdau;s fyda wdpßhjdo f,i y÷kajd we;' w;a;fkdau;s
kñka y÷kajk ,oafoa iQ;%" wNsO¾u" úkh wÜGl:djkays wdjd jq ish¨ f:rjdohka h' tfia u f:ßh
wdpd¾hjrhka hkq ,laÈj uydúydÍh wdpd¾hjdo wkqj .sh mrïmrdj hs'
fuhska meyeÈ,s jk lreKla we;' tkï uydúydÍh wdpd¾h mrmqr úiska fm<;a ta ms<sn|
;sfnkakd jQ w¾:l:k;a fjk fjk u mj;ajd f.k meñKs nj hs' fï l%ufõoh ksid ;%smsgld.;
O¾ufha fjkila fyda ixiaalrKhla we;s lsÍug wjldYhla NsCIqkag fkd ù h' fuu iïm%odh ;=<
wdpd¾hjreka úiska iQ;%dka; ms<sn| flr;rï w¾:l:k yd u;jdo bÈßm;a l< o tajdhska
;%smsglfha ks¾u,;ajhg ydkshla lr fkd .kakd ,§' ,laÈj ia:úrjd§yq ;%smsgld.; nqoaO jpkh
Y=oaO ,sheú,a,la fia mú;%j wdrCId l< w;r bÈßm;a lrk ,o u;jdo Bg ñY% fkd fldg wgqjdj,
fjk u ;enQy' fï ksid ,laÈj nqoaO foaYkdfõ ks¾u, Ndjh ;yjqre ùug wgqjdlrKh o m%n,
fya;=jla jQ nj fmfka' Ndr;fha § nqoaO foaYkdj úúO ixialrKj,g Ndckh ùug fya;=jla jQfha
tu fm< ;=<g u ixialrK we;=<;a lsÍug hdu hs' ld,-foaY jYfhka fufia ;%smsglh ixialrKh
lsÍug hdfuka uq,a nqÿ iufha ,CIK uelS .sfha h' nqoaOf>daI ysñhka úiska wgqjdlrKh wdrïN

15. 15
fldg md,s NdIdj NsCIQkaf.a wd.ñl NdIdj njg m;a lsÍfuka f:rjdoh jvd;a by<g Tijd ;nk
,§'
uydhdk fuka fkd j ,laÈj f:rjd§ iïm%odh ia:djr Ndjhlg m;a ù ;sîu ksid miq
ld,Skj ;odikak rgj, o md<s ;%smsglh uy;a ms<s.ekSug ,laúh' tneúka ,laÈj wdrCId jQ md<s
;%smsglh merKs;u fn!oaO uq,dY%h jYfhka i,ld ol=Kq È. rgj, o uekúka jHdma; úh' nqreuh"
;dhs,ka;h" ldïfndach" iy ,d´ih jeks rgj,a f:rjd§ rgj,a njg m;a ùug ,xldj iuÕ
meje;a jQ fï wd.ñl in|;d jeo.;a úh (Hazra, 1991, p.170)' tfldf<dia jk ishjfia muK
w.aksÈ. wdishdfõ rgj,g nqÿ iuh kue;s c, oyr .,d .sfha ,laÈj f:rjd§ W,am;ska nj
ms<s.efka' kQ;k nqoaOd.u ms<sn| ngysr úh;=ka w;r uydhdkh W;=re nqÿ oyu jYfhka o f:rjd§
md<s ;%smsglh ol=Kq nqÿ oyu f,i o idlÉPdjla wdrïN jQfha fï miqìu weiqßKs (Hackmann,
1988, p.93)' W;=re-ol=K jYfhka nqÿ oyu fnod olajd we;af;a N+f.da,Sh jHdma;sh ms<sn| idOlh
i,ld fkdj uydhdk yd f:rjdo hk uyd fn!oaO iïm%odhka fol ms<sn| idlÉPdjla lsÍu i|yd
nj meyeÈ,s h'
f:rjd§ nqÿ iuh b.ekajq úoHdia:dkh f,i uydúydrh úfoaYhkays o m%p,s; úh' tksid
w;S;fha § ;%smsglh yd tys wgqjd ;=,kd;aul f,i yeoEÍu i|yd nqoaOf>dI" úYdL" ms;su,a, yd
Oïumd, jeks mçjre uydúydrhg meñKshy' uydúydrh Èjhsfka fuka u úfoaYhkays o f:rjd§
nqÿ iufha Wkak;sh Woid uyÕ= fufyhla bgq l< nj fmfka' uydúydrh f:rjd§kaf.a
flakaøia:dkh f,i m%isoaO jqj;a b;a-isx kï Ök jkaokdlre wNh.sßh o f:rjd§ úydrhla f,i
y÷kajd we; ^lreKdr;ak" 1969" ms'83&' uydúydrh;a wNh.sßh;a ms<s.;af;a tl u ;%smsglh jqj;a
úkh msglfha we;eï O¾u fldÜGdY ms<sn| fjkia jQ újrK meje;sKs' wNh.sßjdiSka úiska
bkaÈhdfjka meñKs OïureÑ kï ksldhla ms<s.ekSu yd f.daGdNh rc iufha ffj;=,Hjdoh
wNh.sß úydrfha m%pdrhùu ksid f:rjd§ iïm%odfha ienE Wreu fmkaùug Tjqkag fkd yels úh'
ffj;=,Hh jdohg úreoaO jQ Wiais,sh;siai ysñ ish wkq.dñl msßi legqj wNh.sßh yer oud oCIsK
úydrfha jdihg .shy' fuhska miq lf,l id.,sl f;rekaf.a kñka id.,sl ksldh hehs ;=kajk
ksldhla wdrïN úh ^tu" ms'85&' id.,sl ksldh uydúydrhg ;Èka úreoaOj isá ksldhls'
wNh.sßl fyda id.,sl fyda uydúydrhg tfrysj .sh ,laÈj we;s jQ fjk;a ksldhla úiska
fyda md,s ;%smsglh m%;sfCIam l< njla lsis ;efkl i|yka fkd fõ' tfy;a úúO ld,j, §
furgg meñKs uydhdk m%jK;djkag myiqfjka yiq jQ neúka Tjqkag ;%smsglh ;ukaf.a tl u
weoys,a, jYfhka ;nd .ekSug fkd yels úh' fï ksid ;%smsglh ksle<e,aj mj;ajd .ekSfï tl u
f.!rjh uydúydrhg ysñj ;sfí' uydúydrfhka neyerj .sh NsCIqka f:rjd§ iïm%odh m%;sfCIaam
lrk ,§' Tjqyq O¾u úkh ksoyfia w¾: újrKh l< w;r uydhdk wd§ úfoaY wd.ñl
m%jK;djkag újD; Ndjhla m< l<y' tfy;a f:rjd§yq fojk ix.dhkdfõ mgka u O¾u úkh
ms<sn| lsishï fyda fjkialula we;s lsÍug úreoaOj isáhy' uydúydrh n,j;aj isá neúka
f:rjdo yd uydhdk jYfhka ,laÈj we;s jQ ksldhka;r jdo ksid md<ss ;%smsglhg nrm;, wk;=rla
fkd jq nj is;sh yel' tfy;a fj;=,H msglh jeks uydhdk .%ka:j,g kï ,laÈj wdrCIs;
ia:dkhla fkd ù h'
f:rjd§ka ;%smsglh fjkia fkd fldg /l .ekSug fndfyda fjfyi .;a nj jxYl:d yd
wgqjd weiqßka ;yjqre lSÍug W;aidy ord we;' tfy;a wjqreÿ fooyia mkaishhla ;rï È.= ld,hla

16. 16
;=< tys flaj, mßY=oaO;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu Wkajykafia,dg myiq lghq;a;la fkd ù h ^nqoaOo;a;
ysñ" 1960" ms' xviii&' fuhg n,j;a u ndOlh jQfha ksldh fNao fyj;a wdpd¾jdo hs' nqoaO
mßks¾jdKfhka miq Y; j¾I folla we;=<; fkdfhla u;jdo we;s jQ w;r tajd uq,a fldg úúO
ksldhka ìys jkakg úh' nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka j¾I ishhla .; jk ;=re NsCIqka w;r m%Odk
fn§ula we;s fkd ù h' tfy;a fojk ix.dhkdfjka miq u;fNao W.% ù jÊð mq;a;l NsCIqka
oioyila /ia ù uydf:r iïm%odh m%;sfCIam lrñka mdG,smq;%fha uydix.S;s kñka fjk;a
ix.dhkdjla fldg m<uq ksldh fNaoh isÿ lrk ,§' thska Y; j¾Ihla we;=<; merKs f:rjd§
iïm%odh fldgia 11lg fn§ .sh w;r uydidx>sl kñka ye¢kajQ wmr ksldh fldgia 5lg fn§
.sfha h ^isxy,§mjxih" m'4 .d'90-93&' fufia ksldh oy wglg fn§ .sh iiqk ,laÈj wÜGl:d
mßj¾;k ld,h jk úg ;j;a j¾Okh ù meje;sKs' ta wkqj uyfiak rc wjÈh jk úg ,laÈj
f:rjd§yq uydúydrjdiS úNÊcjd§yqh" wNh.sjdiS O¾ureÑlfhdah" fÊ;jkjdiS id.,slfhda h"
hkqfjka fldgia ;=klg fn§ isáhy'
tfia jqj;a Ndr;fha fuka fkdj ,laÈj f:rjdohg tfrysj .sh wdpd¾hjdohkag ksoyfia
keÕS isàug ;snQ bv lv weysÍ ;sìKs' thg tla fya;=jla jQfha ,laÈj nqÿ iuh /f.k meñKs
úYajikSh ;eke;a;d jYfhka ñys÷ udysñhka ish¨ fokd úiska u wújdofhka ms<s.ekSu hs'
Wkajykafia ;%smsglh muKla fkdj wgqjd o /f.k wd nj ,laÈj wgqjdjkays i|yka lsÍfuka
meyeÈ,s jkafka furg ;j;a wdpd¾hjdohlg ta fjkqfjka l< yels lsisjla fkd ;sì nj hs' flfia
fj;;a ,laÈj fujeks wdl,amhla jQfha uydúydßl NsCIQkag muKla nj fmfka' Ndr;fha ;%smsglh
ksoyia u;OdÍkaf.a n,mEïj,g yd NdIdka;r ixialrKj,g ,laùug ndOdjla fkd ù h' ,laÈj
fuka ;%smsglh fjkqfjka fmkS isák uyd iïm%odhla ks¾udKh ùug Ndr;fha miqìula fkd
;sìKs' Ndr;fha meje;s wd.ñl" iudÔh yd NdId;aul fjkialï ksid l,ska l,g nqoaO foaYkdj
ksoyfia ixialrKhkag n÷ka jk wdldrh oelsh yel'
fojeks ix.dhkdfjka miq ksldh ìysùu;a iuÕ úúO mCI wkqj .sh O¾u .%ka:
ks¾udKh ùu wdrïN úh' tfia fn§ .sh jÊð mq;a;l NsCIqka úiska uq,a O¾u ix.%y ì| wkH O¾u
ix.%yhla l< nj §mjxYh i|yka lr hs ^isxym§mjxih" m'4" .d'71&' ta wkqj Tjqyq tlg ix.%y
fldg ;snQ iQ;% fldgia wka ;ekl ;enQy' ksldh myg we;=<;a O¾uh o tys w¾: o fjkia l<y'
úkh msglfha idrdxYh jk mßjdrh o wNsO¾uhg wh;a fldgia yh o máiïNsod" ksoafoai yd
cd;lj,ska fldgila o hk fuf;la fldgia bj;a fldg wfkla .%ka:hla ksmehQy ^f;dauia" 1962"
ms'48&' fuf,i O¾uh yd úkh fjkia lsÍu wkH Ydikhla fyj;a fjk;a O¾u-úkhla ìys ùug
fya;= úh'
ffj;=,Hjd§ka úiska o ;ukaf.a u msglhla ix.%y lrk .kakd ,§' ffj;=,Hjd§yq
nqÿrÿka f,dj kQmka nj;a Wkajykafia ;=iS foõ f,dj isg wj;drhla muKla fuf,djg tjQ nj;a
mejiQy ^rdyq, ysñ" 1989" ms'91&' Tjqka úiska f:rjd§ msglh nqoaO foaYkdjla fkdj wdkkao ysñf.a
m%ldY f,i y÷kajk ,§' mQ¾K kï fjf<kafol= O¾uOd;=j kï uydhdk .%ka:hla ,laÈjg f.kd
nj;a wNh.sßjdiSka tu .%ka:hg mQcd meje;ajQ nj;a ksldh ix.%yh i|yka lr hs ^ksldhix.%y"
ms'16&' m<uq jk fiak rcq oji ^l%s'j'840& jdðÍhjdo kï ryia nK úfYaIhla ,laÈjg f.kd nj o
tajd r;k iq;%dÈhg úreoaOj W.;a nj o ksldh ix.%yfha mejfia' l%s'j' 973 § kd,kaod
úYajúoHd,fhka ;%smsgldpd¾h Wmdêh ,;a O¾ufoaj kï f;rkula Ökhg f.dia

17. 17
uydfõmq,a,OdrKS kï lD;shla rpkd l< nj i|yka fõ ^nqoaOo;a; ysñ" 1960" ms'16&' fï wdldrhg
uydhdkfha n,mEï Tiafia md<s ;%smsglhg neyeßka .sh idys;Hhla fn!oaO rgj, fuka u ,laÈj o
me;sr .sh wjia:dj, § uydúydÍh NsCIqka buy;a lem lSÍula fldg iajlSh ;%smsglh yd f:rjd§
iïm%odh wdrCId lsÍug lghq;= l<y' Wkajykafia,df.a w¾:l:k iïm%odh mjd iqrCIs; lrk ,§'
tneúka nqoaOf>daI ysñ jeks ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka meñKs wgqjd¾hhka o mßCId fldg
Wkajykafia,df.ka ,laÈj f:rjd§ iïm%odhg wk;=rla isÿ fkd jk nj iel yer oek f.k u
uydúydrfha mqia;ld,j, fmd;a m;a ,nd §ug ;SrKh l< nj fmfka ^nqoaOo;a; ysñ" 2002" ms'148&'
fkdfhla ksldhdka;rjdohkag yiq jqj o ish¨ j¾.fha ixialrKhkag fmdÿ jQ uq,a
;%smsglhla mj;skakg we;ehs hk úYajdih neyer l< fkd yel' ksoiqkla f,i f:rjd§ka yd
i¾jdia;sjd§kaf.a O¾u .%ka:j, ie,lsh hq;= ;rï ÿrlg iudk;ajhla olakg ,eîu úfYaI;ajhls'
ta wkqj fï ksldh folg fn§ .sh ;%smsgl ixialrK fol uq,ska m%dlD; NdIdfjka fmdÿ
ie,eiaulg wkqj ;sfnkakg we;ehs úYajdi flf¾ ^f;dauia" 1962" ms'58&' miq lf,l ksldhhka
jYfhka ì£ hdu ksid fï ;%smsgl ixialrK fol fjka fjka jYfhka yev .efikakg we;' iEu
fn!oaO iïm%odhlu moku f,i ie,flkafka uq,a nqoaO jpkh hs' th fkdfhla ksldhka úiska
úia;r lrk ,o nj i;Hhls' f:rjdoh o tjeks w¾:l:k iïm%odhls' f:rjd§ ;%smsglh ta whqßka
u fkd ms<s.;a; o fjk;a fn!oaO iïm%odhkag wh;a O¾u ix.%y ;=< o tys fldgia wvq jeä
jYfhka olakg ,efí ^wNhjxi" 1999" ms'19&' thska fmkS hkafka lskï iïm%odhla Tiafia j¾Okh
ù .sh o ish¨ fokdg u fmdÿ jQ uq,a ;%smsglhla mejf;kakg we;s nj hs' Ydik b;sydifha f:rjd§
iïm%odh úiska isÿ l< fiajh yd lemùu úuid n,k l, md<s ;%smsglh wvq u ixialrKhlska
hq;a; j meje; tk ;%smsglh nj ms<s.; yels h'
,laÈj uydúydÍh f:rjd§ iïm%odhg úreoaO j hñka úúO ksldhka úiska tajdg wdfõKsl
jQ O¾u .%ka: l< o th ;djld,sl úh' ,laÈj meje;s ksldhdka;rjdoh f:rjdofhka neyer jQ
;%smsgl idys;Hhg ys;lr mßirhla fkd ù h' ,laÈj WmkakdjQ fyda úfoaYhkays isg f.fkk ,o
fyda fjk;a ksldhsl O¾u .%ka: wO¾ujdo fia i,ld ys;du;d úkdY lsÍu fyda ld,fha je,s
;,dfjka je<,Shdu msKsi fkd i,ld yeÍu ksid fyda wNdjhg .sfha h' fjdaydßl ;siai rcq
^l%s'j'214-236& uydúydrhg fuka u wNh.sßhg o wkq.%y lrk w;r wO¾ujdohla f,i i,ld
ffj;=,Hjdoh u¾okh l< nj uydjxifha i|yka fõ ^uydjxih" m'63 ms'157&' tys § rcqf.a
ksfhda.fhka ffj;=,H O¾uh ,shejqKq fmd;a m;a nqoaO NdIs;hg wkql+, fkd jk nj i,ld .sks
;nd úkdY lrk ,§' ffj;=,Hjdoh nqoaO foaYkdjg mgyeKs hhs i,ld tajd úkdY lsÍug mshjr
.;a; o ksoyia Ñka;khla iys; jQfha kï uydúydrjdiSka l< hq;= j ;snqfKa fï ms<sn| m%isoaO
újdohla yd idlÉcdjla meje;aùu h ^lreKdr;Ak" 1969" ms'84&' túg tu fmd;am;a wdrCId ùug
miqìula we;s fõ' ,laÈj úúO úIhkag wh;a f;dr;=re wdrCId lsÍu yd jd¾;d lsÍu i|yd NsCIqka
úiska bgq l< uyÕ= ld¾h Ndrh foi n,k l, fujeks ;;ajhka fkd isÿúh hq;a;ls' uyfika rc
wjêfha uydúydrh yd wNh.sßh w;r we;s jQ .egqïj,§ o wd.ñl lD;s rdYshla úkdY jkakg
we;' tys § uydúydrfha ;snQ fmd;a m;a n,fhka wNh.sßhg f.k hk ,§' uydúydßlhkaf.a mCIh
f.k ,shk ,o uydjxi wdÈ b;sydi jd¾;dj, o wkH ksldhsl O¾u .%ka: fkd i,ld yer ;sfí'
oekg b;sßj we;s fujeks .%ka: w;ßka úuqla;su.a." ioaOïfudamdhkh" cd;lÜGl:dj yd
idikj;a:qmamlrKh jeks lD;s wNh.sßjdiSkaf.a hehs wkqudk flf¾ ^O¾ulS¾;s ysñ" 1995" ms'74&'

18. 18
fmd;a m;aj,g .re nqyquka lrk ,o ixialD;shla ks¾udKh ù ;snQ ,laÈj fufia fmd;a m;a úkdY
lsÍu úu;sh okjkakls' fï wdldrfhka ksldh fNaoh ksid uydhdksl fyda fjk;a fn!oaO
.=rel=,j,g wh;a .%ka: úkdY lsÍug ,laÈj § miqng fkd jQfha l=ula ksid o hkakg we;af;a tl
u fya;=jls' tkï" ,laÈj f:rjd§ iïm%odhg wk;=rla f,i meje;sh yels ish¨ u jHdmdr
uq,skqmqgd oud tys iqrCIs;;dj we;s lsÍu úh yels h' tfia u th ks¾u, ;%smsglfha wdrCIdj msKsi
wkq.ukh l< lgql l%shd ud¾.hla o úh yels h'
f;dr;=re yd ±kqu ld,-wjldYSh jYfhka m%pdrh lsÍfï § NdIdjg jeo.;a ;ekla ysñ fõ'
nqÿka jykafia ffjÈl NdIdfjka nqoaO foaYkdj ;eîug úreoaO jQfha tu NdIdj mKaä; f.dpr
fmdÿ ck jHjydrh blaujd isá NdIdjla jQ neúks' nqÿka jykafiaf.a WmfoaYh jQfha fmdÿ ck
jHjydrh O¾uh foaYkd lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrkak hkakhs' fï ksid uq,a wjÈfha mgka u nqoaO
foaYkdj mßj¾;kh lsÍu i|yd m%dfoaYsh NdIdjka fhdod .eksK' ;ukaaf.a NdIdfjka ioaO¾uh
bf.kSug idudkH ck;djg nqÿka jykafia úiska ,nd ÿka ksoyi fuhg fya;= jkakg we;'
tneúka O¾ufha mßj¾;k yd ixialrK úYd, m%udKhla ìys jQ wdldrh fmfkkakg ;sfí' nqÿ
iuh /f.k wd úg u fy< wgqjd ks¾udKh lsÍug ,lajdiSka ks¾Nhj fhduq jQfha fuu ksid úh
hq;= h' tfia jqj;a f:rjd§yQ uq,a nqoaO jpk wdrCId lsÍug jvd;a Wkkaÿ jQy' ta i|yd m%ñ; NdIdj
jYfhka md,s NdIdj f;drd .kakd ,§'
kQ;k úoaj;=kaf.a m¾fhaIK wkqj md<s ;%smsglfha nqÿ iufha merKs;u iajNdjh ksrEmKh
jk nj ms<sf.k we;' ixialD;" m%dlD;" Ök" áneÜ wd§ NdIdj,ska nqoaO foaYkdjka ix.%y fldg
we;;a tjd mYapd;a ld,Sk úldYkhka f,i ie,fla ^fÄudkkao ysñ" 1992" ms'12&' md,s NdIdj ms<sn|
u;jdo úu¾Ykfha fh§ we;a;jqka úiska ;%smsglh ix.%y jQ merKs;u NdIdj f,i md,s NdIdj
y÷kajd § we; ^pkaøisß ysñ" 2007" ms' 52&' ia:úrjd§ka úiska md,sh nqÿka jykafia l:d l< NdIdj
f,i i,ld ;%smsglfha NdIdj njg m;a lrk ,§' kQ;k md,s NdIdj jQ l,S nqÿka jykafia úiska
foaYkd lrk ,o ;%smsglh yd ta wdY%s;j ,shk ,o wgqjd" àld" wd§h ,shd we;s NdIdj hs' ;%smsglh
ye¢kaùu i|yd o md<sh fyj;a fm< hkak uq,a wjêfha Ndú; fldg we; ^{dkdrdu ysñ" 2003"
ms'33&' ;%smsglh yd mYapd;a ;%smsgl idys;H i|yd md,s NdIdj iïu; NdIdj jYfhka fhdod
.ekSfuka nqoaO foaYkdfõ wdrCIdjg uy;a fiajhla ie,isKs'
nqÿka jykafiaf.a foaYkdj md,s fyj;a ud.ë NdIdfjka meje;a jQ nj f:rjd§yq
wújdofhka ms<s.ks;a' wfYdal ld,fha § úfoaYhkays m%pdrh lrk ,oafoa md,sfhka meje;s tu
;%smsglh nj ms<s.; yels h ^fÄudkkao ysñ" 1992" ms'12&' flfia jqj;a ;ïnmKaKs jYfhka ye¢ka
jQ ,xld§mh yer wka m%foaYj,ska fufia m%pdrh lrk ,o ;%smsgl O¾uh l,a hdfï § wNdjhg
.sfha h' ke;skï ta ta foaYhkays NdIdka;rhkag ixialrKh fyda mßj¾;kh ùfuka úm¾hdi ù
.sfha h' úfgl th u;jdo yd ksldh jdohkaf.ka ¥Is; úh' tfy;a ,laÈjg f.kd nqÿ iuh
ksremøs; úh' nqreuh" ishu" ldïfndac wd§ rgj, md,s ;%smsglh jHdma; jQj o ta miq ld,hl § h'
md,sfhka u ;%smsglh ;eîu ksid m%dfoaYSh ixialrKj,g ;snQ wjldY je<lS .sfha h' tneúka fï
iEu rglska u tl u úêfha msglhla fidhd .ekSug yels úh'
fy< wgqjd md,s NdIdjg mßj¾;h lsÍu ,laÈj f:jd§ka úiska nqoaO foaYkdfõ Ñria;sÓh
yd jHdma;Ndjh i|yd .;a ldf,daÑ; l%shdud¾.hls' ta i|yd uydúydÍh NsCIQkaf.a Wkkaÿjg
fya;=j ta jk úg wNh.sßh yd fÊ;jk ksldhj, O¾u .%ka: ixialD; NdIdfjka ;sîu úh yels h'

19. 19
fy< wgqjd wOHhk lsÍu úfoaY isiqkag wmyiq jQ neúka foaYdka;r jdiSkaf.a m%fhdackh i|yd tajd
md,shg kÕk ,§' fï ld,h jk úg Ndr;Sh NsCIQyq ksldhdka;r jdohkag yiq j isáhy' NsCIqka
úiska fy< wgqjd md,shg keÕSfuka ñys÷ ud ysñhka úiska y÷kajd ÿka nqÿ oyu úmÍ; fkd fldg
ukdj wdrCId l< yels miqìula we;s úh' fï ksid uydhdkjdohkaf.a n,mEfuka f:rjd§ nqÿ
iuh wdrCId l< yels úh' fuhska miq md,s wÜGl:d cd;Hka;r ms<s.ekSug ,la jQ w;r ,xldj
f:rjd§ nqÿ oyfï flakaøia:dkh njg m;a úh ^úfÊnKavdr yd fudrgqj.u" 2004" ms'314&' O¾uh
m%pdrh lsÍfï § uq,a wjêfha m%dfoaYSh jYfhka úúO jQ NdId fhdod f.k ;sfnkakg we;' tfy;a
;%smsgl O¾ufha wdrCIdj msKsi iïu; NdIdjla m<uq ix.dkdfõ isg u Ndú; jkakg we;' th
nqÿka jykafia O¾uh foaYkd l< NdIdj fkd jkakg fya;=jla ke;' fï ksid md,s NdIdj Y=oaO jQ
NdIdjla f,i i,lk ,§' ñksid Wm;ska u l:d lrk yd ÈjH f,dalj, mjd jHjydr lrk NdIdj
jYfhka md,s NdIdj ms<sn| úYajdihla fn!oaOhka ;=< we;'
nqÿka jykafia fm< ud.ë NdIdfjka foaYkd lrk ,oafoa th f;areï .ekSug myiq jk
neúks' fjk;a NdIdjlg keÕ+ l< nqÿ oyu w;s ÿIalrj W.; hq;= h' ;%smsgl O¾uh md,s NdIdfjka
;eîug fya;= jQ lreKq máiïNsodu.a.ÜGl:dfõ ^isxy," ms'7& i|yka fuu lreKqj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ
' flfia fj;;a f:rjd§ nqÿ iuh uekúka yeoEÍug md,s NdIdj oek .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' ;%smsglh
bx.%Sis" isxy, fyda fjk;a l=uk NdIdjlg mßj¾;kh fldg we;;a md<s ;%smsglh ms<sn| mßmQ¾K
mßj¾;khla tajdhska isÿ ù fkdue;s nj úh;=kaf.a o ms<s.ekSu hs'
nqÿ iuh iajfoaYSh ck;djg y÷kajd §u i|yd tys mßj¾;khla wjYH úh' j¾;udkfha §
jqj o nqÿ oyu f,djg y÷kajd §fï § f,dalfha jHjydr jk ´kEu NdIdjla Ndú; lsÍug ndOdjla
ke;' tneúka úúO NdIdjkag ;%smsglh mßj¾;kh fldg we;s nj fmfka' tfy;a u;= jk .eg¨j
jkafka tu kQ;k NdIdj,ska nqoaO foaYkdfõ kshu w¾: u;= l< yels o hkakhs' tneúka f:rjd§
iïm%odh ;=< l=uk NdIdjlska ;%smsglh mßj¾;kh l< o O¾ufha kshu w¾: f;areï lsÍu i|yd
md,s NdIdj oek .; hq;=h hkakg újdohla ke;' ;%smsglh yd wgqjd i|yd iïu; NdIdjla
mßyrKh lsÍu flfrys f:rjd§ka wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï jeo.;alu fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ'
md,s NdIdj ;%smsglfha NdIdj jQfhka tys w¾: újrKj, meyeÈ,s;djla we;s lsÍug md,s
wgqjd u jeo.;a úh' úúO jQ jHjydr NdIdjka ksid nqoaO foaYkdj tajdhska ;enQ l< úmÍ; Ndjhg
m;a fõ' f,dalfha ñksiqka l:d lrk NdIdjka ld,dkqrEm j úm¾hdij,g n÷ka fõ' .%ka:d.;
NdIdjla jk neúka md,s NdIdj fuu ;;ajfhka wdrCId ù we;' tlu NdIdjla mßyrKh fldg
;%smsglh yeoEÍfï § iïu;hla we;sj f,dj mqrd ck;djg th wOHhkh lsÍug wjia:dj ,o yels
fõ' tuÕska md,sh cd;Hka;r NdIdjla njg o m;a úh' jvd jeo.;a u lreK jkafka nqoaO
foaYkdfõ uQ,sl ixl,am w¾: ksrEmKh lsÍug md,s NdIdj ;rï fhda.H NdIdjla fkdue;s ùu hs'
md<s ;%smsglh yereKq úg m%dfoaYsh NdIdjka Tiafia ixialrKhg ,la fjñka meje; tk
bmerKs ;%ssmsgl lsysmhla wdishd;sl rgj,ska y÷kd .; yels h' ,laÈj f:rjd§ka md,s ;s%msglh
f,aLk.; l< wdldrfhka uydhdkslhka úiska o iqúi,a ;%smsgl idys;Hhla iïmdokh l< njg
ft;sydisl lreKq we;' jrla mQ¾j foaYfha l=iqï mqrh kï ia:dkhl isá ú¥ kï n%dyauKfhl=
úiska ixialD; ;%smsglhla ix.%yhla l< nj i|yka fõ' tys tla ldKavhl ,CIh ne.ska Yaf,dal
úh' iEu .%ka:hla u nqÿrÿkag mQcd flfrk mßÈ fuu ;%smsglfha msgm;a ody;la iïmdokh lrk
,§' mYaÑu kï foaYhl úiQ rcl= úiska o uydhdk ;%smsglhla rpkd lsÍug l%shd l< nj i|yka

20. 20
fõ' tys § rcq uydhdkslhkaf.a msglh fld;rï m%udKhla oehs NsCIQkaf.ka úuiS h' NsCIqyq túg
;%smsglfha Yaf,dal fldaá úiaila úoHudk jk nj rcqg mejiQy' rcq fï ish¨ .%ka: ,shd NsCIQkag
;E.s l< nj;a miq lf,l tajd kd,kaodjg /f.k .sh nj;a jd¾;d fõ ^f¾j; ysñ" 2001" ms'71&'
fojk ix.dhkdfjka miq fn§ .sh ia:úrjdo yd uydhdk fldgia úiska iïmdokh lrk
,o fkdfhla ;%ssmsglhka Ndr;fha ;snQ kd,kaod" j,NS" úl%uYs,d" c,oao,d yd ´oka;mqÍ jeks merKs
fn!oaO úYaúoHd,j, mqia;ld,j, tla /ia úh' hqjEka pqjEka yd bÜisx hk Ök foaYdgl NsCIQkaf.a
jd¾;d wkqj kd,kaod iy j,NS hk úYajúoHd, foflys fujeks O¾u .%ka: úYd, jYfhka meje;s
nj fmfka ^ndm;a" 2006" ms'238-248&' tu úYajúoHd,j, fn!oaO .%ka: yeoEÍu msKsi úfoaYhkays isg
meñKs msßi yd tajdfha wOHdmkh ,nd m%ùK;ajhg m;a wdpd¾hjreka úiska Ndr;fha muKla
fkdj áneÜ" Ökh wd§ rgj, fuu msgl .%ka: fnod yßk ,§' j¾;udkfha wmg tlS rgj,ska
fidhd .; yels ù we;s ;%smsgl .%ka:j,ska o fï nj jvd;a meyeÈ,s fõ'
nqoaO foaYkdj mqrdK Ndr;fha meje;s úúO ksldhka úiska úúO m%dlD; NdIdj,ska ix.%y
fldg ;sìKs' tajdfha mßj¾;k fyda ixialrK Ök yd áfnÜ NdIdj,ska oeka wmg yuq fõ' tfia
jqj;a md,s ;%smsglh ;rï iïmQ¾KNdjhla tajdfhys fkdue;s ùu úfYaI;ajhls' ta wkqj fï jk úg
lsishï bmerKs uQ,dY%hlska m%Njh ,nd we;s ;%smsgl ix.%y y;rla j¾;udkfha y÷kd.; yels j
;sfí' tkï"
1' md<s ;%smsglh
2' Ök ;%smsglh
3' áneÜ ;%smsglh
4' ixialD; ;%smsglh hkqfjks'
fuu O¾u .%ka: fuys § ;%smsglh jYfhka ye¢kajqj o kQ;kfha § md<s ;s%msglh yer
wfkl=;a .%ka: fjk;a kï j,ska jHjydr m;aj we;' flfia jqj;a fuu ish¨ msglhkag uq,dY%h jQ
uQ, msglhla meje;s nj is;sh yels h' fï fn!oaO iïm%odhkag fmdÿ uQ,dY%h úfYaIhla mj;skakg
we;ehs úYajdi lsÍug fya;=j jkafka fï úúO msglhkays úiu;d fuka u hï hï m%udKj,ska
iudk;d o mefkk neúKs' tfia;a fkd jkafka kï uq,a hq.fha § úúO NdId yd m%dfoaYSh ;;ajhka
hgf;a ixialrKh fjñka meje;s nqoaO jpkh fïjdg uQ,dY% jkakg we;'
oykj jeks ishji w. Nd.fha § uOHu wdishdfõ fkdfhla ia:dkj,ska m%dlD;" ixialD;"
Whs.+¾" fgdldßhka" fLdagdka" l=Ñka" fid.aähka yd fjk;a m%dfoaYSh NdIdj,ska ,shk ,o fn!oaO
.%ka: rdYshl msgm;a hqfrdamShhkag fidhd .; yels úh' fuhska iuyrla .%ka: n¾É fmd;=j, ,shd
;sìKs ^Oïudf,dal ysñ" 2007" ms'38&' ,laÈj ;%smsglh mqia;ldrEV jk ld,h jk úg;a fujeks msgl
.%ka: úúO udOHhka Ndú; lrñka f,aLk .; lsÍu wdrïN ù meje;s nj fmfka' ,laÈj NsCIQkag
jvd uydhdkslhka ksoyia f,i fï i|yd f,aLk øjH Ndú; lrkakg we;ehs is;sh yel'
uydhdksl yd fjk;a bmerKs fn!oaO uQ,dY%h i,ld ne,Sfï § meyeÈ,s jk jeo.;a
lreKla jkafka f:rjd§ ;%smsglfha we;s ia:djrNdjh yd mßmQ¾K Ndjh hs' uydhdkh nqqÿ iuh
ráka rgg fjkia ù .sh o ol=Kq nqÿ iuh f,i ye¢ka jQ f:rjd§ nqÿ iuh Y%S ,xldfõ fuka u
nqreufha yd ishfï fkd fjkiaj meje;sKs' ta wkqj md,s ;%smsglh fï rgj, § ie,lsh hq;= ;rï
úm¾hdi jk mßÈ ixialrK yd mßj¾;kj,g ,la fkd ù h' Y; j¾I .Kkdjla fn!oaO Ñka;dj
wLKavj wdrCId l< fï rgj, uq,a nqÿ iuh mj;sk nj ms<sf.k we; (Hackmann, 1988, p.95)'

21. 21
f:rjd§ nqoaO O¾uh uq,a nqÿ iuh f,i fyda msßisÿ nqÿ iuh f,i f,dal jdiSka úiska úiska
idlÉPdjg .ekSug fya;=j jkafka ;%smsglfha mj;sk fuu mßmQ¾K Ndjh yd ft;sydislj Tmamq
flfrk wLKav;dj hs' md,ss ;%smsglh fuka mq¾fjdala; wkH msglhka úêu;aj ix.%y jq wjia:djla
b;sydifha oelsh fkd yels h' tajd fndfyda úg ;ks ;ks mqoa.,hkaf.a m%h;akhka uÕska ks¾udKh
jQ .%ka: iuQyla f,i fmkS hhs' tfia u fï .%ka: iDcqj u úúO NsCIQkaf.a fm!oa.,sl ixialrK
yd mßj¾;k nj o fmfka' tajd ixialrKh lsÍfï § yd mßj¾;kfha § Tjqkag f:rjd§ka fuka
iSudjla fkd ù h' ksoiqkla f,i ol=Kq È. f:rjd§ka md,s NdIdfjka u ;%smsglh ;eîug m%fõiï
jqj;a W;=relrfha § fjk;a m%dfoaYSh NdIdjka .Kkdjla ta i|yd fhdod .kakd ,§'
tfia u uydhdk .%ka: yd thska úlis; fjk;a msglhka f,aLk.; lsÍula meyeÈ,sj
olakg we;' tajd .%ka: jYfhka ;ndf.k yeoEÍu" mßj¾;k" ixialrK yd f,djmqrd m%pdrh lsÍu
i|yd fï ksid myiqjla we;s úh' f:rjd§ md,s ;%smsglhg idfmaCIj Bg jvd iqúi,a yd me;sreKq
O¾u.%ka: rdYshla fï wjÈh jk úg Ndr;fha yd W;=re m%foaYfha meje;s nj is;d.; yels h'
tfy;a l,a hk úg wd.ñl Nla;sfhka fuu .%ka:j,g mqo mQcd mj;ajñka fmd;a.=,aj, iqrCIs;
lsÍug fhduq jQ neúka tajdfha úkdYh isÿ úh' oek W.;a fcHIaG NsCIqkag muKla mßyrKh l<
yels fohla njg fuu .%ka: m;a ùu ksid fmd;a m;a wdrduj, fmd;a.=,aj,g muKla iSud úh'
tajd mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd NdKl fyda fjk;a Ydiksl iïm%odh úfYaIhla ù kï tajd o hgm;a
ù .sfha h' hqoaOj, § fujeks fmd;a m;a ;ekam;a l< ia:dk úkdYhg m;a úh' fï m%foaYj, meje;s
r¿ foaY.=Ksl ;;ajhka flfiaj;a fuu fmd;a m;aj, ;sr meje;aug fhda.H fkd jQ nj is;sh yel'
oykj jeks ishjfia § bmerKs ia;+m yd úydr fmd;a.=,aj, ixialD;" áfnÜ" Ök yd
fudxf.da,shdkq ixialrK jYfhka b;sß ù meje;s fuu .%ka: fldgia jYfhka fidhd .kakd ;=re
u tajd úkdY fjñka meje;sKs' idys;Hhla f,aLk.;j fyda fõjd pdpkd ud¾.fhka fyda fõjd
tys ia:djr Ndjh ;yjqre l< yels jkafka ta fjkqfjka ixúOdkh jQ lemùï iys; mrmqrlg
muKla nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ' fï ksid f:rjd§ NsCIq iïm%odh úiska nqoaO foaYkdj ix.dhkd
fldg ixúOdkh lsÍfuka yd fkd lv fldg wdrCId lsÍfuka isÿ lrk ,o fiajh ft;sydisl
jeo.;alula orkakla muKla fkd fõ' tuÕska md<s ;%smsglh j¾;udkh olajd ksremøs;j mj;ajd
.ekSug yelshdj Wod úh' kùk f,dalhg Y%S ,xldj le|jdf.k hd yels iqúfYaIS n,fõ.hla f,i
f:rjd§ ;%smsglh yd ta ms<sn| wOHhkh y÷kajdÈh yels h'
.%ka: kdudj,sh(
wÈldrï" B' ví,shQ' ^1963&" merKs ,laÈj fn!oaO b;sydih"
fla' fla' Ô' chj¾Ok iy iud.u" fld<U
wfíkdhl" T,sj¾ ^2009&" md,s wOHhkh úu¾Yk" ixia' jkñ;j m[a[dr;k ysñ iy
my<.u Oïñl ysñ" úfÊiQßh .%ka: flakaøh" uq,af,aßhdj
wNhjxi" lms, ^1999&" fn!oaO wOHhkh" weia' f.dvf.a" fld<U"
wx.=;a;r ksldh 2 ^2005& nq'c';%s'.%"ud"mq'" wxl 19" fn!'i'u'" foysj,
lreKdr;ak" ioaOdux., ^1969&" ksldh fNaoh yd Ydia;% mßydksh"ksldh fNaoh yd Ydia;% mßydksh"ksldh fNaoh yd Ydia;% mßydksh"ksldh fNaoh yd Ydia;% mßydksh"

22. 22
,xldfõ wOHdmkh ishji m%ldYkh" wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl wud;HxYh" fld<U
fÄudkkao ysñ" yEf.dv ^1992&" f:rjdo kHdh" ;rxð m%skag¾ia" uyr.u
pkaøisß ysñ" ,shfka.u ^2007&" md,s NdIdjhs úu¾Ykhhs" l¾;D" fodïfma
pq,a,j.a. md<s 2 ^2005& nq'c';%s'.%"ud"mq'" wxl 5'2" fn!'i'u'" foysj,
chúl%u" tka' ta' ^1969&" md,s idys;H lD;s iïmdokhmd,s idys;H lD;s iïmdokhmd,s idys;H lD;s iïmdokhmd,s idys;H lD;s iïmdokh"
,xldfõ wOHdmkh ishji m%ldYkh" wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl wud;HxYh" fld<U
{dkdrdu ysñ" mdf;a.u ^2003&" md,s idys;Hmd,s idys;Hmd,s idys;Hmd,s idys;H" iï' ñKsjka mS' ;s,lr;a;k"
úYajidys;H" ixialD;sl lghq;= ms<sn| fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U
f;dauia" tâjâ' fÊ'" ^1962&" fn!oaO úka;dfõ b;sydih" .=Kfiak iud.u" fld<U
§> ksldh 2 ^2005& nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka:ud,d mqk¾uqøKh " wxl 8" fn!'i'u'" foysj,
§mjxih ^1970&" ixia' lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" weï'ã' .=Kfiak" fld<U
Oïudf,dal ysñ ^2007& ngysr f,dalfha nqÿyu yd fn!oaO wOHdmkfha iudrïNhngysr f,dalfha nqÿyu yd fn!oaO wOHdmkfha iudrïNhngysr f,dalfha nqÿyu yd fn!oaO wOHdmkfha iudrïNhngysr f,dalfha nqÿyu yd fn!oaO wOHdmkfha iudrïNh"
iïNdId" wOHdmk wud;HxYfha msßfjka YdLdj" fld<U" l,dmh 15
O¾ulS¾;s ysñ" ksjkaou ^1995&" ,laÈj nqÿ iiqk yd uy iÕ mrmqr"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fuka;=j" fld<U
kdro ysñ" Èh.u" ^2007& fn!oaO O¾u ix.dhkd" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U
máiïNsOdu.a.ÜGl:d ^2008&" mß' úfÊ;=x. ,shk mgne¢f.a O¾uodi"
md'w'is'm' wxl 25" fn!'i'u'" foysj,
ndm;a" ms' ù' ^2006&" fooyia mkaish jirl fndÿ iuh" iqfkr m%ldYlfhda" kqf.af.dv
nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a ^1960&" f:rjd§ fn!oaO o¾Ykh" fn!'i'u'" foysj,"
nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a ^2002&" md,s idys;Hh" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" fld<U"
uÊCêu ksldh 1 ^2005& nq'c';%s'.%"ud"mq'" wxl 10" fn!'i'u'" foysj,
u,,fialr" Ô' mS' ^1965&" ,xld md,s idys;H" tï'ã'.=Kfiak" fld<U
uydjxih isxy, ^2004&" fn!'i'u'" foysj,
uydj.a. md<s 1 ^2005& nq'c';%s'.%"ud"mq'" wxl 3" fn!'i'u'" foysj,
rdyq, ysñ" j,afmd, ^1992&" NsCIqjf.a Wreuh" weia' f.dvf.a" fld<U
rdyq, ysñ" j,afmd, ^1989&" ,laÈj nqÿ iufha b;sydih" weï'ã' .=Kfiak iud.u" fld<U
f¾j; ysñ" fodvïf.dv ^2001&" bkaÈhdkq nqÿiufha b;sydih" i§m m%ldYlfhda" fld<U
jðr[dK ysñ" fydrK ^2000&" ,laÈj úkh idys;Hh" tia' f.dvf.a" fld<U
úfÊnKavdr" pkaÈu iy fudrgqj.u" tÉ' tï' ^2004&" fn!oaO YsIagdpdr ( uq, O¾u yd
jxY l:dj" tia' f.dvf.a " urodk
úu,lS¾;s ysñ" ueo Whkaf.dv ^nq'j' 2498&" Ydik jxY m%§mh" ud;r fjf<kafoda" ud;r
isxy, iuka;mdidÈldj" 1 ldKavh" ^1975&" mß' wïn,kaf.dv Oïul=i, ysñ"
iaj¾Kud,S uå.,sld .=K;=å." fld<U 7

23. 23
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