SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 21
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Affordances of an ICT Tool
- Virtual & Augmented Reality
By Pang Choon Guan
and its use in Teaching and Learning
Affordances are actionable
properties that exist between an
object and an actor
(Gibson, 1979).
It is the perceived affordances not
the real ones that determine how the
object could possibly be used
(Norman, 1999).
Affordances can also be classified
into pedagogical, social and
technical affordances
(Wang, Woo & Chai, 2010).
What are Affordances?
Pedagogical or educational affordances
are characteristics of a resource that show
how a particular learning behaviour could
be enacted within the context.
Social affordances are aspects of the
learning environment that provide context
relevant to the learner’s social interaction.
Technical affordances are linked to
usability, ease, efficiency and capacity of
the tool to be used on various platforms
and ability to adapt to bandwidth of
connection (Bower, 2008)
What are Affordances?
What is Virtual &
Augmented Reality
(VR/AR)?
What is Virtual &
Augmented Reality
(VR/AR)?
VR is an immersive media experience that
replicates either a real or imagined environment
and allows users to interact with this world in
ways that feel as if they are there
(Owen et al, 2015).
3 Is - Immersion, Interactivity and
Information Intensity are affordances
of VR systems (Heim, 2008)
Immersion enhances learning by
enabling multiple perspectives,
situated learning, transfer of learning.
Dede (2009) elaborates that immersive
interfaces can foster educational
experiences based situated learning
(Lave and Wenger, 1991), where
learners interact with virtual entities.
Pedagogical Affordances of VR/AR
For example, immersion and
interactivity are key affordances of
a VR software called ‘The Climb’.
The student has the opportunity to
to experience mountain climbing
in a realistic manner by actions
such as gripping and chalking
(technical affordance).
This is done in a safe environment
and encouraged by peers and
values such as perseverance can
be taught (social affordance).
Pedagogical Affordances of VR/AR
Pedagogical Affordances of VR/AR
VR software provides 3D
visualisation and can assist
students to avoid 2D
‘imagination-caused spatial
misunderstanding’
(Cai, 2013).
Interactions between users
and virtual objects provide
realistic and dynamic
processes to enhance
learning.
In-Depth Learning Framework for VR applications (Cai, 2013)
(to deepen learning through
Immersive & Interactive Learning)
3D enabled
Visual
Learning
3D enabled
Simulation-
based
learning
3D enabled
Constructivist
Learning
3D enabled
Engaged
Learning
Students gain fresh
perspectives by going into the
virtual cell and manipulating its
organelles.
This facilitates students’
thinking of cellular structures
and functions through 3D
visualisation.
InCell VR game - students move
along a protein structure to try
to reach the nucleus faster than
invading viruses.
Pedagogical Affordances of VR/AR
Students are placed in a virtual
lab environment to manipulate
enzyme and substrate molecules.
This facilitates students’
understanding about enzyme
action at the molecular level.
They use VR controls (technical
affordances) to change variables
such as enzyme, substrate
concentration, pH levels, to see
the effect on enzymes.
Pedagogical Affordances of VR/AR
VR systems use a variety of intuitive
controls such as haptic and optical to
simulate presence and realism and
enable perceptible affordances.
Most current VR software are
designed on the premise that
knowledge is constructed by the
learner (Moore, 1995).
Gaver (1991) emphasizes the
importance of making affordances
perceptible through metaphors and
modalities such as tactile information
and sound to enable active
exploration of users.
Design of Affordances in VR/AR
In the Enzyme VR software, the
student opens a haptic left hand
control to intuitively change the
pH of the medium.
The student sees in real time
that the enzyme molecule
becomes enlarged and its active
site becomes denatured.
That aids in knowledge
construction to understand why
enzymes cannot work in highly
acidic or alkaline conditions.
Design of Affordances in VR/AR
In the Cells VR software, the
student opens a menu to
navigate which part of the cell
that she wants to find out more.
The perceived affordance of
autonomy aids in promoting
engagement and ownership of
learning.
For example, the student ‘holds’
and turns a cell membrane from
different angles in 3D space and
is able to better visualise the
components of cell membrane.
Design of Affordances in VR/AR
Lesson Design based on Affordances of VR/AR
• Lesson context - students
shown a video on 2003
SARS episode
• AR immersion - observe the
3D ‘crown’ structure of the
SARS coronavirus & compare
virus and cells
• 3D technology – see animation
of virus replication on 3D LED
TV screens.
Lesson Design based on Affordances of VR/AR
Lesson Design based on Affordances of VR/AR
Lesson Design based on Affordances of VR/AR
Comments by students on how VR enhances learning
• “When we used the 3D glasses to explore the cells on
the walls, we could see them clearly”
• “The VR experience was the best as it helped me to
better visualise the cell.”
• When we did research as a group and presented it. it
allowed me to find out more about the SARS disease.
• When the other groups presented their research, it
helped me know more about the disease.
Lesson Design based on Affordances of VR/AR
Development of Technical Affordances
Immersive learning
environments
for VR/AR experiences
The world’s first
head-mounted
VR system
(Sutherland,
1968)
A key affordance of VR is that it allows multi-sensory interaction and learners can
construct meaning from experience.
It makes the teaching of complex or abstract ideas useful as it provides a means
of visualization and allows natural hypothesis making (Christou, 2010).
VR offers the capabilities of dynamic representation of microscopic worlds such
as cells, molecules that can give rise to a more accurate reasoning to explain
scientific phenomena.
Playing with multiple representations in a virtual environment can help support
students’ learning in the domain of molecular and cell biology
(Ryan et al, 2018 in press).
Discussion
Discussion
Dalgarno and Lee, 2010

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Ähnlich wie Affordances of ict tool video assignment

Virtualization Technology For Cloud Computing Essay
Virtualization Technology For Cloud Computing EssayVirtualization Technology For Cloud Computing Essay
Virtualization Technology For Cloud Computing EssayLiza Schmid
 
Application of Virtual Reality in a Learning Experience
Application of Virtual Reality in a Learning ExperienceApplication of Virtual Reality in a Learning Experience
Application of Virtual Reality in a Learning ExperienceIJERA Editor
 
Essay On Augmented Reality And The Future Of Multimedia
Essay On Augmented Reality And The Future Of MultimediaEssay On Augmented Reality And The Future Of Multimedia
Essay On Augmented Reality And The Future Of MultimediaHeather Vargas
 
VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY IN THE PRESENT SCENARIO
VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY IN THE PRESENT SCENARIOVIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY IN THE PRESENT SCENARIO
VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY IN THE PRESENT SCENARIOIRJET Journal
 
"The Impact of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality on Learning Styles in th...
"The Impact of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality on Learning Styles in th..."The Impact of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality on Learning Styles in th...
"The Impact of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality on Learning Styles in th...IRJET Journal
 
AN APPLICATION OF PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS OF HIGH SCHOOL BY USING AUGMENTED REALITY
AN APPLICATION OF PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS OF HIGH SCHOOL BY USING AUGMENTED REALITYAN APPLICATION OF PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS OF HIGH SCHOOL BY USING AUGMENTED REALITY
AN APPLICATION OF PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS OF HIGH SCHOOL BY USING AUGMENTED REALITYijseajournal
 
Virtual Reality in Education
Virtual Reality in EducationVirtual Reality in Education
Virtual Reality in EducationBhavesh Joshi
 
Unleashing the potentials of desktop virtual reality as an educational tool
Unleashing the potentials of desktop virtual reality as an educational toolUnleashing the potentials of desktop virtual reality as an educational tool
Unleashing the potentials of desktop virtual reality as an educational toolsasithina
 
THE CASE FOR MIXED REALITY TO IMPROVEPERFORMANCEStuart W.docx
THE CASE FOR MIXED REALITY TO IMPROVEPERFORMANCEStuart W.docxTHE CASE FOR MIXED REALITY TO IMPROVEPERFORMANCEStuart W.docx
THE CASE FOR MIXED REALITY TO IMPROVEPERFORMANCEStuart W.docxmamanda2
 
Empowering humans in immersive learning environments
Empowering humans in immersive learning environmentsEmpowering humans in immersive learning environments
Empowering humans in immersive learning environmentsLeonel Morgado
 
RM_review_paper[1]rtghyrstgterytryhtryhr6tuhytr6u56u56u56u
RM_review_paper[1]rtghyrstgterytryhtryhr6tuhytr6u56u56u56uRM_review_paper[1]rtghyrstgterytryhtryhr6tuhytr6u56u56u56u
RM_review_paper[1]rtghyrstgterytryhtryhr6tuhytr6u56u56u56uCHIRAGGOWDA41
 
Augmented Reality - psychological & social aspects
Augmented Reality - psychological & social aspectsAugmented Reality - psychological & social aspects
Augmented Reality - psychological & social aspectsReid Perkins-Buzo
 
A study on real/virtual relationship through mobile augmented reality applica...
A study on real/virtual relationship through mobile augmented reality applica...A study on real/virtual relationship through mobile augmented reality applica...
A study on real/virtual relationship through mobile augmented reality applica...Laura Fedeli
 
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cadaveric Dissection
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cadaveric DissectionAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Cadaveric Dissection
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cadaveric DissectionAngie Brown
 
Bringing Learning to Life through Immersive Experiences
Bringing Learning to Life through Immersive ExperiencesBringing Learning to Life through Immersive Experiences
Bringing Learning to Life through Immersive ExperiencesCognizant
 
Presentation Es' Moon AR
Presentation Es' Moon ARPresentation Es' Moon AR
Presentation Es' Moon ARNurulSyamimi25
 

Ähnlich wie Affordances of ict tool video assignment (20)

Virtualization Technology For Cloud Computing Essay
Virtualization Technology For Cloud Computing EssayVirtualization Technology For Cloud Computing Essay
Virtualization Technology For Cloud Computing Essay
 
Application of Virtual Reality in a Learning Experience
Application of Virtual Reality in a Learning ExperienceApplication of Virtual Reality in a Learning Experience
Application of Virtual Reality in a Learning Experience
 
Essay On Augmented Reality And The Future Of Multimedia
Essay On Augmented Reality And The Future Of MultimediaEssay On Augmented Reality And The Future Of Multimedia
Essay On Augmented Reality And The Future Of Multimedia
 
VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY IN THE PRESENT SCENARIO
VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY IN THE PRESENT SCENARIOVIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY IN THE PRESENT SCENARIO
VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY IN THE PRESENT SCENARIO
 
virtual reality.pdf
virtual reality.pdfvirtual reality.pdf
virtual reality.pdf
 
"The Impact of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality on Learning Styles in th...
"The Impact of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality on Learning Styles in th..."The Impact of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality on Learning Styles in th...
"The Impact of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality on Learning Styles in th...
 
AN APPLICATION OF PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS OF HIGH SCHOOL BY USING AUGMENTED REALITY
AN APPLICATION OF PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS OF HIGH SCHOOL BY USING AUGMENTED REALITYAN APPLICATION OF PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS OF HIGH SCHOOL BY USING AUGMENTED REALITY
AN APPLICATION OF PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS OF HIGH SCHOOL BY USING AUGMENTED REALITY
 
F017553034
F017553034F017553034
F017553034
 
Virtual Reality in Education
Virtual Reality in EducationVirtual Reality in Education
Virtual Reality in Education
 
Unleashing the potentials of desktop virtual reality as an educational tool
Unleashing the potentials of desktop virtual reality as an educational toolUnleashing the potentials of desktop virtual reality as an educational tool
Unleashing the potentials of desktop virtual reality as an educational tool
 
Cook Augmented Contexts For Development
Cook Augmented Contexts For DevelopmentCook Augmented Contexts For Development
Cook Augmented Contexts For Development
 
THE CASE FOR MIXED REALITY TO IMPROVEPERFORMANCEStuart W.docx
THE CASE FOR MIXED REALITY TO IMPROVEPERFORMANCEStuart W.docxTHE CASE FOR MIXED REALITY TO IMPROVEPERFORMANCEStuart W.docx
THE CASE FOR MIXED REALITY TO IMPROVEPERFORMANCEStuart W.docx
 
Empowering humans in immersive learning environments
Empowering humans in immersive learning environmentsEmpowering humans in immersive learning environments
Empowering humans in immersive learning environments
 
RM_review_paper[1]rtghyrstgterytryhtryhr6tuhytr6u56u56u56u
RM_review_paper[1]rtghyrstgterytryhtryhr6tuhytr6u56u56u56uRM_review_paper[1]rtghyrstgterytryhtryhr6tuhytr6u56u56u56u
RM_review_paper[1]rtghyrstgterytryhtryhr6tuhytr6u56u56u56u
 
Augmented Reality - psychological & social aspects
Augmented Reality - psychological & social aspectsAugmented Reality - psychological & social aspects
Augmented Reality - psychological & social aspects
 
A study on real/virtual relationship through mobile augmented reality applica...
A study on real/virtual relationship through mobile augmented reality applica...A study on real/virtual relationship through mobile augmented reality applica...
A study on real/virtual relationship through mobile augmented reality applica...
 
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cadaveric Dissection
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cadaveric DissectionAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Cadaveric Dissection
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cadaveric Dissection
 
Bringing Learning to Life through Immersive Experiences
Bringing Learning to Life through Immersive ExperiencesBringing Learning to Life through Immersive Experiences
Bringing Learning to Life through Immersive Experiences
 
Presentation Es' Moon AR
Presentation Es' Moon ARPresentation Es' Moon AR
Presentation Es' Moon AR
 
Immersive Learning Environments
Immersive Learning EnvironmentsImmersive Learning Environments
Immersive Learning Environments
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Transforming PMO Success with AI - Discover OnePlan Strategic Portfolio Work ...
Transforming PMO Success with AI - Discover OnePlan Strategic Portfolio Work ...Transforming PMO Success with AI - Discover OnePlan Strategic Portfolio Work ...
Transforming PMO Success with AI - Discover OnePlan Strategic Portfolio Work ...OnePlan Solutions
 
Sales Territory Management: A Definitive Guide to Expand Sales Coverage
Sales Territory Management: A Definitive Guide to Expand Sales CoverageSales Territory Management: A Definitive Guide to Expand Sales Coverage
Sales Territory Management: A Definitive Guide to Expand Sales CoverageDista
 
Fields in Java and Kotlin and what to expect.pptx
Fields in Java and Kotlin and what to expect.pptxFields in Java and Kotlin and what to expect.pptx
Fields in Java and Kotlin and what to expect.pptxJoão Esperancinha
 
AI Embracing Every Shade of Human Beauty
AI Embracing Every Shade of Human BeautyAI Embracing Every Shade of Human Beauty
AI Embracing Every Shade of Human BeautyRaymond Okyere-Forson
 
Generative AI for Cybersecurity - EC-Council
Generative AI for Cybersecurity - EC-CouncilGenerative AI for Cybersecurity - EC-Council
Generative AI for Cybersecurity - EC-CouncilVICTOR MAESTRE RAMIREZ
 
20240319 Car Simulator Plan.pptx . Plan for a JavaScript Car Driving Simulator.
20240319 Car Simulator Plan.pptx . Plan for a JavaScript Car Driving Simulator.20240319 Car Simulator Plan.pptx . Plan for a JavaScript Car Driving Simulator.
20240319 Car Simulator Plan.pptx . Plan for a JavaScript Car Driving Simulator.Sharon Liu
 
online pdf editor software solutions.pdf
online pdf editor software solutions.pdfonline pdf editor software solutions.pdf
online pdf editor software solutions.pdfMeon Technology
 
ARM Talk @ Rejekts - Will ARM be the new Mainstream in our Data Centers_.pdf
ARM Talk @ Rejekts - Will ARM be the new Mainstream in our Data Centers_.pdfARM Talk @ Rejekts - Will ARM be the new Mainstream in our Data Centers_.pdf
ARM Talk @ Rejekts - Will ARM be the new Mainstream in our Data Centers_.pdfTobias Schneck
 
ERP For Electrical and Electronics manufecturing.pptx
ERP For Electrical and Electronics manufecturing.pptxERP For Electrical and Electronics manufecturing.pptx
ERP For Electrical and Electronics manufecturing.pptxAutus Cyber Tech
 
Cybersecurity Challenges with Generative AI - for Good and Bad
Cybersecurity Challenges with Generative AI - for Good and BadCybersecurity Challenges with Generative AI - for Good and Bad
Cybersecurity Challenges with Generative AI - for Good and BadIvo Andreev
 
Understanding Native Mobile App Development
Understanding Native Mobile App DevelopmentUnderstanding Native Mobile App Development
Understanding Native Mobile App DevelopmentMobulous Technologies
 
New ThousandEyes Product Features and Release Highlights: March 2024
New ThousandEyes Product Features and Release Highlights: March 2024New ThousandEyes Product Features and Release Highlights: March 2024
New ThousandEyes Product Features and Release Highlights: March 2024ThousandEyes
 
React 19: Revolutionizing Web Development
React 19: Revolutionizing Web DevelopmentReact 19: Revolutionizing Web Development
React 19: Revolutionizing Web DevelopmentBOSC Tech Labs
 
IA Generativa y Grafos de Neo4j: RAG time
IA Generativa y Grafos de Neo4j: RAG timeIA Generativa y Grafos de Neo4j: RAG time
IA Generativa y Grafos de Neo4j: RAG timeNeo4j
 
Webinar_050417_LeClair12345666777889.ppt
Webinar_050417_LeClair12345666777889.pptWebinar_050417_LeClair12345666777889.ppt
Webinar_050417_LeClair12345666777889.pptkinjal48
 
Watermarking in Source Code: Applications and Security Challenges
Watermarking in Source Code: Applications and Security ChallengesWatermarking in Source Code: Applications and Security Challenges
Watermarking in Source Code: Applications and Security ChallengesShyamsundar Das
 
Vectors are the new JSON in PostgreSQL (SCaLE 21x)
Vectors are the new JSON in PostgreSQL (SCaLE 21x)Vectors are the new JSON in PostgreSQL (SCaLE 21x)
Vectors are the new JSON in PostgreSQL (SCaLE 21x)Jonathan Katz
 
Deep Learning for Images with PyTorch - Datacamp
Deep Learning for Images with PyTorch - DatacampDeep Learning for Images with PyTorch - Datacamp
Deep Learning for Images with PyTorch - DatacampVICTOR MAESTRE RAMIREZ
 
Enterprise Document Management System - Qualityze Inc
Enterprise Document Management System - Qualityze IncEnterprise Document Management System - Qualityze Inc
Enterprise Document Management System - Qualityze Incrobinwilliams8624
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Transforming PMO Success with AI - Discover OnePlan Strategic Portfolio Work ...
Transforming PMO Success with AI - Discover OnePlan Strategic Portfolio Work ...Transforming PMO Success with AI - Discover OnePlan Strategic Portfolio Work ...
Transforming PMO Success with AI - Discover OnePlan Strategic Portfolio Work ...
 
Sales Territory Management: A Definitive Guide to Expand Sales Coverage
Sales Territory Management: A Definitive Guide to Expand Sales CoverageSales Territory Management: A Definitive Guide to Expand Sales Coverage
Sales Territory Management: A Definitive Guide to Expand Sales Coverage
 
Fields in Java and Kotlin and what to expect.pptx
Fields in Java and Kotlin and what to expect.pptxFields in Java and Kotlin and what to expect.pptx
Fields in Java and Kotlin and what to expect.pptx
 
AI Embracing Every Shade of Human Beauty
AI Embracing Every Shade of Human BeautyAI Embracing Every Shade of Human Beauty
AI Embracing Every Shade of Human Beauty
 
Generative AI for Cybersecurity - EC-Council
Generative AI for Cybersecurity - EC-CouncilGenerative AI for Cybersecurity - EC-Council
Generative AI for Cybersecurity - EC-Council
 
20240319 Car Simulator Plan.pptx . Plan for a JavaScript Car Driving Simulator.
20240319 Car Simulator Plan.pptx . Plan for a JavaScript Car Driving Simulator.20240319 Car Simulator Plan.pptx . Plan for a JavaScript Car Driving Simulator.
20240319 Car Simulator Plan.pptx . Plan for a JavaScript Car Driving Simulator.
 
online pdf editor software solutions.pdf
online pdf editor software solutions.pdfonline pdf editor software solutions.pdf
online pdf editor software solutions.pdf
 
ARM Talk @ Rejekts - Will ARM be the new Mainstream in our Data Centers_.pdf
ARM Talk @ Rejekts - Will ARM be the new Mainstream in our Data Centers_.pdfARM Talk @ Rejekts - Will ARM be the new Mainstream in our Data Centers_.pdf
ARM Talk @ Rejekts - Will ARM be the new Mainstream in our Data Centers_.pdf
 
ERP For Electrical and Electronics manufecturing.pptx
ERP For Electrical and Electronics manufecturing.pptxERP For Electrical and Electronics manufecturing.pptx
ERP For Electrical and Electronics manufecturing.pptx
 
Cybersecurity Challenges with Generative AI - for Good and Bad
Cybersecurity Challenges with Generative AI - for Good and BadCybersecurity Challenges with Generative AI - for Good and Bad
Cybersecurity Challenges with Generative AI - for Good and Bad
 
Understanding Native Mobile App Development
Understanding Native Mobile App DevelopmentUnderstanding Native Mobile App Development
Understanding Native Mobile App Development
 
New ThousandEyes Product Features and Release Highlights: March 2024
New ThousandEyes Product Features and Release Highlights: March 2024New ThousandEyes Product Features and Release Highlights: March 2024
New ThousandEyes Product Features and Release Highlights: March 2024
 
React 19: Revolutionizing Web Development
React 19: Revolutionizing Web DevelopmentReact 19: Revolutionizing Web Development
React 19: Revolutionizing Web Development
 
IA Generativa y Grafos de Neo4j: RAG time
IA Generativa y Grafos de Neo4j: RAG timeIA Generativa y Grafos de Neo4j: RAG time
IA Generativa y Grafos de Neo4j: RAG time
 
Salesforce AI Associate Certification.pptx
Salesforce AI Associate Certification.pptxSalesforce AI Associate Certification.pptx
Salesforce AI Associate Certification.pptx
 
Webinar_050417_LeClair12345666777889.ppt
Webinar_050417_LeClair12345666777889.pptWebinar_050417_LeClair12345666777889.ppt
Webinar_050417_LeClair12345666777889.ppt
 
Watermarking in Source Code: Applications and Security Challenges
Watermarking in Source Code: Applications and Security ChallengesWatermarking in Source Code: Applications and Security Challenges
Watermarking in Source Code: Applications and Security Challenges
 
Vectors are the new JSON in PostgreSQL (SCaLE 21x)
Vectors are the new JSON in PostgreSQL (SCaLE 21x)Vectors are the new JSON in PostgreSQL (SCaLE 21x)
Vectors are the new JSON in PostgreSQL (SCaLE 21x)
 
Deep Learning for Images with PyTorch - Datacamp
Deep Learning for Images with PyTorch - DatacampDeep Learning for Images with PyTorch - Datacamp
Deep Learning for Images with PyTorch - Datacamp
 
Enterprise Document Management System - Qualityze Inc
Enterprise Document Management System - Qualityze IncEnterprise Document Management System - Qualityze Inc
Enterprise Document Management System - Qualityze Inc
 

Affordances of ict tool video assignment

  • 1. Affordances of an ICT Tool - Virtual & Augmented Reality By Pang Choon Guan and its use in Teaching and Learning
  • 2. Affordances are actionable properties that exist between an object and an actor (Gibson, 1979). It is the perceived affordances not the real ones that determine how the object could possibly be used (Norman, 1999). Affordances can also be classified into pedagogical, social and technical affordances (Wang, Woo & Chai, 2010). What are Affordances?
  • 3. Pedagogical or educational affordances are characteristics of a resource that show how a particular learning behaviour could be enacted within the context. Social affordances are aspects of the learning environment that provide context relevant to the learner’s social interaction. Technical affordances are linked to usability, ease, efficiency and capacity of the tool to be used on various platforms and ability to adapt to bandwidth of connection (Bower, 2008) What are Affordances?
  • 4. What is Virtual & Augmented Reality (VR/AR)?
  • 5. What is Virtual & Augmented Reality (VR/AR)? VR is an immersive media experience that replicates either a real or imagined environment and allows users to interact with this world in ways that feel as if they are there (Owen et al, 2015).
  • 6. 3 Is - Immersion, Interactivity and Information Intensity are affordances of VR systems (Heim, 2008) Immersion enhances learning by enabling multiple perspectives, situated learning, transfer of learning. Dede (2009) elaborates that immersive interfaces can foster educational experiences based situated learning (Lave and Wenger, 1991), where learners interact with virtual entities. Pedagogical Affordances of VR/AR
  • 7. For example, immersion and interactivity are key affordances of a VR software called ‘The Climb’. The student has the opportunity to to experience mountain climbing in a realistic manner by actions such as gripping and chalking (technical affordance). This is done in a safe environment and encouraged by peers and values such as perseverance can be taught (social affordance). Pedagogical Affordances of VR/AR
  • 8. Pedagogical Affordances of VR/AR VR software provides 3D visualisation and can assist students to avoid 2D ‘imagination-caused spatial misunderstanding’ (Cai, 2013). Interactions between users and virtual objects provide realistic and dynamic processes to enhance learning. In-Depth Learning Framework for VR applications (Cai, 2013) (to deepen learning through Immersive & Interactive Learning) 3D enabled Visual Learning 3D enabled Simulation- based learning 3D enabled Constructivist Learning 3D enabled Engaged Learning
  • 9. Students gain fresh perspectives by going into the virtual cell and manipulating its organelles. This facilitates students’ thinking of cellular structures and functions through 3D visualisation. InCell VR game - students move along a protein structure to try to reach the nucleus faster than invading viruses. Pedagogical Affordances of VR/AR
  • 10. Students are placed in a virtual lab environment to manipulate enzyme and substrate molecules. This facilitates students’ understanding about enzyme action at the molecular level. They use VR controls (technical affordances) to change variables such as enzyme, substrate concentration, pH levels, to see the effect on enzymes. Pedagogical Affordances of VR/AR
  • 11. VR systems use a variety of intuitive controls such as haptic and optical to simulate presence and realism and enable perceptible affordances. Most current VR software are designed on the premise that knowledge is constructed by the learner (Moore, 1995). Gaver (1991) emphasizes the importance of making affordances perceptible through metaphors and modalities such as tactile information and sound to enable active exploration of users. Design of Affordances in VR/AR
  • 12. In the Enzyme VR software, the student opens a haptic left hand control to intuitively change the pH of the medium. The student sees in real time that the enzyme molecule becomes enlarged and its active site becomes denatured. That aids in knowledge construction to understand why enzymes cannot work in highly acidic or alkaline conditions. Design of Affordances in VR/AR
  • 13. In the Cells VR software, the student opens a menu to navigate which part of the cell that she wants to find out more. The perceived affordance of autonomy aids in promoting engagement and ownership of learning. For example, the student ‘holds’ and turns a cell membrane from different angles in 3D space and is able to better visualise the components of cell membrane. Design of Affordances in VR/AR
  • 14. Lesson Design based on Affordances of VR/AR
  • 15. • Lesson context - students shown a video on 2003 SARS episode • AR immersion - observe the 3D ‘crown’ structure of the SARS coronavirus & compare virus and cells • 3D technology – see animation of virus replication on 3D LED TV screens. Lesson Design based on Affordances of VR/AR
  • 16. Lesson Design based on Affordances of VR/AR
  • 17. Lesson Design based on Affordances of VR/AR
  • 18. Comments by students on how VR enhances learning • “When we used the 3D glasses to explore the cells on the walls, we could see them clearly” • “The VR experience was the best as it helped me to better visualise the cell.” • When we did research as a group and presented it. it allowed me to find out more about the SARS disease. • When the other groups presented their research, it helped me know more about the disease. Lesson Design based on Affordances of VR/AR
  • 19. Development of Technical Affordances Immersive learning environments for VR/AR experiences The world’s first head-mounted VR system (Sutherland, 1968)
  • 20. A key affordance of VR is that it allows multi-sensory interaction and learners can construct meaning from experience. It makes the teaching of complex or abstract ideas useful as it provides a means of visualization and allows natural hypothesis making (Christou, 2010). VR offers the capabilities of dynamic representation of microscopic worlds such as cells, molecules that can give rise to a more accurate reasoning to explain scientific phenomena. Playing with multiple representations in a virtual environment can help support students’ learning in the domain of molecular and cell biology (Ryan et al, 2018 in press). Discussion