Metals have played a significant role in human technological development throughout history. Modern jet engines contain seven key metals, with titanium and nickel being most prominent. Metals are found beneath the Earth's surface within mineral deposits and ores, and must be extracted through mining and processed to make them suitable for use. The extraction and processing of metals involves several steps from exploration of mineral deposits to mineral processing, smelting, refining, and transport. These steps can impact the physical environment through land use and effects on water, energy use, and emissions, as well as socio-economic impacts on local communities.

1. Pengolahan Mineral
Kuliah I
Pendahuluan
Prof. Dr. Ir. Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono, DEA
Departemen Metalurgi dan Material
Fakultas Teknik Universtas Indonesia

2. Importance of Metals
• Metals have played a significant role on the
technology and the quality of life of people
• Early history of human technology is divided
into the
– Stone Age (~2,000,000 y),
– Copper Age-Bronze Age (~2000 y)
– Iron Age (~2000 y)

3. Importance of Metals
Seven metals are present in today’s jet engines.
– A modern jet engine consists mostly of Ti and Ni
with decreasing amounts of Cr, Co, Al, Nb, and
Ta.
– Fe is not present in a modern jet engine!!!

4. Occurrence and Distribution
of Metals
• The solid portion of the Earth is called the
lithosphere.
• Concentrated metal deposits are usually
found beneath the Earth’s surface.

5. Occurrence and Distribution
of Metals
• The metal of interest usually needs to be
extracted from a large amount of
unwanted material
• Metals usually need further treatment to
make them suit our requirements.

6. Mineral
Solid inorganic compounds found in
nature in the lithosphere.
Ore
A mineral with a sufficient concentration for
the desired material to be economically
exploitable.

7. Important Minerals
Names of minerals are based on the location
of their discovery, the person who
discovered them, its color or some other
characteristic of the mineral.
The most important sources of metals are
oxides, and also sulfides and carbonates.

8. Table 1

9. Gambar 1. Mineral dan ikutannya

10. Latar belakang
• Indonesia daerah patahan / pertemuan
lempeng
• Memiliki deposit mineral beragam
• Jumlah “sedikit”
• Belum dimanfaatkan
• Jual “tanah air”

11. Metallurgy
The science and technology to
extract the desired metal from its
naturally occurring ore through
physical and chemical processes.

12. What is mining?
• “A process that begins with the discovery of mineral
deposits and continues through ore extraction and
processing to the closure and remediation of worked
out sites”
SOURCE: UNEP 1997, “Mining - Facts and Figures”, ‘Industry and Environment’, Oct.- Dec.
Copper
Bauxite
Gold
Iron
etc
Metals
Borates
Diamonds
Salt
Talc
Titanium(Rutile& Ilmenite)
etc
Industrial Minerals
Clay
Gravel / Sand
Stone
etc
Construction Minerals
Coal
Gas
Oil
Uranium
Energy Minerals
Mineral Types

14. Exploration:
•Finding
•Follow Up
•Proving
Development:
•Planning
•Land Clearing
•Construction
Crush /
wash mineral
Waste rock
removal
and mineral
extraction
Support Activities
•Water Extraction
•Land Rehabilitation and Revegetation
•Power Generation
•Maintenance of Equipment / Infrastructure
Waste disposal
Mineral
processing
Smelting and
refining
Bulk transport
Iron ore,
coal, stone
Copper,
aluminium
Industrial
minerals
What is mining?
Exploration:
•Finding
•Follow Up
•Proving
Development:
•Planning
•Land Clearing
•Construction
Crush /
wash mineral
Waste rock
removal
and mineral
extraction
Support Activities
•Water Extraction
•Land Rehabilitation and Revegetation
•Power Generation
•Maintenance of Equipment / Infrastructure
Waste disposal
Mineral
processing
Smelting and
refining
Bulk transport
Iron ore,
coal, stone
Copper,
aluminium
Industrial
minerals

21. Mineral extraction
• 3 Methods:
– Open Pit
• Conical excavation
• Drill or blast away ‘overburden’
• Remove ore for processing
– Underground
• Only used for high grade ore bodies at depth
– Placer Mining
• Extract precious metals from sand or gravel
• Mix material with sand or gravel and then agitate
• Wash away light fraction to leave mineral

22. Crushed /
washed
mineral
Gravity
separation
(coal, iron
ore)
Magnetic
separation
(titanium,
tungsten)
Flotation
(copper,
nickel gold)
Dewatering
and
filtration
Electrometallurgy
(Aluminium, lead)
Hydrometallurgy
(gold, nickel,
uranium, zinc)
Pyrometallurgy
(usually smelting
copper)
reagents reagents
tailings
emissions to air
Mineral processing and refining
Crushed /
washed
mineral
Gravity
separation
(coal, iron
ore)
Magnetic
separation
(titanium,
tungsten)
Flotation
(copper,
nickel gold)
Dewatering
and
filtration
reagents
Electrometallurgy
(Aluminium, lead)
Hydrometallurgy
(gold, nickel,
uranium, zinc)
Pyrometallurgy
(usually smelting
copper)
reagents
tailings
emissions to air

23. What kind of impacts can we expect?
• Physical
– Land
• Land use
• Biological diversity
– Energy
– Water
• Water use
• Water quality
– Global warming
– Acidification
– Resources
• Socio-economic
– Native Title
– World view
– Public health
– Employment
– Violence / alcoholism
– Education & training
– Community
sustainability