1.
SUBMITTED BY: ZEEL BOJAK
DEESHA KHAMAR
SHREYA RASTOGI
VISHWA RAMANI

2.
Indus valley Region

3.
IndusValleyCivilization
CLIMATE
TheIndusValleyCivilization livedina semi-aridregion butthestorms providedwater totheGhaggar–Hakra riversystem.Most Indus settlements
werelocatedalongthis rivernetworkand reliedonitforwater, whichwasessentialto theirfarmingpractices.Whenit driedup,thesociety
crumbledintooblivion.
Beginninginroughly2500 BCE,ashiftintemperaturesandweatherpatterns overtheIndus valleycaused summermonsoonrainstogradually
dryup, makingagriculturedifficultorimpossible nearHarappa cities.
TheInduscitiesarenoted fortheirurban planning,a technicalandpoliticalprocessconcernedwith theuseoflandanddesignoftheurban
environment.Theyarealsonotedfortheirbakedbrickhouses,elaboratedrainage systems,water supplysystems,andclusters oflarge,
nonresidentialbuildings.
HeclimatetodayintheIndus Valleyis semi-arid,wateredbywinterrains,seasonalstreams,andhumanlandscaping.
Theannualprecipitation intheIndusregionvariesbetween5and20inches(125 and510 mm).Exceptforthemountainous section ofPakistan,
theindus valleyliesinthedriestpartofthesubcontinent.Northwesternwindssweeptheupper Indusvalleyinwinterandbring4to8 inches
(100 to 200mm)ofrainfall—vitalforthesuccessfulgrowingof wheat andbarley.

4.
L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
L
F
Himalayan Cedar
Close-up of leaves
Family: Pinaceae (Pine family) Botanical name : Cedrus deodara
(Devdar)
Physical characteristics :
• one of the strongest woods in India
• It is used for construction and building, boat houses, doors,
furniture, wooden carvings.
• height 40–50 tall, exceptionally 60 m
• with a trunk up to 3 m in diameter
Foliage:
• bright green to glaucous blue-green in colour
• mostly 2.5–5 cm long, occasionally up to 7 cm long,
• slender (1 mm ) thick
• The female cones are barrel-shaped, 7–13 cm long
and 5–9 cm broad
• The male cones are 4–6 cm long.

5.
L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
L
F
Walnut
Family: Juglandaceae Botanical name: Juglans regia Linn.
(Akhrot)
Physical characteristics :
• It is a light-demanding species, requiring full sun to grow well.
• Height : 25–35 m
• Trunk : 2 m diameter
Foliage:
• Green colour
• pinnate leaves 200–900 millimetres , with 5–25 leaflets
• It is in great demand for making furniture, cabinet making and wood
carvings in Kashmir.
• they are about 10 cm (3.9 in) in length and have a large number of
little flowers.

6.
L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
L
F
Indian Rosewood
Physical characteristics :
• It is used for making furniture, construction and agricultural
implements.
• Height : 25 m
• Trunk : 2 to 3 m diameter
Foliage:
Family: Fabaceae Botanical name: Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.
• Leaves are leathery, alternate, pinnately compound and
about 15 cm long.
• Flowers are whitish to pink, fragrant, nearly sessile, up to 1.5 cm
long.
• The heartwood is brown, mottled with dark longitudinal veins, hard
and close-grained. It is highly esteemed for all purposes where
strength and durability are required.

7.
L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
L
F
• up to 13 meters (43 feet) tall
• deciduous shrub
• slender drooping branches an
• irregular crown
Aegle marmelos ( bael or bili or bhel)
• It occurs in dry , open forests on hills and plains at altitudes
from 0–1,200 m (0–3,937 ft) with mean annual rainfall of
570–2,000 mm (22–79 in).
• temperature tolerance from −7–48 °C (19–118 °F).
• flowers are 1.5 to 2 cm
• pale green or yellowish
• fruit has a diameter of between 5 and 10 cm
• fruit takes about 11 months to ripen on the tree
• Leaf or flower presence

8.
L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
L
F
TREE
Butea monosperma(DHAK TREE)
Physical characteristics
Deciduous
Small size dry season tree
Slow growing tree
Foliage
The leaves are pinnate
with an 8–16 cm (3.1–6.3 in) petiole
three leaflets, each leaflet 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) long.
Flower
The flowers are 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long
Bright orange-red

9.
L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
L
F
Physical characteristics
Foliage
The plant grows to 20–50 cm (8–20 in) high.
Flower
Chick pea PLANT
small, feathery leaves on either side of the stem
Chickpeas are a type of pulse
one seedpod containing two or three peas.
It has white flowers with blue, violet, or pink veins.
Dozens of varieties of chickpea are cultivated
throughout the world
The bushy 60-cm (2-foot) plants bear feathery pinnately compound leaves.

10.
L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
L
F
Physical Characteristics
Deciduous, Large shrub or small tree
Spreading habit
Not very rough, greyish bark
Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.)
Family-Annonaceae, Origin- Gujarat
Flower
Thick and Fleshy, Yellow green outide, pale yellow inside.
Fragrance, Receme 25cm long
Fruit
Pods, compound and segmented with thick knobbly skin, Greyish,
Creamy white, sweet
Foliage
Compound leaves, Tri foliate, Dull green on top, pale beneath,
with varigation, Glaborous.
Leaf- upto 15cm long, Leafless in winter
Leaf or flower presence
Remarks-
Common in Fruits orchards, small, gardens and nurseries
TREE

11.
L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
L
F
Physical Characteristics
large tree growing to 9 metres (30 ft) tall,
with rough, spiny bark.
Wood apple (Limonia acidissima L.)
Family-Rutaceae, Origin- Gujarat
Flower
flowers are white and have five petals
Fruit
Hard-shelled
Foliage
leaves are pinnate, with 5-7 leaflets,
each leaflet 25–35 mm long and
10–20 mm broad, with a citrus-scent when crushed
Leaf or flower presence
Remarks-
Wood apples are sometimes confused with bael fruit
TREE

12.
L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
L
F
Physical Characteristics
evergreen, often reaching 15–18 metres
(50–60 feet) in height and attaining
great age
Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
Family-Anacardiaceae, Origin- Gujarat
Flower
small, pinkish, and fragrant—are borne in large terminal panicles (loose
clusters)
Fruit
large drupe, but shows a great variation in shape and size. It contains a
thick yellow pulp, single seed and thick yellowish – red skin when ripe
Foliage
simple leaves are lanceolate, up to 30 cm
(12 inches) long
Leaf or flower presence
Remarks-
native tropical Asia and has been cultivated in the Indian
subcontinent for over 4000 years and is now found
naturalized in most tropical countries.
TREE