1. Chapter 1: Introduction
Indian Polity
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2. Introduction
 Basic structure of the political system
 Establishes the main organs of the state
 The Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary
 In a federal polity, the constitution delineates,
delimits and distributes powers between the
organs of state at Union level and those at the
level of the states.
 A living organism of functioning institutions

3. Constitution of India
 Adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26
November 1949.
 Came into full operation from 26 January 1950.
 Originally, adopted with 22 parts, 395 articles and 8
schedules.
 Amended time to time.

4. Constitution of India
 There have been as many as 94 amendments
from 8 schedules have gone up to 12.
 No. of Articles have increased from 395 to 448
 A number of new articles and new Parts have been
added.
 Several articles or even full Parts have been
repealed by constitutional amendments

5. Sources of the Constitution
ForeignIndigenous
Diverse & Many

6. Indigenous Sources
 Evolved through various representative responsible
governmental institutions.
 Small doses of Constitutional reforms
 Sources can be tracked back to the beginning of the
East India Co. and the British Rule
 Reference to Village Panchayats under the Directive
Principles was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi

7. Indigenous Sources
 Evolved through various representative responsible
governmental institutions.
 Small doses of Constitutional reforms
 Sources can be tracked back to the beginning of the
East India Co. and the British Rule
 Reference to Village Panchayats under the Directive
Principles was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi

8. Indigenous Sources
 Demands for some of the Fundamental Rights was
made as early as in 1918 at the Bombay session of
the Indian National Congress
 The commonwealth of India Bill in 1925 embodied
a specific "declaration of rights" including
 Equality before law
 Freedom of speech
 Assembly and religions, etc.

9. Indigenous Sources
 The Karachi Congress Resolution of 1931 contained
special reference for fundamental rights and
fundamental duties as well.
 Several social and economic rights mentioned in 1931
resolution found expression in Directive Principles
 A parliamentary system, safeguards for minorities
and a federal polity have had sources in the 1928
Nehru Committee Report.

10. Indigenous Sources
 The Madras session of the Congress in 1927
reiterated the demand for fundamental rights.
 10 of the 19 fundamental rights in the Nehru
 Committee Report appeared Substantially
unchanged in the constitution.

11. Indigenous Sources
 75% of the Constitution is the reproduction of the
Government of India Act,1935
 Basic structure of the polity
 Provisions regulating Union-State relations
 Declaration of Emergency

12. Foreign Sources
 Directive Principles from Irish Constitution
 Parliamentary system with ministrial responsibility
from the British
 Provisions making the President, the Executive
head of the State and Supreme
 Commander of the armed forces were from the U.S.
Model

13. Foreign Sources
 Vice-President, the ex-officio Chairman of the
Council of States from
 The U.S. Bill of Rights inspired our Fundamental
Rights
 The Canadian Constitution influenced our Federal
Structure and provisions relating to Union-State
relations.

14. Foreign Sources
 The Concurrent List in VII Schedule modelled on
the Australian Constitution.
 The German Reich influenced Emergency
Provisions
 Writs and Privileges have influence of the British
Constitution

15. Constitutional History of India
 Constitutional Government in Ancient India
 Concepts of democracy, representative institutions,
limitations on the arbitrary powers of the rulers, and the
rule of law were not alien to India
 Constitutional Landmarks in Modern India

16. Constitutional Landmarks in Modern India
 The Charter Act 1669
 For the first time, the company acquired the authority to
rule over a territory and its people
 Regulating Act of 1773
 British Parliament’s control over the company started
with this charter

17. Constitutional Landmarks in Modern India
 Pitts India Act 1784
 For political matters a board of control of 6 members was
appointed
 Charter Act of 1813
 The Act deprived the company of the monopoly of trade
in India
 Charter Act of 1833
 The Act differentiated the law making meetings of
Governor General-in- Council from its executive
meetings.

18. Constitutional Landmarks in Modern India
 The Indian Council Act of 1909
 This Act contained many of the reform proposals of
Minto-Morley
 Principle of communal representation was introduced for
the first time
 The Government of India Act, 1919
 Based on the Montagu-Chelmsford Report
 Indian Legislative Council was replaced by a bicameral
legislature
 Dyarchy was introduced in eight major provinces

19. Constitutional Landmarks in Modern India
 The Act of 1858
 The Act finally became "The Act for the Good
Government of India" of 1858
 Indian Council Act of 1861
 For the first time Indians were associated with the work
of legislation
 The Indian Council Act of 1892
 The entry of the elected members marked the beginning
of the new era in the life of the council.

20. Constitutional Landmarks in Modern India
 Wavell Plan and Simla Conference
 The interim council was to be Indianized with the
inclusion of Indian political leaders
 The viceroy (Lord Wavell) convened a conference of
Indian leaders at Simla
 Cabinet Mission
 Rejected the League demand for a separate sovereign
state of Pakistan
 Also rejected the congress scheme of a loose federation

21. Constitutional Landmarks in Modern India
 The Simon Commission 1927
 Made a promise to set up a commission to inquire into
the working of the Act 1919
 The Government of India Act 1935
 Envisaged a federation of all-India
 Separated Burma from India and two new provinces of
Orissa and Sind were created
 The Cripps Mission
 Proposed Dominion Status and the right of Indians to
frame a constitution
 Gandhiji condemned the proposal as a post-dated cheque

22. Constitutional Landmarks in Modern India
 Mountbatten Plan
 Prepared a plan for the partition
 Indian Independence Act, 1947
 Indicated the territorial divisions of India into India and
Pakistan
 Pakistan was to comprise East Bengal, West Punjab,
Sindh and the Sylhet district of Assam

23. Making of the Constitution
 Formation of the Constituent Assembly
 The first definite reference to a Constituent
Assembly for India was made by Mahatma Gandhi
in 1922.
 Nehru Report was the first attempt by the Indians
to frame a constitution for their country
 Demand of a Constituent Assembly was for the first
time conceded by the British Government in the
August Offer of 1940

24. Framing of the Constitution
 The Constituent Assembly duly opened (First
Sitting) on the appointment day Monday, the 9th
December 1946.
 The historic Objectives Resolution was moved in
the Constituent Assembly by Nehru, on 13
December 1946.

25. Framing of the Constitution
 The Constituent Assembly on 29 August 1947
appointed the Drafting Committee with Dr. B. R.
Ambedkar as the Chairman
 The Constitution was finally signed by members of
the Constituent Assembly on 24 January 1950
 It took 2years 11months and 17days to frame the
constitution
 Criticism of the Draft Constitution: Not Being
Original

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